The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.
You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.
We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.
We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.
We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.
Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.
Identity verified. The requested protein is A. thaliana CLAVATA2 (CLV2), locus At1g65380, also called AtRLP10; UniProt O80809 is the accession supplied in the query. Independent Arabidopsis work explicitly equates CLV2 with AtRLP10, and a primary study identifies its rlp10-1 allele as a clv2 null mutant. This report does not substitute CLV2 homologs from other plants for the Arabidopsis protein. (wang2009theroleof pages 93-97, jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 1-3)
CLV2 is a plasma-membrane receptor-like protein, not an enzyme or transporter. Its extracellular leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) region and single membrane-spanning region fit the supplied RLP-family/domain annotation; its short intracellular region lacks a protein-kinase domain. Its principal established role is to help assemble and operate cell-surface receptor complexes that regulate responses to secreted CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptide signals. The best-characterized outputs are restriction of shoot-meristem stem-cell proliferation and context-dependent regulation of root protophloem and flower development. It therefore has no assigned catalytic reaction or transported substrate; importantly, involvement in peptide responses is not equivalent to proof that every implicated peptide binds CLV2 directly. (hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 1-2, demesaarevalo2024intercellularcommunicationin pages 4-6, hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 7-8, ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 11-13)
CLV2 constitutively associates with CORYNE (CRN/SOL2) through membrane-proximal regions. CRN contributes an intracellular pseudokinase domain but has little extracellular receptor domain. Interaction assays and imaging support a CLV2–CRN complex at the plasma membrane, including assemblies with CLV1 in some experimental settings. These observations establish a membrane-associated signaling platform; they do not establish that CLV2 itself phosphorylates a substrate or that CRN has demonstrated kinase catalytic activity. Other active receptor kinases can participate according to tissue and signal. (zhu2010analysisofinteractions pages 1-2, demesaarevalo2024intercellularcommunicationin pages 4-6, yamaguchi2016clepeptidesand pages 4-5)
Localization is functionally interdependent: when CLV2 and CRN were expressed separately, much of each protein remained intracellular, whereas co-expression increased their plasma-membrane delivery. In Arabidopsis roots, loss of CRN made fluorescent CLV2 largely diffuse, and loss of CLV2 reduced membrane accumulation of fluorescent CRN. Native-promoter experiments place the relevant root complex in developing protophloem sieve-element cells. Thus, the extracellular LRR region faces the cell-wall/apoplastic environment where secreted CLE peptides act, while receptor-associated signaling is organized at the plasma membrane. (hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 7-8, hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 6-7)
Stem cells in the shoot central zone produce the processed, secreted CLV3 peptide. WUSCHEL (WUS), produced in the underlying organizing center, promotes stem-cell identity; CLV signaling limits WUS expression, forming a negative-feedback circuit that constrains the stem-cell pool. CLV2–CRN is required for normal pathway output, alongside receptor systems involving CLV1, RPK2 and CLV3-insensitive kinases (CIKs). clv2 and crn mutants overproliferate stem cells and develop enlarged meristems and excess floral organs. The relatively stronger clv1 clv2 or clv1 crn phenotypes, versus the nonadditive clv2 crn phenotype, support a shared CLV2–CRN module with functions at least partly parallel to CLV1. (muller2008thereceptorkinase pages 1-2, demesaarevalo2024intercellularcommunicationin pages 4-6, yamaguchi2016clepeptidesand pages 4-5)
Ligand-binding qualification: A study summarized in a 2016 review reported binding of a CLV3-derived CLE peptide by CLV2, but the authoritative 2024 Annual Review of Plant Biology states that direct binding of CLV3 or another CLE peptide by the physiological CLV2–CRN heteromer has not been established; the precise contribution of that heteromer to ligand recognition versus receptor organization remains unresolved. By contrast, direct CLV3 recognition by CLV1 is better established. CLV2–CRN may additionally stabilize or organize larger membrane receptor complexes, but this remains a mechanistic possibility rather than a demonstrated universal mechanism. These findings should not be collapsed into the unqualified statement that CLV2 is the direct CLV3 receptor. (demesaarevalo2024intercellularcommunicationin pages 4-6, yamaguchi2016clepeptidesand pages 4-5)
