The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.
You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.
We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.
We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.
We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.
Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.
In vertebrates, light converts the opsin chromophore 11-cis-retinal (11cRAL) to all-trans-retinal (atRAL); restoration of photosensitivity requires chromophore regeneration. A canonical pathway in the RPE converts all-trans retinoids back to 11-cis retinoids and returns them to photoreceptors. In this pathway, RPE65 is the hallmark isomerase/isomerohydrolase step producing 11-cis-retinol (11cROL) from all-trans-retinyl esters, and 11cROL is then oxidized to 11cRAL for delivery to opsins. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 5-9, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 34-44)
The canonical pathway is depicted in the Fleisch & Neuhauss review figure of the vertebrate visual cycle. (c2010parallelvisualcycles media 71b28198, c2010parallelvisualcycles media fc691c45)
RPE65 is now widely understood as a single-active-site enzyme that couples hydrolysis with trans–cis isomerization. A structural biology synthesis of the classical visual cycle describes RPE65 as catalyzing the hydrolytic cleavage and isomerization of all-trans-retinyl esters to yield 11-cis-retinol and a fatty acid as secondary product. (daruwalla2018structuralbiologyof pages 6-8)
A 2024 enzymology review frames RPE65 as one of two “double-duty” isomerases in vision, where energetically uphill trans→cis isomerization is enabled by being obligately coupled to a second reaction class (hydrolysis), and further notes that iron promotes O-alkyl cleavage leading to a retinyl cation intermediate critical for isomerization. (solano2024doubledutyisomerasesa pages 1-3)
RPE65 belongs to the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) superfamily, which shares a seven-bladed β-propeller fold and an iron center at the propeller axis. A 2024 Nature Chemical Biology paper emphasizes that CCD enzymes are typically iron-dependent and membrane-associated, and explicitly describes RPE65 as converting all-trans-retinyl esters → 11-cis-retinol via coupled ester hydrolysis and C11–C12 alkene isomerization. (solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 1-2)
Mechanistically, RPE65 differs from oxygenase CCDs: in oxygenase reactions (e.g., NinaB), iron activates dioxygen, whereas in RPE65 the iron is understood as functioning as a Lewis acid supporting O-alkyl cleavage and isomerization. (solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 2-3, daruwalla2018structuralbiologyof pages 6-8)
A zebrafish-focused review of visual cycles reports that two RPE65 paralogs were identified in zebrafish and that only one paralog, RPE65a, is expressed in the zebrafish eye (in the RPE), whereas RPE65b is localized to the ventricular zone and craniofacial/fin structures during early development. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13)
This directly supports the UniProt identity constraint: your target rpe65a (Q6PBW5) corresponds to the RPE-expressed visual-cycle enzyme (not the extra-ocular paralog). (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13)
Because the literature may refer to “rpe65” generically, zebrafish paralogy must be checked. The paralog distinction above provides the key guardrail: eye/RPE visual-cycle RPE65 in zebrafish corresponds to rpe65a. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13)
Zebrafish evidence supports that RPE65 activity and retinoid storage structures are concentrated in the RPE. Retinosomes and accumulated 11-cis and all-trans retinyl esters are described as exclusively detected in the RPE by imaging and fractionation approaches; HPLC of dissected retina vs RPE fractions shows retinyl ester pools mainly in the RPE. (babino2016biologyandchemistry pages 140-144)
In adult zebrafish retinal single-cell transcriptome analysis, rpe65a is listed among canonical RPE marker genes and is expressed in both RPE subclusters detected by scRNA-seq, supporting adult RPE expression specificity. (santhanam2023molecularbasisof pages 8-11)
Larval zebrafish vision is functionally cone-dominant: retinal synaptic function and robust visual behaviors are present by ~5 dpf, whereas rod-driven responses are detectable later (reported around ~15 dpf). This developmental staging influences how rpe65a perturbation manifests (cone behavior can be preserved despite canonical RPE-cycle impairment). (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13)
RPE65 is described as a key enzyme in the vertebrate visual cycle, highly expressed in the RPE, and vital for regenerating 11-cis retinal chromophore. In zebrafish, rpe65a is the RPE-expressed paralog supporting this canonical RPE cycle. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 5-9)
A zebrafish study summary reports that morpholino knockdown of rpe65a reduced Rpe65a protein levels by ≥88% and decreased baseline ocular 11-cis retinal (11-cis RAL). Rod outer segments showed deterioration, consistent with rods’ reliance on the canonical RPE cycle. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13)
