GO_REF:0000024

Manual transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs by curator judgment of sequence similarity

Used to transfer Atg8-family ligase activity from S. cerevisiae Atg16

GO_REF:0000043

Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot keyword mapping

Source of IEA annotations for autophagy, protein transport, and meiotic cell cycle

GO_REF:0000044

Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping

Source of IEA annotations for cytoplasm and phagophore assembly site membrane

PMID:16169489

Novel genes required for meiotic chromosome segregation are identified by a high-throughput knockout screen in fission yeast

High-throughput screen that identified atg16 among genes affecting meiotic chromosome segregation

"Novel genes required for meiotic chromosome segregation are identified by a high-throughput knockout screen in fission yeast"

PMID:16823372

ORFeome cloning and global analysis of protein localization in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Large-scale protein localization study showing Atg16 localizes to cytoplasm/cytosol

"we determined the localization of 4,431 proteins, corresponding to approximately 90% of the fission yeast proteome"

PMID:23950735

Global analysis of fission yeast mating genes reveals new autophagy factors

Identified SPBC405.05 as S. pombe Atg16

"SPBC405.05 is currently annotated as a sequence orphan. We found that it shares homology with S. cerevisiae Atg16"
Demonstrated homology to S. cerevisiae Atg16 in Atg5-binding and coiled-coil domains

"We found that it shares homology with S. cerevisiae Atg16 in both the N-terminal Atg5-binding domain and the C-terminal coiled-coil domain"
Showed Atg16 interacts with Atg5 via co-immunoprecipitation

"S. pombe SPBC405.05/Atg16 protein interacts with Atg5 both in the presence and in the absence of Atg12"
Demonstrated PAS localization and requirement for macroautophagy

"Fifteen Atg proteins colocalized with CFP-Atg8 at cytoplasmic puncta induced by starvation"
Showed Atg18a is required for Atg16 recruitment to the PAS

"atg18aΔ abolished the starvation-induced puncta formation by Atg5 and Atg16"

PMID:31941401

Atg38-Atg8 interaction in fission yeast establishes a positive feedback loop to promote autophagy

Demonstrated PAS localization of Atg16

"PAS accumulation of Atg2, Atg18b, Atg24b, Atg5, Atg16, and Atg8 reduced by the Atg38 AIM mutation was recovered by expressing 3×EEEWEEL-Atg14 or Atg14-3×EEEWEEL"

file:SCHPO/atg16/atg16-deep-research-perplexity.md

Deep research summary for S. pombe atg16

Comprehensive review of Atg16 function as E3-like ligase in the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex

"The ATG12–ATG5–ATG16 complex represents one of the most critical assemblies in the autophagy pathway, functioning as a specialized E3-like ubiquitin ligase"

file:SCHPO/atg16/atg16-deep-research-falcon.md

Falcon (Edison) deep research synthesis for S. pombe atg16 (O94656 / SPBC405.05)

Atg16 is the scaffold subunit of the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 E3-like complex that promotes Atg8 conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine and helps determine where Atg8 lipidation occurs on autophagic membranes; it is not itself the catalytic enzyme.

"Atg16 is the scaffold subunit of the **Atg12–Atg5–Atg16** complex, which functions as the **E3-like factor for Atg8 conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)** and helps determine where Atg8 lipidation occurs on autophagic membranes."
Atg16 functions as a scaffolding/targeting subunit that organizes the E3-like machinery on the correct membrane surface rather than acting as a catalytic enzyme.

"**Atg16 is not the catalytic enzyme**, but a scaffolding/targeting subunit critical for organizing the E3-like machinery on the correct membrane surface"
In S. pombe, Atg16 co-immunoprecipitates with Atg5 in both wild-type and atg12-deletion cells, indicating Atg5 binding does not strictly require Atg12 conjugation.

"co-immunoprecipitation detected the Atg5–Atg16 interaction **both in wild type and atg12Δ cells**, indicating Atg5 binding does not strictly require Atg12"
Atg18a is uniquely required to target the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex to the PAS; this is a distinctive fission-yeast feature with non-redundant Atg18 paralogs.

"Atg18a is uniquely required to target the Atg12–Atg5·Atg16 complex to the PAS"
Atg16 localizes to the PAS (phagophore assembly site / pre-autophagosomal structure) during starvation and colocalizes with CFP-Atg8.

"Atg16 localizes to the **PAS (phagophore assembly site / pre-autophagosomal structure)** during starvation and colocalizes with **CFP-Atg8**"
Atg16 contains an N-terminal Atg5-binding region and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain.

"**N-terminal Atg5-binding region** plus a **C-terminal coiled-coil domain**"
atg16-deletion cells are defective in CFP-Atg8 processing under nitrogen starvation, a bulk-autophagy flux readout.

"**atg16Δ** cells are defective in CFP-Atg8 processing under nitrogen starvation"