In developing root protophloem, CLV2–CRN supports responses to CLE45, whose directly demonstrated ligand-binding receptor is BAM3. Purified BAM3 ectodomain binds CLE45 with a dissociation constant of approximately 120 nM and 1:1 stoichiometry; this is not a CLV2–CLE45 affinity. CRN helps maintain BAM3 protein abundance and receptor-complex function, and expressing CRN specifically in protophloem restores the crn mutant’s sensitivity to root-active CLE peptides. CLV2–CRN therefore has a well-supported role in cellular competence for CLE45 signaling without a resolved direct CLV2–CLE45 binding reaction. (hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 1-2, hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 7-8, hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 6-7)
CLV2 also interacts with the LRR receptor kinase CLERK/CIK2 in a proposed CLE25-responsive complex that promotes early phloem initiation. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation support CLERK–CLV2 association at the plasma membrane; CLE25 loss delays protophloem differentiation, whereas an antagonistic CLE25 variant markedly disrupts phloem initiation and continuity. In one assay of that antagonist, stem sieve-plate counts averaged 1.2 ± 1.1, versus 5.3 ± 1.6 in wild type (n = 6 per group). The interaction and genetic evidence support a CLERK–CLV2 model, but do not provide a purified-CLV2/CLE25 binding constant. The proposed positive CLE25–CLERK–CLV2 pathway must also be distinguished from the largely inhibitory CLE45–BAM3-associated pathway later in protophloem differentiation. (ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 7-9, ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 1-2, ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 11-13, ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 13-15)
Peptide-treatment results require spatial and physiological caution. clv2 mutants can be resistant to externally supplied CLE40, yet clv2 loss alone need not increase root-meristem growth under ordinary conditions; mutant analyses localized the CLE40-peptide response chiefly to the proximal, not distal, root meristem. A 2023 study identified CLE33 as another root-active peptide acting redundantly with CLE45 in protophloem regulation through BAM3, expanding the known ligand context without establishing CLE33 as a directly bound CLV2 ligand. (pallakies2014thecle40and pages 7-8, carbonnel2023thecle33peptide pages 4-5)
CLV2–CRN has a separable reproductive function: it promotes auxin-dependent flower-primordium outgrowth in colder and ambient conditions. In clv2/rlp10-1 and crn mutants, primordia can initiate but fail to develop into flowers; CIK1/2/4 mutants show similar defects, and mutation of the phosphatase POLTERGEIST suppresses the crn outgrowth defect. This phenotype is not reproduced by clv3 or a tested 12-CLE-gene mutant, so its activating peptide remains unidentified and should not automatically be assigned to CLV3. (jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 1-3, jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 4-5)
The defect is prominent around 16–18°C and ambient 22–24°C, but is substantially suppressed at approximately 31°C, when heat-responsive auxin production can compensate. Experimentally increasing YUC1-dependent auxin production suppressed the crn defect in 9 of 13 transgenic lines at ambient temperature but only partially in 2 of 18 lines in colder conditions; clv2 yuc1 yuc4 plants showed particularly severe combined defects in warm conditions. These are laboratory genetic findings, not evidence of a deployed CLV2-based crop intervention. (jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 5-6, jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 6-7, jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 7-8)
Arabidopsis clv2 and crn mutants also have pathogen-dependent changes in susceptibility, and some plant-parasitic nematodes deploy CLE-like peptides that exploit host CLAVATA signaling. The 2024 Plant Physiology review notes involvement of Arabidopsis CLV2–CRN in responses to certain nematode CLE mimics, but emphasizes that the endogenous ligand and detailed receptor pathway for several plant–pathogen responses remain unknown. These findings make CLV2 relevant to research on developmental resilience and host–pathogen interactions; they do not establish a general CLV2 resistance mechanism or a field-validated application. Findings for tomato CLV2 or other homologs should not be counted as direct evidence about Arabidopsis O80809. (bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 11-12, bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 12-13)