Despite reduced baseline 11-cis retinal, rpe65a-deficient larvae were reported to regenerate full 11-cis retinal after bleaching and show no clear deficit in optokinetic response (OKR), consistent with parallel chromophore pathways in a cone-dominant larval retina. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13)
The biochemical phenotype of retinoid-cycle impairment in zebrafish larvae (reduced 11-cis retinal after bleaching/dark adaptation under rpe65 knockdown or retinylamine inhibition) is summarized visually in a review figure depicting HPLC results. (c2010parallelvisualcycles media 50402e80, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 34-44)
The zebrafish visual system is widely discussed as containing parallel visual cycles: cones can utilize both the canonical RPE cycle and an intra-retinal pathway involving Müller glia. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 34-44)
A zebrafish cone-vision study notes that rpe65a knockdown significantly reduced but did not completely attenuate 11-cis retinal synthesis, supporting alternative chromophore sources in zebrafish retina. (ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 1-2)
Strong cross-species consensus (vertebrate RPE65 biochemistry/structure) supports that the direct substrate of RPE65 is all-trans-retinyl ester (membrane-associated), and the primary product is 11-cis-retinol (then oxidized to 11-cis retinal by dehydrogenases). (daruwalla2018structuralbiologyof pages 6-8, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 5-9)
This substrate choice is also important for distinguishing RPE65 from hypothesized retina-based isomerases that may act on all-trans-retinol rather than esters. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 5-9)
A structural biology review reports that RPE65 contains a 4-His coordinated Fe(II) center and that enzyme activity critically depends on phospholipid membranes, consistent with its role in acting on membrane-associated retinyl esters. (daruwalla2018structuralbiologyof pages 6-8)
A 2024 enzymology review further states that structures of RPE65 with ligands support a model where iron coordinates the palmitate (fatty acid) moiety to promote O-alkyl cleavage and formation of a retinyl cation intermediate that underpins isomerization. (solano2024doubledutyisomerasesa pages 1-3)
A 2024 Nature Chemical Biology study resolves an invertebrate NinaB structure and uses it to highlight that both NinaB and RPE65 share an iron-centered CCD fold and membrane-binding features, but their isomerization activities are mediated by distinct active-site regions, implying convergent evolution of the isomerization solution within a shared scaffold. (solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 1-2, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 2-3)
RPE65 is a clinically validated target: voretigene neparvovec (VN; Luxturna) is an AAV2-based gene augmentation therapy delivering functional RPE65 cDNA to RPE cells, restoring visual-cycle function in patients with biallelic RPE65-associated inherited retinal dystrophy. (fischer2024realworldsafetyand pages 1-2, testa2024voretigeneneparvovecfor pages 1-2)
Although this application is human-specific, it reinforces the core functional annotation of zebrafish rpe65a as an essential RPE visual-cycle enzyme. (fischer2024realworldsafetyand pages 1-2)
Zebrafish vision studies use inhibitors and bypass strategies relevant to RPE65 function:
* Emixustat is described as a competitive Rpe65 inhibitor/retinaldehyde scavenger; zebrafish larval OKR assays show emixustat reduces immediate photopic vision. (ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 1-2, ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 4-5)
* Retinylamine (Ret-NH2) is described as a potent RPE65 inhibitor used to block the canonical cycle in zebrafish experiments. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13)
* 9-cis-retinal supplementation can bypass visual-cycle deficits (chromophore replacement concept), restoring function in experimental settings. (ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 1-2, ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 12-13)
The zebrafish literature emphasizes that larvae are cone-dominant and can maintain visually guided behavior despite reduced canonical RPE-cycle activity, consistent with “parallel visual cycles” and light-dependent/retina-based chromophore regeneration. This interpretation is explicitly supported by the observation that rpe65a knockdown reduces but does not eliminate 11-cis-retinal synthesis and by the lack of OKR deficit in some rpe65 perturbation contexts. (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13, ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 1-2)
2024 mechanistic reviews and structural comparisons emphasize that, unlike oxygenase CCDs, RPE65 uses its iron cofactor in support of ester cleavage and cation intermediate formation, reinforcing the current mechanistic consensus for RPE65’s unusual “isomerohydrolase” activity. (solano2024doubledutyisomerasesa pages 1-3, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 2-3)
The following table consolidates the above findings into an annotation-ready format.
