Asta Literature Retrieval: Literature evidence for LGALS3 (Homo sapiens): LGALS3 has IgE binding (GO:0019863). Gene/protein: LGALS3. Organism: H...

This report is retrieval-only and is generated directly from Asta results.

• Papers retrieved: 14
• Snippets retrieved: 20

Relevant Papers

[1] Galectins: regulators of acute and chronic inflammation

• Authors: Fu-Tong Liu, Gabriel A. Rabinovich
• Year: 2010
• Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/83c612d18547a49a6e5a5966b75f7c2f75db351c
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05131.x
• PMID: 20146714
• Citations: 411
• Influential citations: 8
• Summary: Current research indicates that galectins play important roles in the development of acute inflammation as well as chronic inflammation associated with allergies, autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, infectious processes, and cancer, and recombinant proteins or specific galectin inhibitors may be used as therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.885)
  > optotic activity through binding to RAGE. 45 The function of endogenous galectin-3 in the mast cell response has been established by studying Lgals3 −/− mice. Lgals3 −/− mast cells exhibited lower degranulation and decreased cytokine production compared to wild-type cells when activated by cross-linkage of IgE receptor. The positive regulatory role of galectin-3 in mast cell response was supported by in vivo data: Lgals3 −/− mice exhibited diminished IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions. 48

[2] Periplocin suppresses the growth of colorectal cancer cells by triggering LGALS3 (galectin 3)-mediated lysophagy

• Authors: Kui Wang, Shuyue Fu, Lixia Dong, Dingyue Zhang, Mao Wang et al.
• Year: 2023
• Venue: Autophagy
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3dadfc351823c4e325e65c171ab3765871189c80
• DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2239042
• PMID: 37471054
• Citations: 35
• Influential citations: 2
• Summary: It is shown that periplocin exhibits promising anticancer activity against CRC both in vitro and in vivo, and is indicated as a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of CRC.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.806)
  > In addition, periplocin was found to stabilize the protein level of LGALS3 against thermal changes using a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) (Figure 6J,K), implying the binding of periplocin with LGALS3. The interaction between periplocin and LGALS3 was further confirmed by drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) analysis, as evidenced by a more stable property of LGALS3 protein against pronase digestion in response to periplocin treatment (Figure 6L,M). Moreover, using semiflexible docking analysis, we found that LGALS3 showed a good binding activity for periplocin, with a binding energy of −6.689 kcal/mol. Glu165, Arg162, Gly152, Gln150, Arg144, and Asn143 of LGALS3 were identified as possible sites for periplocin binding (Figure 6N,O), which required further experimental investigation. Together, these data suggest that periplocin binds and prevents ubiquitin-mediated degradation of LGALS3 in CRC cells.
• Snippet 2 (score: 0.731)
  > Scale bar: 10 μm. (I) Immunofluorescent analysis of the colocalization of LGALS3 with ubiquitin in CRC cells treated with or without 0.50 μM periplocin for 24 h. Scale bar: 10 μm. (J) Representative fluorescent images of CRC cells transiently expressing Mrfp-GFP-tandem fluorescent-tagged LGALS3 (tfGal3) followed by 0.50 μM periplocin treatment for 24 h. Scale bar: 10 μm. (K) Quantitative analysis of the GFP + RFP + or GFP − RFP + LGALS3 puncta in (J). (L) the relative decreased ratio of Magic Red intensity, relative increased ratio of LysoSensor Blue intensity, relative increased ratio of the interaction between LGALS3 and TRIM16, and relative increased ratio of LC3B-II protein level in DLD-1 cells following 0.50 μM periplocin treatment at different time periods. Results are representative of three independent experiments. Data are presented as mean ± SD. P < 0.05, P < 0.01, **P < 0.001. for LGALS3 degradation, we generated lysine to arginine mutants of LGALS3 at K196 or Lys210 (LGALS3 K196R or LGALS3 K210R ). As shown in Figure 6I, the ubiquitinconjugated level of LGALS3 K196R mutant was comparable to the wild type (WT), whereas K210 mutation significantly decreased LGALS3 ubiquitination. These results suggest that periplocin elevates LGALS3 level by preventing K210 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In addition, periplocin was found to stabilize the protein level of LGALS3 against thermal changes using a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) (Figure 6J,K), implying the binding of periplocin with LGALS3.

