The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.
You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.
We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.
We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.
We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.
Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.
The requested protein identity is verified. UniProt Q9M9Y8 corresponds to the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear locus At1g06820, originally cloned as F4H5.10, whose accepted names include CRTISO, CRTISO1, CCR2, carotenoid isomerase, and prolycopene isomerase. Positional cloning and three independent ccr2 alleles linked this locus to the carotenoid-isomerase defect. It should not be confused with the distinct Arabidopsis paralog At1g57770/CRTISO2, for which functional carotenoid-isomerase activity was not established in the reviewed evidence. Thus, the organism, symbol, aliases, and supplied UniProt description are mutually consistent. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, park2002identificationofthe pages 4-6, cazzonelli2009regulationofcarotenoid pages 9-11)
CRTISO is a chloroplast-targeted, membrane-associated flavoprotein that completes the late cis-to-trans isomerization steps of linear carotene biosynthesis. Its principal physiological outcome is production of all-trans-lycopene, the branch-point substrate for α- and β-carotene synthesis. Its most severe loss-of-function consequences occur in darkness, when photochemical isomerization cannot substitute for the enzyme. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2)
| Annotation question | Conclusion | Evidence type/system | Confidence / limitations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Identity and aliases | The target is Arabidopsis thaliana At1g06820, also named CCR2, CRTISO/CRTISO1, and originally cloned as F4H5.10; it corresponds to UniProt Q9M9Y8. At1g57770/CRTISO2 is a separate paralog and has not been experimentally demonstrated to encode the functional carotenoid isomerase. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, park2002identificationofthe pages 4-6, cazzonelli2009regulationofcarotenoid pages 9-11) | Direct Arabidopsis positional cloning with three independent mutant alleles; locus-specific literature and curated Arabidopsis review. | High. The gene, organism, aliases, and mutant complementation logic are concordant. CRTISO2 must not be conflated with this target. |
| Catalytic reaction and substrate specificity | CRTISO catalyzes cis-to-trans isomerization of late, linear C40 carotene intermediates: 7,9,9′-tri-cis-neurosporene → 9′-cis-neurosporene and 7′,9′-di-cis-lycopene → all-trans-lycopene; recombinant CRTISO also shifts poly-cis lycopene, neurosporene, and β-carotene pools toward trans forms. It is not supported as a desaturase or cyclase. (park2002identificationofthe pages 6-7, ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8) | Direct recombinant-enzyme assay using E. coli-expressed Arabidopsis CRTISO and carotenoids from dark-grown Arabidopsis ccr2 tissue; exact conversions summarized from subsequent biochemical work. | High for isomerase function; moderate for complete substrate range. Published evidence defines representative substrates, but comprehensive kinetic constants and purified-substrate specificity are unavailable in the gathered evidence. |
| FAD and membrane mechanism | Activity requires a membrane environment and enzyme-bound FAD in its reduced state. The reaction changes double-bond geometry without a net substrate redox change, consistent with the carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase and FAD/NAD-binding structural-family annotations. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, schaub2012onthestructure pages 8-9) | Biochemical synthesis and mechanistic comparison with homologous FAD-dependent carotenoid enzymes. | Moderate–high. Reduced-FAD and membrane dependence are supported, but the physiological reductant/electron-transfer partner and an Arabidopsis CRTISO structure remain unresolved in the cited evidence. |
| Chloroplast and subplastid localization | CRTISO is synthesized as a chloroplast-targeted precursor and functions in plastids. Proteomic syntheses place At1g06820 in plastid membranes, commonly assigned to the chloroplast envelope. (park2002identificationofthe pages 6-7, ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, joyard2009chloroplastproteomicsand pages 8-9, joyard2009chloroplastproteomicsand pages 10-10) | Transit-peptide prediction plus Arabidopsis chloroplast-fraction proteomics/database synthesis. | High for plastid/chloroplast localization; moderate for envelope precision. The subplastid assignment is proteomic rather than a definitive live-cell imaging result, and the retrieved quantitative table was column-disrupted. |