| Annotation aspect | Key details | Evidence type | Quantitative data (if available) | Primary citations with year and DOI/URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Molecular function / reaction | Danio rerio rpe65a corresponds to the RPE-expressed vertebrate visual-cycle isomerohydrolase RPE65. Canonical RPE65 chemistry is conversion of all-trans-retinyl esters to 11-cis-retinol plus a fatty acid, the hallmark trans–cis isomerization step of the classical visual cycle; some clinical/review sources phrase the overall consequence as regeneration of 11-cis-retinal for opsin reloading. | Zebrafish experimental + cross-species inference | In zebrafish larvae, rpe65a knockdown significantly reduced 11-cis-retinal synthesis but did not abolish it, implying partial dependence plus parallel pathways. | Fleisch & Neuhauss 2010, Prog Retin Eye Res, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001; Daruwalla et al. 2018, Biochem J, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20180193; Fischer et al. 2024, Biomolecules, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14010122 (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 34-44, daruwalla2018structuralbiologyof pages 6-8, fischer2024realworldsafetyand pages 1-2, ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 1-2) |
| Substrate specificity | The direct enzymatic substrate of RPE65 is all-trans-retinyl ester in the RPE membrane, not free all-trans-retinol; product is 11-cis-retinol, later oxidized to 11-cis-retinal. In contrast, proposed retina/Müller-cell alternative isomerase pathways use different substrates, helping distinguish rpe65a from noncanonical cycles. | Cross-species inference + zebrafish pathway context | Ret-NH2–treated cells supplied with all-trans-retinol failed to synthesize 11-cis-retinol in cell-based assays summarized for zebrafish work. | Fleisch & Neuhauss 2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001; Daruwalla et al. 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20180193 (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 5-9, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13, daruwalla2018structuralbiologyof pages 6-8) |
| Cofactors / catalytic mechanism | RPE65 is an iron-dependent member of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase family with a 4-His coordinated Fe(II) center. Current mechanistic model: iron acts as a Lewis acid to promote atypical O-alkyl ester cleavage and formation of a retinyl cation intermediate that enables C11–C12 trans–cis isomerization. Activity depends strongly on phospholipid membranes. | Cross-species inference (strong vertebrate consensus) | Structural reviews describe a hydrophobic cavity to the Fe(II) center and membrane dependence, but zebrafish-specific kinetic constants were not located. | Solano & Kiser 2024, Trends Biochem Sci, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2024.04.007; Solano et al. 2024, Nat Chem Biol, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z; Daruwalla et al. 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20180193 (solano2024doubledutyisomerasesa pages 1-3, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 2-3, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 1-2, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 4-5, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 8-9, daruwalla2018structuralbiologyof pages 6-8) |
| Localization | rpe65a is the ocular paralog and localizes to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Retinoid storage structures (retinosomes) and 11-/all-trans-retinyl esters are concentrated in the zebrafish RPE, consistent with rpe65a function there. | Zebrafish experimental | Retinosomes exclusively detected in RPE; retinyl esters mainly in RPE fraction. | Fleisch & Neuhauss 2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001; Babino 2016 summary of zebrafish experiments (URL/DOI not available in context) (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 34-44, babino2016biologyandchemistry pages 140-144, babino2016biologyandchemistry pages 134-140) |
| Expression / paralog distinction | Identity verification supports that rpe65a is the correct zebrafish gene for UniProt Q6PBW5. Zebrafish possess at least two RPE65 paralogs discussed here: rpe65a is expressed in the eye/RPE, whereas rpe65b is reported in non-ocular tissues during early development (ventricular zone, jaws, pectoral fins). Adult single-cell RNA-seq also identifies rpe65a as a canonical RPE marker in adult zebrafish. | Zebrafish experimental | Morpholino knockdown reduced RPE65 protein by ≥88% in larvae; adult scRNA-seq identified rpe65a in both RPE subclusters. | Fleisch & Neuhauss 2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001; Santhanam et al. 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-023-05021-1 (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13, santhanam2023molecularbasisof pages 8-11) |