[3] Mutation of the galectin‐3 glycan‐binding domain ( Lgals3‐R200S) enhances cortical bone expansion in male mice and trabecular bone mass in female mice

• Authors: Kevin A. Maupin, Daniel T. Dick, Vari Vivarium, Transgenics Core, B. Williams
• Year: 2020
• Venue: FEBS Open Bio
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6ab62ea9acc6fef617d0b1f237c1a477f45b05c7
• DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13483
• PMID: 36062328
• PMCID: 9527582
• Citations: 2
• Summary: The results suggest that the trabecular bone phenotype of Lgals3-KO mice was driven primarily by loss of extracellular galectin-3, while the cortical bone phenotypeof Lgal3- KO mice may have also been influenced by Loss of intracellular galECTin- 3.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.773)
  > The study of galectin-3 is complicated by its ability to function both intracellularly and extracellularly. While the mechanism of galectin-3 secretion is unclear, studies have shown that the mutation of a highly conserved arginine to a serine in human galectin-3 (LGALS3-R186S) blocks glycan binding and secretion. To gain insight into the roles of extracellular and intracellular functions of galectin-3, we generated mice with the equivalent mutation (Lgals3-R200S) using CRISPR/Cas9-directed homologous recombination. Consistent with a reduction in galectin-3 secretion, we observed significantly reduced galectin-3 protein levels in the plasma of heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice. We observed a similar increased bone mass phenotype in Lgals3-R200S mutant mice at 36 weeks as we previously observed in Lgals3-KO mice with slight variation. Like Lgals3-KO mice, Lgals3-R200S females, but not males, had significantly increased trabecular bone mass. However, only male Lgals3-R200S mice showed increased cortical bone expansion, which we had previously observed in both male and female Lgals3-KO mice and only in female mice using a separate Lgals3 null allele (Lgals3). These results suggest that the trabecular bone phenotype of Lgals3-KO mice was driven primarily by loss of extracellular galectin-3. However, the cortical bone phenotype of Lgals3-KO mice may have also been influenced by loss of intracellular galectin-3. Future analyses of these mice will aid in identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the Lgals3-deficient bone phenotype as well as aid in distinguishing the extracellular vs. intracellular roles of galectin-3 in various signaling pathways.
• Snippet 2 (score: 0.715)
  > In this study, we generated the Lgals3-R200S allele using CRISPR/Cas9 and a single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide as a template for homologous recombination. Mutation of the cognate arginine to serine in human Gal-3 (R186S) prevents Gal-3 secretion and glycan-binding [30,31,40]. Because mutation of the functionally equivalent arginine in galectin-7 also prevents glycan-binding [32,33], the R200S mutation in Gal-3 should be functionally equivalent. As confirmation, our surface biotinylation experiment demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in surface Gal-3 in heterozygous and homozygous Lgals3-R200S mice. In our aged mouse bone studies, we observed a sexdependent increase in trabecular bone mass in female Lgals3-R200S mice. Yet only male Lgals3-R200S had significant increase in cortical bone expansion. The increased cortical bone expansion was coupled with reduced tissue quality (reduced max stress), and no change in tissue or whole bone stiffness values.
  > Similar to the findings presented here, we previously observed that female mice with genomic loss of Gal-3 (Lgals3-KO mice) had significant protection against age-related trabecular bone loss between 24 and 36 weeks of age [5]. But Lgals3-KO mice also had increased cortical bone expansion, whereas only male Lgals3-R200S did in this study. The effect size of the increases in cortical bone size was greater in Lgals3-KO females than males [5]. The similarities between Lgals3-R200S and Lgals3-KO mice (i.e., increased trabecular bone mass in female mice and increased cortical bone expansion in males) likely reflect the role of extracellular Gal-3 loss in increasing bone mass. Conversely, the differences between the two models (tissue stiffness and lack of female cortical bone expansion) could reflect the role of intracellular Gal-3.
  > The female dominance of the cortical bone expansion in
• Snippet 3 (score: 0.706)
  > We previously observed that genomic loss of galectin-3 (Gal-3; encoded by Lgals3) in mice has a significant protective effect on age-related bone loss. Gal-3 has both intracellular and extracellular functionality, and we wanted to assess whether the affect we observed in the Lgals3 knockout (KO) mice could be attributed to the ability of Gal-3 to bind glycoproteins. Mutation of a highly conserved arginine to a serine in human Gal-3 (LGALS3-R186S) blocks glycan binding and secretion. We generated mice with the equivalent mutation (Lgals3-R200S) and observed a subsequent reduction in Gal-3 secretion from mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in circulating blood. When examining bone structure in aged mice, we noticed some similarities to the Lgals3-KO mice and some differences. First, we observed greater bone mass in Lgals3-R200S mutant mice, as was previously observed in Lgals3-KO mice. Like Lgals3-KO mice, significantly increased trabecular bone mass was only observed in female Lgals3-R200S mice. These results suggest that the greater bone mass observed is driven by the loss of extracellular Gal-3 functionality. However, the results from our cortical bone expansion data showed a sex-dependent difference, with only male Lgals3-KO mice having an increased response, contrasting with our earlier study. These notable sex differences suggest a potential role for sex hormones, most likely androgen signaling, being involved. In summary, our results suggest that targeting extracellular Gal-3 function may be a suitable treatment for age-related loss of bone mass.
  > Galectin-3 (Gal-3; encoded by Lgals3) is a protein that functions outside the cell to regulate glycoprotein secretion and turnover [1,2] and intracellularly in protein chaperoning and mRNA splicing [3,4]. We previously found that genomic deletion of Gal-3 in mice (Lgals3-KO) protects the mice against age-related [5] or sex-hormone deprivation bone loss [6]. A better understanding of the