| Pathway position | CRTISO completes the late linear-carotene segment downstream of PDS, ZISO, and ZDS, converting tetra-/poly-cis lycopene intermediates into all-trans-lycopene before lycopene β- and ε-cyclization. This enables production of α-/β-carotenes and downstream xanthophylls such as lutein and violaxanthin. In darkness CRTISO is essential; light-dependent photoisomerization can partially bypass its absence. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2, hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 1-4) | Direct Arabidopsis mutant biochemistry integrated with pathway reviews and dark/light experiments. | High. Pathway placement is strongly supported; light bypass explains why the null phenotype is more severe in etiolated than illuminated tissue. |
| ccr2 phenotypes and quantitative findings | Dark-grown ccr2 accumulates prolycopene, proneurosporene, pro-ζ-carotene and other poly-cis carotenes, lacks normal etioplast prolamellar bodies, and greens at about half the wild-type rate over three days. Lutein is approximately 10% of wild type after four days of illumination and rises to about 40% in mature leaves; total protochlorophyllide is reduced by 15%. Among 34 mutant etioplasts, 29 had few prothylakoids and 5 had disorganized membrane swirls. (park2002identificationofthe pages 6-7, park2002identificationofthe pages 1-2, park2002identificationofthe pages 4-6, park2002identificationofthe media 7c260e5c) | Direct Arabidopsis genetics, HPLC pigment profiling, microscopy, and de-etiolation measurements. | High. These are locus-specific phenotypes. Broad developmental consequences should be interpreted as downstream effects of altered carotenoid geometry and plastid organization, not separate primary enzymatic functions. |
| Cis-carotene/apocarotenoid signaling | The best-supported model is that excess CRTISO substrates in ccr2 feed a still-unidentified cis-carotene-derived apocarotenoid signal that regulates prolamellar-body formation, chloroplast development, and the PIF3/HY5/POR module. Removing ZISO activity suppressed selected cis-carotenes and restored PLBs in more than 94% of double-mutant etioplasts; chlorophyll recovered to approximately wild-type levels at 48–72 h. Newer PSY suppressor work shows that lowering selected cis-carotenes can rescue plastid biogenesis without restoring total xanthophyll or total cis-carotene pools. (cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 8-9, cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 21-22, cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2, hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 1-4, hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 23-26) | Direct Arabidopsis epistasis, chemical inhibition, pigment profiling, protein measurements, and electron microscopy; 2020 peer-reviewed study plus 2023 preprint underlying a 2024 peer-reviewed report. | Moderate–high for existence of signaling; low for signal identity. Genetic and pharmacological evidence is strong, but the active cleavage product, its producing enzyme, receptor, and exact threshold remain unknown. |
| Applications and cross-species relevance | CRTISO is a practical target for manipulating carotenoid geometry, pigment color, plastid development, and nutritional traits. CRISPR disruption of both Brassica napus CRTISO copies produces creamy-white petals, yellowish leaves, reduced total carotenoids, and altered lycopene/α-carotene/γ-carotene levels; crop-expression studies also associate CRTISO with carotenoid-rich tissues. These examples demonstrate translational potential but do not directly annotate Q9M9Y8. | Cross-species crop gene editing, comparative expression, and breeding research; Arabidopsis supplies the mechanistic reference. | Moderate for conserved crop relevance; low for predicting exact agronomic outcomes from Arabidopsis alone. Paralogs, tissue context, illumination, and species-specific pathway regulation can substantially alter phenotypes. |
Table: This table audits the functional annotation of Arabidopsis CRTISO/Q9M9Y8, separating direct locus-specific evidence from review-level synthesis and cross-species inference. It also flags unresolved questions concerning subplastid localization, mechanism, and the proposed cis-carotene-derived signal.
