Gene Ontology annotation based on Enzyme Commission mapping
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot UniPathway vocabulary mapping
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot keyword mapping
On the specificity of bacteriophage-induced hydroxymethylcytosine glucosyltransferases. II. Specificities of hydroxymethylcytosine alphaand beta-glucosyltransferases induced by bacteriophage T4.
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Characterized the sequence and substrate specificity of bacteriophage T4-induced hydroxymethylcytosine alpha-glucosyltransferase (AGT) and beta-glucosyltransferase (BGT).
"On the specificity of bacteriophage-induced hydroxymethylcytosine glucosyltransferases. II. Specificities of hydroxymethylcytosine alphaand beta-glucosyltransferases induced by bacteriophage T4."
Deep research summary for Bacteriophage T4 agt
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T4 AGT glucosylates 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in T4 DNA using UDP-glucose to form glucosylated 5hmC, protecting the viral genome against host nucleases.
"T-even phages such as T4 replace cytosine with **5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC/5hmdC)** during DNA replication and then further **glucosylate** this modified base to form **glucosylated 5hmdC (5ghmdC)**"
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Glucosylation of 5hmC serves as a protective barrier against host nuclease systems including restriction endonucleases and CRISPR-Cas interference.
"Glucosylation of 5hmdC is described as a defensive strategy: these bulky glycosyl modifications **protect phage DNA from host nucleases** and help distinguish phage DNA from host DNA"
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Comparison of wild-type T4 and glucosylation-deficient T4gt demonstrates the protective role of 5hmC glucosylation against CRISPR interference.
"In 2024 experimental work aimed at engineering T4, authors reiterate that 5ghmdC modifications impede recognition/targeting by host nucleases and CRISPR-Cas systems, motivating strategies to transiently reduce modification for genome editing"
UniProtKB entry P04519 (AGT_BPT4)
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AGT transfers an alpha-D-glucosyl residue from UDP-alpha-D-glucose to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in T4 DNA (EC 2.4.1.26) and interacts with the T4 sliding clamp gp45.
"Catalyzes the transfer of glucose from uridine diphosphoglucose to 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine of T4 DNA to yield glucosyl 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine (glc-HMC) (PubMed:15381072)."
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Enzymatic reaction and EC number of AGT.
"Reaction=Transfers an alpha-D-glucosyl residue from UDP-glucose to a hydroxymethylcytosine residue in DNA.; EC=2.4.1.26;"
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The glc-HMC modification protects T4 DNA from host restriction endonucleases and CRISPR-Cas9 defense.
"The glc-HMC modification protects the phage genome against its own nucleases and the host restriction endonuclease system (PubMed:15381072). The glc-HMC modification also protects against the host CRISPR-Cas9 defense system (PubMed:26081634)."