The following evidence map separates demonstrated protein interactions and ligand binding from pathway-level inference:
| Context | CLV2-associated partners / inputs | Functional readout | Evidence strength and qualification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shoot apical and inflorescence meristems | CLV2–CRN membrane complex; genetically associated with CLV3 signaling alongside CLV1, RPK2 and CIK-containing receptor systems | Restricts the WUSCHEL expression domain and central-zone stem-cell proliferation; loss causes enlarged or fasciated meristems and excess floral organs (muller2008thereceptorkinase pages 1-2, demesaarevalo2024intercellularcommunicationin pages 4-6) | Strong genetic and interaction evidence, unresolved ligand mechanism. CLV2 is a kinase-lacking LRR receptor-like protein; CRN is a pseudokinase/scaffold, so neither should be assigned demonstrated catalytic signaling activity. A 2010 study reported CLV3-derived peptide binding by CLV2, but the authoritative 2024 review concludes that direct binding of CLV3—or another CLE—to CLV2–CRN remains unestablished (yamaguchi2016clepeptidesand pages 4-5, demesaarevalo2024intercellularcommunicationin pages 4-6) |
| Root protophloem—CLE45 pathway | CLE45 → BAM3; CLV2–CRN promotes membrane assembly/stability of a BAM3-containing complex in developing sieve elements | Suppresses protophloem differentiation and root growth after CLE45 exposure; protophloem-specific CRN restores CLE sensitivity (hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 1-2, hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 7-8, hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 6-7) | Direct ligand evidence applies to BAM3, not CLV2. Purified BAM3 binds CLE45 at approximately Kd 120 nM, with 1:1 stoichiometry; CLV3 binds BAM3 much more weakly at approximately 10 µM. CLV2 and CRN mutually promote plasma-membrane localization, while CRN stabilizes BAM3 post-translationally (hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 1-2, hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 7-8) |
| Root and stem phloem initiation—CLE25 pathway | CLE25; CLERK/CIK2 LRR receptor kinase–CLV2 complex | Promotes sieve-element precursor periclinal division, phloem initiation and continuity; antagonistic CLE25G6T delayed protophloem formation and reduced stem sieve plates from 5.3 ± 1.6 to 1.2 ± 1.1 per section (n = 6) (ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 7-9, ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 1-2) | Strong genetic and receptor-complex evidence, limited direct ligand biochemistry. CLERK–CLV2 interaction was supported by BiFC and co-immunoprecipitation; these experiments did not establish a CLV2–CLE25 binding affinity or prove peptide-induced CLERK kinase activation (ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 11-13, ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 13-15) |
| Root protophloem—CLE33/CLE45 redundancy | CLE33 and CLE45; BAM3, with synthetic root-active CLE responses broadly dependent on CLV2–CRN | CLE33 and CLE45 redundantly repress ectopic protophloem sieve-element differentiation; CLE33 peptide inhibits root growth through BAM3 (carbonnel2023thecle33peptide pages 4-5) | Endogenous ligand assignment favors BAM3. The 2023 work does not establish CLE33 as a direct CLV2 ligand; CLV2–CRN dependence in peptide-response assays is best interpreted as receptor-complex support rather than direct binding (hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 7-8, carbonnel2023thecle33peptide pages 4-5) |
| Flower-primordium outgrowth across temperature | CLV2–CRN with CIK1/2/4 and POL-dependent signaling; ligand is an unidentified CLE rather than demonstrated CLV3; downstream interaction with auxin/YUCCA pathways | Supports continuous flower-primordium outgrowth at 16–18°C and ambient 22–24°C; termination is largely bypassed at 31°C by ELF3-regulated thermomorphogenic auxin production. Ectopic YUC1 suppressed crn in 9/13 lines at ambient temperature but only partially in 2/18 lines in the cold (jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 5-6, jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 6-7, jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 4-5) | Strong genetic evidence, unknown ligand and incompletely resolved pathway. cik1/2/4 phenocopies crn, while pol suppresses crn; clv3 and dodeca-cle mutants lack the outgrowth defect, and crn clv3 is additive. This role is partly independent of CLV1 and probably separable from canonical WUS regulation (jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 4-5, willoughby2021woxgoingon pages 6-7) |