The original Arabidopsis study identified CCR2 as CRTISO through positional cloning, narrowing the mutation to F4H5.10 and confirming the assignment with independent mutant alleles. The encoded protein contains a predicted chloroplast-targeting sequence and a dinucleotide-binding region, and it is evolutionarily related to bacterial CrtI/CrtN-type carotenoid desaturases. Despite that ancestry, recombinant Arabidopsis CRTISO showed carotenoid cis–trans isomerase activity rather than detectable desaturase or cyclase activity. (park2002identificationofthe pages 6-7, park2002identificationofthe pages 4-6)
These findings align with the supplied annotations: carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase family, CrtISO/CrtISO-like domains, amino-oxidase-like PF01593/IPR002937 architecture, and FAD/NAD-binding fold. The “oxidoreductase-family” annotation should not be interpreted as evidence that CRTISO performs a net oxidation or reduction of its carotene substrate; its established physiological reaction changes alkene geometry. Reduced flavin is nevertheless required for catalysis. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, schaub2012onthestructure pages 8-9)
CRTISO catalyzes cis-to-trans isomerization of late, acyclic C40 carotene intermediates generated by PDS, ZISO, and ZDS. Defined conversions include:
Park and colleagues expressed Arabidopsis CRTISO in E. coli and incubated it with carotenoid extracts from dark-grown ccr2 tissue. The reaction increased trans forms of lycopene and neurosporene and depleted corresponding poly-cis pools. The recombinant enzyme did not exhibit the desaturase or cyclase activities that might have been predicted from its evolutionary relationship to bacterial proteins. (park2002identificationofthe pages 6-7)
The strongest evidence supports specificity for late linear poly-cis carotenes, particularly neurosporene and lycopene isomers, rather than early phytoene. CRTISO is therefore not interchangeable with ZISO: ZISO acts earlier on the central 15-cis bond of ζ-carotene-related intermediates, whereas CRTISO resolves the remaining cis bonds in neurosporene/prolycopene-stage substrates. Exact comprehensive kinetic parameters, a physiological electron donor, and a complete purified-substrate specificity series were not available in the retrieved Arabidopsis literature. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, schaub2012onthestructure pages 8-9, cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2)
Biochemical synthesis indicates that CRTISO activity requires a membrane environment and enzyme-bound FAD in its reduced state. Because cis–trans isomerization has no net change in substrate oxidation state, FAD is thought to facilitate double-bond activation and geometrical rearrangement rather than act as a stoichiometric oxidant. Mechanistic work on the homologous bacterial CRTI family supports this interpretation, but a high-resolution structure and complete catalytic cycle for Arabidopsis Q9M9Y8 remain lacking. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, schaub2012onthestructure pages 8-9)
In plastid carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene is processed through alternating desaturation and isomerization reactions involving PDS, ZISO, ZDS, and CRTISO. CRTISO completes the conversion of tetra-/poly-cis lycopene intermediates into all-trans-lycopene. Lycopene β- and ε-cyclases then direct flux into β-carotene and α-carotene, respectively, followed by production of xanthophylls including lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin. (cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2, hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 1-4, park2002identificationofthe media 7c260e5c)
This placement explains why loss of CRTISO reduces downstream cyclic carotenoids without necessarily making illuminated plants inviable. In darkness, ZISO and CRTISO are strictly required for the relevant geometrical conversions. Under illumination, sensitized photoisomerization partially bypasses the enzymatic block, permitting some all-trans-lycopene and downstream xanthophyll synthesis. CRTISO is consequently most critical in etioplasts, internal or shaded tissues, and other contexts with insufficient light-driven isomerization. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2)
The retrieved HPLC evidence directly shows accumulation of prolycopene, proneurosporene, and cis-ζ-carotene species in etiolated ccr2, in contrast to wild-type lutein and violaxanthin. It also documents the partial recovery of lutein during illumination. (park2002identificationofthe pages 1-2, park2002identificationofthe media 111cb44e)
Q9M9Y8 is synthesized as a precursor with an N-terminal plastid transit peptide and imported into chloroplast-lineage plastids. Chloroplast-fraction proteomics and curated Arabidopsis localization syntheses assign CRTISO to plastid membranes, commonly the chloroplast envelope. This location is biologically plausible because its carotene substrates are extremely hydrophobic and membrane embedded. (park2002identificationofthe pages 6-7, ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, joyard2009chloroplastproteomicsand pages 8-9, joyard2009chloroplastproteomicsand pages 10-10)
The evidence is strongest for “chloroplast/plastid membrane” and somewhat weaker for an exclusive envelope assignment. The retrieved localization data are principally fractionation/proteomics and database synthesis rather than definitive live-cell imaging of Q9M9Y8. CRTISO also functions in etioplasts—the dark-grown precursors of chloroplasts—where loss of activity causes the most conspicuous biochemical and ultrastructural phenotype. (park2002identificationofthe pages 6-7, joyard2009chloroplastproteomicsand pages 8-9)