| Pathway role | rpe65a functions in the canonical RPE visual cycle that supplies chromophore to photoreceptors. In zebrafish, rods depend strongly on this pathway, whereas larval cones can also use parallel intra-retinal / photopic pathways involving Müller glia and/or light-dependent mechanisms, explaining incomplete loss of vision after rpe65a perturbation. | Zebrafish experimental + cross-species inference | Larval zebrafish are functionally cone-dominant until rod responses emerge around ~15 dpf; at 5 dpf the visual system is behaviorally functional. | Fleisch & Neuhauss 2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001; Ward et al. 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374; Andreazzoli et al. 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13100871 (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 34-44, ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 1-2, andreazzoli2024retinoidsynthesisregulation pages 1-2) |
| Perturbation phenotypes | rpe65a loss-of-function in zebrafish lowers baseline 11-cis-retinal and is associated with deterioration of rod outer segments, but larval OKR is largely preserved because cones can access alternative chromophore-regeneration pathways. Pharmacologic RPE65 inhibition similarly lowers chromophore regeneration after bleach/dark adaptation. | Zebrafish experimental | rpe65a morpholino reduced protein by ≥88%; Ret-NH2 and morpholino caused similar 11-cis-retinal reduction after bleaching/dark adaptation; no synergistic effect when combined. | Fleisch & Neuhauss 2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001 (c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 34-44) |
| Inhibitors / modulators | Zebrafish and broader visual-cycle studies use retinylamine (Ret-NH2) and emixustat as RPE65 inhibitors. Fenretinide primarily targets DES1/RBP4-related pathways rather than RPE65 directly. 9-cis-retinal can bypass chromophore shortage as replacement therapy in experimental systems. | Zebrafish experimental + cross-species translational | Emixustat 50 μM caused OKR saccades 7.1 ± 4.6 vs control 20.9 ± 5; fenretinide 10 μM caused 7.7 ± 5 vs control 24.2 ± 8.2; combined emixustat+fenretinide reduced immediate photopic vision to 1.2 saccades/min vs 26.8 in controls; three biological replicates used 105 larval heads/replicate for retinoid quantification. | Ward et al. 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374; Fleisch & Neuhauss 2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001 (ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 4-5, ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 12-13, ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 2-3, ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 13-14, c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13) |
| Recent 2023–2024 developments | 2023 adult zebrafish single-cell transcriptomics reinforced rpe65a as an adult RPE marker. 2024 mechanistic work on CCD enzymes clarified that RPE65 and invertebrate NinaB use the same CCD fold but evolved distinct active-site solutions for isomerization, strengthening current understanding of iron usage, membrane interaction, and substrate-channel architecture. 2024 retinal reviews also emphasize regulation of retinoid synthesis as central to cone viability. | Zebrafish experimental + cross-species inference | Adult scRNA-seq resolved 2 RPE subclusters both expressing rpe65a; 2024 structural work reported ~1.9 Å r.m.s.d. structural superposition between NinaB and RPE65 folds. | Santhanam et al. 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-023-05021-1; Solano et al. 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z; Solano & Kiser 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2024.04.007; Andreazzoli et al. 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13100871 (santhanam2023molecularbasisof pages 8-11, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 2-3, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 1-2, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 4-5, solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 8-9, solano2024doubledutyisomerasesa pages 1-3, andreazzoli2024retinoidsynthesisregulation pages 1-2) |
| Real-world applications | Although not zebrafish-specific, RPE65 biology underpins the approved human gene therapy voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna) for biallelic RPE65-associated inherited retinal dystrophy. This is the clearest real-world implementation relevant to rpe65a functional annotation because it validates RPE65 as an essential visual-cycle enzyme in vivo. | Clinical | RPE65 variants account for nearly 8% of Leber congenital amaurosis and 2% of retinitis pigmentosa cases in one 2024 review; PERCEIVE real-world registry included 103 patients, with 34% ocular TEAEs and 17.5% TEAEs of special interest; full-field light sensitivity improved by −16.59 dB at month 1 and −18.24 dB at month 6. | Testa et al. 2024, Eye, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-03065-6; Fischer et al. 2024, Biomolecules, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14010122; Han et al. 2023, Korean J Ophthalmol, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2023.0008 (testa2024voretigeneneparvovecfor pages 1-2, fischer2024realworldsafetyand pages 1-2) |
Table: This table summarizes the most relevant functional-annotation evidence for Danio rerio rpe65a (UniProt Q6PBW5), distinguishing zebrafish-specific findings from cross-species mechanistic inference and clinical translation. It is useful for mapping molecular function, localization, pathway role, perturbation phenotypes, and current applications to the correct zebrafish paralog.