| Plant–pathogen interactions | CLV2 and CRN, with CLV1; upstream plant- or microbe-derived CLE signal is unknown | Arabidopsis clv2 and crn mutants show altered, pathogen-specific susceptibility: greater resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis but greater susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae and necrotrophic fungi (bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 11-12) | Genetic association; mechanism and ligand unresolved. Effects are reported to be independent of canonical CLV3, BAM, POL and WUS components, cautioning against extrapolation from the meristem CLV3–WUS pathway (bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 11-12, bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 12-13) |
| Cross-kingdom CLE signaling during nematode infection | Nematode CLE-like effectors; host CLV2–CRN together with CLV1, RPK2 or BAM-family receptors depending on the effector | Host developmental reprogramming supports root feeding-site formation; Heterodera schachtii CLEs require host CLV2–CRN genetically, while Globodera rostochiensis GrCLE1 was reported to bind CLV2, BAM1 and BAM2 (bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 12-13) | Biologically compelling but ligand- and parasite-specific. Genetic dependence does not prove every nematode CLE binds CLV2 directly; receptor redundancy and cross-kingdom peptide mimicry complicate assignment of a single CLV2 substrate (bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 12-13) |
Table: Evidence map for Arabidopsis thaliana CLV2/AtRLP10 (O80809), separating direct ligand-binding results from genetic or receptor-complex inference. It highlights that CLV2 lacks a kinase domain, CRN is a pseudokinase, and direct CLV3 binding by CLV2–CRN remains disputed.
The most defensible functional annotation is “kinase-lacking, plasma-membrane LRR receptor-like component of tissue-specific CLE signaling complexes.” CLV2’s partnership with CRN is experimentally established, while partnerships with active kinases, including CLERK/CIKs or BAM3-containing assemblies, depend on cellular context. Its best-supported Arabidopsis processes are CLV-associated shoot stem-cell control, CLE-responsive root protophloem signaling, and temperature-sensitive flower-primordium outgrowth. The central unresolved questions are which ligands bind native CLV2-containing complexes directly, how receptor assemblies activate intracellular signaling given CRN’s pseudokinase status, and which cell-specific complexes operate under natural conditions. The 2024 expert reviews explicitly warn that synthetic-peptide application and overexpression can produce responses outside a peptide’s normal expression domain and that the in-vivo composition of many CLE receptor complexes remains uncertain. (bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 15-16, demesaarevalo2024intercellularcommunicationin pages 4-6, hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 7-8, jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 4-5)
Selected dated sources and URLs: Demesa-Arevalo et al., Annual Review of Plant Biology (2024), https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-070523-035342 (demesaarevalo2024intercellularcommunicationin pages 4-6); Bashyal et al., Plant Physiology (2024), https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad591 (bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 15-16, bashyal2024clavatasignalingin pages 12-13); Carbonnel et al., Communications Biology (2023), https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04972-2 (carbonnel2023thecle33peptide pages 4-5); Jones et al., Current Biology (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.008 (jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 1-3, jones2021clavatasignalingensures pages 6-7); Ren et al., Journal of Integrative Plant Biology (2019), https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12846 (ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 1-2, ren2019cle25peptideregulates pages 11-13); Hazak et al., EMBO Reports (2017), https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201643535 (hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 1-2, hazak2017perceptionofroot‐active pages 7-8); Zhu et al., The Plant Journal (2010), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04049.x (zhu2010analysisofinteractions pages 1-2).
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