Dark-grown ccr2/crtiso seedlings accumulate prolycopene, proneurosporene, pro-ζ-carotene, and additional acyclic poly-cis intermediates instead of normal cyclic all-trans xanthophylls. In illuminated leaves, lutein was about 10% of wild-type abundance after four days and recovered to approximately 40% in mature leaves, demonstrating partial light-dependent bypass rather than complete restoration. Seedling greening proceeded at roughly half the wild-type rate during the first three days. (park2002identificationofthe pages 1-2, park2002identificationofthe pages 4-6)
Wild-type etioplasts contain a paracrystalline prolamellar body (PLB), from which thylakoid membranes develop after illumination. Dark-grown ccr2 etioplasts lack normal PLBs. In the original ultrastructural sample, 29 of 34 mutant etioplasts contained only sparse prothylakoids, while the other 5 of 34 contained disorganized membrane swirls. Total protochlorophyllide was reduced by approximately 15%. These observations link correct carotenoid geometry and composition to membrane organization during etioplast-to-chloroplast differentiation. (park2002identificationofthe pages 6-7)
The broader interpretation should remain disciplined: CRTISO is not itself a membrane-structural protein or canonical light-signaling protein. PLB loss, slow greening, altered photomorphogenesis, and reduced lutein are downstream consequences of its primary enzymatic defect and the abnormal accumulation of cis-carotene substrates. (park2002identificationofthe pages 6-7, park2002identificationofthe pages 1-2)
Research since the original cloning has reframed ccr2 as more than a simple carotenoid-deficiency mutant. The current model proposes that one or more cis-carotenes accumulating when CRTISO is absent are cleaved to produce an unidentified cis-carotene-derived apocarotenoid signal. This signal affects PLB formation and chloroplast differentiation through the POR/PIF3/HY5 regulatory system and acts in parallel with DEETIOLATED1-mediated photomorphogenic control. (cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 21-22, cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2)
In a 2020 eLife study, eliminating upstream ZISO activity in the ccr2 background removed selected cis-carotenes and restored PLBs in more than 94% of double-mutant etioplasts, without restoring the normal ccr2 xanthophyll profile. Chlorophyll accumulation recovered to approximately wild-type levels at 48 and 72 hours after de-etiolation. Chemical inhibition of carotenoid-cleavage dioxygenase activity also restored PLB formation, supporting a cleavage product rather than bulk carotenoid deficiency as the regulatory agent. (cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 8-9, cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2)
The most recent focused work identified four nonlethal PSY suppressor alleles that rescued the short-photoperiod leaf-virescence and plastid-biogenesis phenotypes of ccr2. These variants altered PSY splicing, catalytic interactions, protein abundance, or binding to ORANGE and reduced selected acyclic cis-carotenes without materially changing total xanthophyll or total cis-carotene accumulation. This supports a concentration-threshold model in which particular intermediates—especially di-cis-ζ-carotene and/or tri-cis-neurosporene—rather than total carotenoid abundance determine signaling output. The work first appeared as a July 2023 bioRxiv preprint and was subsequently published in the Journal of Experimental Botany in 2024 (DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad443). (hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 39-42, hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 1-4, hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 23-26)
Important uncertainties remain. The active apocarotenoid has not been chemically identified; its producing enzyme, receptor, and precise concentration threshold are unknown. Accordingly, the existence of a cis-carotene-dependent regulatory process is substantially better supported than any proposed molecular identity for the signal. (hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 1-4, hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 23-26)
CRTISO abundance is itself developmentally and epigenetically regulated. The histone methyltransferase SDG8/CCR1 controls chromatin marks near At1g06820, and ccr1 mutants show markedly reduced CRTISO expression and a related cis-carotene phenotype. One expression analysis reported At1g06820 as downregulated by a fold-change value of 29.2 in ccr1-1. This is regulatory evidence and should not lead to conflation of CCR1/SDG8, the chromatin regulator, with CCR2/CRTISO, the enzyme studied here. (cazzonelli2009regulationofcarotenoid pages 9-11)
Arabidopsis CRTISO provides a mechanistic reference for manipulating carotenoid geometry and accumulation in crops. Potential applications include:
Species, tissue, and illumination matter strongly. Tomato fruit chromoplasts, rapeseed petals, and Arabidopsis leaves differ in paralog dosage, carotenoid storage, and availability of photoisomerization, so crop outcomes cannot be predicted quantitatively from Arabidopsis alone. (ruizsola2012carotenoidbiosynthesisin pages 7-8, cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2)
Recommended primary annotation: chloroplast/plastid-membrane prolycopene isomerase (carotenoid isomerase; EC 5.2.1.13) that uses reduced FAD to convert late poly-cis neurosporene/lycopene intermediates into configurations culminating in all-trans-lycopene.
Recommended biological-process annotation: plastid carotenoid biosynthesis; linear-carotene isomerization; provision of all-trans-lycopene for α-/β-carotene and xanthophyll production; indirect control of etioplast PLB formation and chloroplast biogenesis through carotenoid composition and a putative cis-carotene-derived retrograde signal.
Recommended localization annotation: chloroplast-lineage plastids, membrane associated; chloroplast envelope is supported by proteomic synthesis but should be treated as less certain than the general plastid-membrane assignment.