References
(c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 9-13): V C Fleisch and S C F Neuhauss. Parallel visual cycles in the zebrafish retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 29:476-486, Nov 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001, doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001. This article has 53 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(daruwalla2018structuralbiologyof pages 6-8): Anahita Daruwalla, Elliot H. Choi, Krzysztof Palczewski, and Philip D. Kiser. Structural biology of 11-cis-retinaldehyde production in the classical visual cycle. Oct 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180193, doi:10.1042/bcj20180193. This article has 37 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 5-9): V C Fleisch and S C F Neuhauss. Parallel visual cycles in the zebrafish retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 29:476-486, Nov 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001, doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001. This article has 53 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(fischer2024realworldsafetyand pages 1-2): M. Dominik Fischer, Francesca Simonelli, Jayashree Sahni, Frank G. Holz, Rainer Maier, Christina Fasser, Andrea Suhner, Daniel P. Stiehl, Bee Chen, Isabelle Audo, and Bart P. Leroy. Real-world safety and effectiveness of voretigene neparvovec: results up to 2 years from the prospective, registry-based perceive study. Biomolecules, 14:122, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14010122, doi:10.3390/biom14010122. This article has 62 citations.
(babino2016biologyandchemistry pages 140-144): DO Babino. Biology and chemistry of carotenoid cleavage enzymes in vision. Unknown journal, 2016.
(ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 1-2): Rebecca Ward, Joanna J. Kaylor, Diego F. Cobice, Dionissia A. Pepe, Eoghan M. McGarrigle, Susan E. Brockerhoff, James B. Hurley, Gabriel H. Travis, and Breandán N. Kennedy. Non-photopic and photopic visual cycles differentially regulate immediate, early, and late phases of cone photoreceptor-mediated vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295:6482-6497, May 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374, doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374. This article has 31 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(santhanam2023molecularbasisof pages 8-11): Abirami Santhanam, Eyad Shihabeddin, Haichao Wei, Jiaqian Wu, and John O’Brien. Molecular basis of retinal remodeling in a zebrafish model of retinitis pigmentosa. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS, Nov 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-023-05021-1, doi:10.1007/s00018-023-05021-1. This article has 16 citations.
(solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 1-2): Yasmeen J. Solano, Michael P. Everett, Kelly S. Dang, Jude Abueg, and Philip D. Kiser. Carotenoid cleavage enzymes evolved convergently to generate the visual chromophore. Nature Chemical Biology, 20:779-788, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z, doi:10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z. This article has 19 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 2-3): Yasmeen J. Solano, Michael P. Everett, Kelly S. Dang, Jude Abueg, and Philip D. Kiser. Carotenoid cleavage enzymes evolved convergently to generate the visual chromophore. Nature Chemical Biology, 20:779-788, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z, doi:10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z. This article has 19 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(c2010parallelvisualcycles pages 34-44): V C Fleisch and S C F Neuhauss. Parallel visual cycles in the zebrafish retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 29:476-486, Nov 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001, doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001. This article has 53 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(c2010parallelvisualcycles media 71b28198): V C Fleisch and S C F Neuhauss. Parallel visual cycles in the zebrafish retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 29:476-486, Nov 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001, doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001. This article has 53 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(c2010parallelvisualcycles media fc691c45): V C Fleisch and S C F Neuhauss. Parallel visual cycles in the zebrafish retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 29:476-486, Nov 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001, doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001. This article has 53 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(solano2024doubledutyisomerasesa pages 1-3): Yasmeen J. Solano and Philip D. Kiser. Double-duty isomerases: a case study of isomerization-coupled enzymatic catalysis. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 49:703-716, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2024.04.007, doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2024.04.007. This article has 2 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(c2010parallelvisualcycles media 50402e80): V C Fleisch and S C F Neuhauss. Parallel visual cycles in the zebrafish retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 29:476-486, Nov 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001, doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.001. This article has 53 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(testa2024voretigeneneparvovecfor pages 1-2): Francesco Testa, Giacomo Bacci, Benedetto Falsini, Giancarlo Iarossi, Paolo Melillo, Dario Pasquale Mucciolo, Vittoria Murro, Anna Paola Salvetti, Andrea Sodi, Giovanni Staurenghi, and Francesca Simonelli. Voretigene neparvovec for inherited retinal dystrophy due to rpe65 mutations: a scoping review of eligibility and treatment challenges from clinical trials to real practice. Eye, 38:2504-2515, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-03065-6, doi:10.1038/s41433-024-03065-6. This article has 36 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 4-5): Rebecca Ward, Joanna J. Kaylor, Diego F. Cobice, Dionissia A. Pepe, Eoghan M. McGarrigle, Susan E. Brockerhoff, James B. Hurley, Gabriel H. Travis, and Breandán N. Kennedy. Non-photopic and photopic visual cycles differentially regulate immediate, early, and late phases of cone photoreceptor-mediated vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295:6482-6497, May 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374, doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374. This article has 31 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 12-13): Rebecca Ward, Joanna J. Kaylor, Diego F. Cobice, Dionissia A. Pepe, Eoghan M. McGarrigle, Susan E. Brockerhoff, James B. Hurley, Gabriel H. Travis, and Breandán N. Kennedy. Non-photopic and photopic visual cycles differentially regulate immediate, early, and late phases of cone photoreceptor-mediated vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295:6482-6497, May 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374, doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374. This article has 31 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 4-5): Yasmeen J. Solano, Michael P. Everett, Kelly S. Dang, Jude Abueg, and Philip D. Kiser. Carotenoid cleavage enzymes evolved convergently to generate the visual chromophore. Nature Chemical Biology, 20:779-788, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z, doi:10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z. This article has 19 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(solano2024carotenoidcleavageenzymes pages 8-9): Yasmeen J. Solano, Michael P. Everett, Kelly S. Dang, Jude Abueg, and Philip D. Kiser. Carotenoid cleavage enzymes evolved convergently to generate the visual chromophore. Nature Chemical Biology, 20:779-788, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z, doi:10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z. This article has 19 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(babino2016biologyandchemistry pages 134-140): DO Babino. Biology and chemistry of carotenoid cleavage enzymes in vision. Unknown journal, 2016.
(andreazzoli2024retinoidsynthesisregulation pages 1-2): Massimiliano Andreazzoli, Biancamaria Longoni, Debora Angeloni, and Gian Carlo Demontis. Retinoid synthesis regulation by retinal cells in health and disease. Cells, 13:871, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13100871, doi:10.3390/cells13100871. This article has 6 citations.
(ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 2-3): Rebecca Ward, Joanna J. Kaylor, Diego F. Cobice, Dionissia A. Pepe, Eoghan M. McGarrigle, Susan E. Brockerhoff, James B. Hurley, Gabriel H. Travis, and Breandán N. Kennedy. Non-photopic and photopic visual cycles differentially regulate immediate, early, and late phases of cone photoreceptor-mediated vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295:6482-6497, May 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374, doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374. This article has 31 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(ward2020nonphotopicandphotopic pages 13-14): Rebecca Ward, Joanna J. Kaylor, Diego F. Cobice, Dionissia A. Pepe, Eoghan M. McGarrigle, Susan E. Brockerhoff, James B. Hurley, Gabriel H. Travis, and Breandán N. Kennedy. Non-photopic and photopic visual cycles differentially regulate immediate, early, and late phases of cone photoreceptor-mediated vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295:6482-6497, May 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374, doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.011374. This article has 31 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.