Key unresolved issues: the complete kinetic substrate spectrum, physiological system that reduces FAD, high-resolution Arabidopsis CRTISO structure, exact subplastid topology, and identity/receptor of the proposed cis-apocarotenoid signal.
References
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(cazzonelli2009regulationofcarotenoid pages 9-11): Christopher I. Cazzonelli, Abby J. Cuttriss, Susan B. Cossetto, William Pye, Peter Crisp, Jim Whelan, E. Jean Finnegan, Colin Turnbull, and Barry J. Pogson. Regulation of carotenoid composition and shoot branching in arabidopsis by a chromatin modifying histone methyltransferase, sdg8. The Plant Cell, 21:39-53, Jan 2009. URL: https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.063131, doi:10.1105/tpc.108.063131. This article has 293 citations.
(cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 1-2): Christopher I Cazzonelli, Xin Hou, Yagiz Alagoz, John Rivers, Namraj Dhami, Jiwon Lee, Shashikanth Marri, and Barry J Pogson. A cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid regulates etioplast and chloroplast development. Jan 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.45310, doi:10.7554/elife.45310. This article has 92 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
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(hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 1-4): Xin Hou, Yagiz Alagoz, Ralf Welsch, Matthew D Mortimer, Barry J. Pogson, and Christopher I. Cazzonelli. Reducing psy activity fine tunes threshold levels of a cis-carotene-derived signal that regulates the pif3/hy5 module and plastid biogenesis. bioRxiv, Jul 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.29.546996, doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546996. This article has 0 citations.
(park2002identificationofthe pages 1-2): Hyoungshin Park, Sarah S. Kreunen, Abby J. Cuttriss, Dean DellaPenna, and Barry J. Pogson. Identification of the carotenoid isomerase provides insight into carotenoid biosynthesis, prolamellar body formation, and photomorphogenesis article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.010302. The Plant Cell Online, 14:321-332, Feb 2002. URL: https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.010302, doi:10.1105/tpc.010302. This article has 614 citations.
(park2002identificationofthe media 7c260e5c): Hyoungshin Park, Sarah S. Kreunen, Abby J. Cuttriss, Dean DellaPenna, and Barry J. Pogson. Identification of the carotenoid isomerase provides insight into carotenoid biosynthesis, prolamellar body formation, and photomorphogenesis article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.010302. The Plant Cell Online, 14:321-332, Feb 2002. URL: https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.010302, doi:10.1105/tpc.010302. This article has 614 citations.
(cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 8-9): Christopher I Cazzonelli, Xin Hou, Yagiz Alagoz, John Rivers, Namraj Dhami, Jiwon Lee, Shashikanth Marri, and Barry J Pogson. A cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid regulates etioplast and chloroplast development. Jan 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.45310, doi:10.7554/elife.45310. This article has 92 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(cazzonelli2020aciscarotenederived pages 21-22): Christopher I Cazzonelli, Xin Hou, Yagiz Alagoz, John Rivers, Namraj Dhami, Jiwon Lee, Shashikanth Marri, and Barry J Pogson. A cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid regulates etioplast and chloroplast development. Jan 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.45310, doi:10.7554/elife.45310. This article has 92 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 23-26): Xin Hou, Yagiz Alagoz, Ralf Welsch, Matthew D Mortimer, Barry J. Pogson, and Christopher I. Cazzonelli. Reducing psy activity fine tunes threshold levels of a cis-carotene-derived signal that regulates the pif3/hy5 module and plastid biogenesis. bioRxiv, Jul 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.29.546996, doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546996. This article has 0 citations.
(park2002identificationofthe media 111cb44e): Hyoungshin Park, Sarah S. Kreunen, Abby J. Cuttriss, Dean DellaPenna, and Barry J. Pogson. Identification of the carotenoid isomerase provides insight into carotenoid biosynthesis, prolamellar body formation, and photomorphogenesis article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.010302. The Plant Cell Online, 14:321-332, Feb 2002. URL: https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.010302, doi:10.1105/tpc.010302. This article has 614 citations.
(hou2023reducingpsyactivity pages 39-42): Xin Hou, Yagiz Alagoz, Ralf Welsch, Matthew D Mortimer, Barry J. Pogson, and Christopher I. Cazzonelli. Reducing psy activity fine tunes threshold levels of a cis-carotene-derived signal that regulates the pif3/hy5 module and plastid biogenesis. bioRxiv, Jul 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.29.546996, doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546996. This article has 0 citations.