[4] Beyond Colonoscopy: Exploring New Cell Surface Biomarkers for Detection of Early, Heterogenous Colorectal Lesions

• Authors: Saleh M. Ramezani, Arianna Parkhideh, P. Bhattacharya, M. Farach-Carson, D. Harrington
• Year: 2021
• Venue: Frontiers in Oncology
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4b48091d0ad86a2121491218707db23e88605000
• DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.657701
• PMID: 34290978
• PMCID: 8287259
• Citations: 13
• Summary: This review contextualizes existing and emergent CRC surface biomarkers and assess each’s potential as a candidate marker for early marker-based detection of CRC lesions and presents an overview of recent advances in imaging techniques useful for visual detection of surface biomarker detection.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.749)
  > Galectin 3, or LGALS3, is a member of the galectin family, a group of carbohydrate-binding lectins characterized by their binding affinity for beta-galactosides (85).
  > LGALS3 is expressed at the cell surface, where it interacts with the extracellular matrix, especially with glycoproteins, and has the ability to affect intracellular signaling pathways (42). LGALS3-expressing cells also possess higher ALDH1 activity, which often correlates with a dedifferentiated cancer stem cell phenotype, than do their LGALS3-negative counterparts (86).
  > The correlation of LGALS3 expression in CRC with clinical pathological characteristics has been explored in several immunohistochemical and RT-PCR studies. In one study, the IHC staining of CRC tissue (n=61) and normal adjacent tissue (n=23) samples showed significantly higher LGALS3 expression in cancer tissue (62.5%) versus normal cancer-adjacent tissue (13.0%) (41). In another study, 75% of CRC tissue samples stain high for LGALS3, and ten CRC cell lines were shown to have increased LGALS3 protein levels compared to HeLa cells (42).
  > LGALS3 expression varies according to cancer staging and the degree of differentiation of the adenocarcinoma. LGALS3 mRNA levels were higher in early stage colorectal cancers (58% in stage I) compared to advanced cancers (50% in stage IV) (43). Protein analysis found higher LGALS3 levels in primary adenocarcinomas than in metastatic adenocarcinomas, and stronger LGALS3 staining in well-differentiated tumor areas compared to poorly differentiated tumor areas (43). Conversely, colorectal adenocarcinomas may display higher levels of LGALS3 than do colorectal adenomas; one study sets the rate of colorectal adenocarcinoma expression of LGALS3 at 95% while only 73% of adenomas were positive for LGALS3 (43).

[5] SMURF1 controls the PPP3/calcineurin complex and TFEB at a regulatory node for lysosomal biogenesis

• Authors: Qin Xia, Hanfei Zheng, Yang Li, Wanting Xu, Chengwei Wu et al.
• Year: 2023
• Venue: Autophagy
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7ab13fe72fa12a55aa9304ce52199d1494c8974a
• DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2267413
• PMID: 37909662
• PMCID: 11062382
• Citations: 20
• Summary: This study showed that SMURF1 affected lysosomal biogenesis in response to lysosomal damage by preventing TFEB nuclear translocation, and determined that LLOMe-mediated TFEB nuclear import is dependent on SMURF1 under the condition of MTORC1 inhibition.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.743)
  > Consistently,
  > LGALS3 and PPP3R1 were required for binding of PPP3CB and TFEB evidenced by knocking down LGALS3 or PPP3R1 decreased, while overexpression of LGALS3 or PPP3R1 increased, the interaction of PPP3CB and TFEB (Figure 8K, L).Of note, we found that the enhanced PPP3CB and TFEB interaction mediated by SMURF1 overexpression was abolished by LGALS3 deletion (Figure 8M).Overall, these data strengthened our hypothesis that LGALS3 and SMURF1 contribute to PPP3CB from "close" to "open" form, which facilitates TFEB docking to the AID domain (Figure 8N).
• Snippet 2 (score: 0.737)
  > Immunofluorescence assay showed that PPP3R1 was also recruited to lysosomes upon LLOMe treatment in a LGALS3-dependent manner (Figure S4A).To identify the role of PPP3R1 in the formation of complex, as expected, we first found that PPP3CB directly binds with PPP3R1 in a LLOMe-enhanced manner (Figure 6A, B).Considering that PPP3CB was directly associated with LGALS3, we also checked the interaction between PPP3R1 and LGALS3.The results showed that PPP3R1 indirectly binds with LGALS3 (Figure 6C).Similarly, LLOMe treatment also promoted the binding affinity between PPP3R1 and LGALS3 (Figure 6D).We next mapped the key interaction domain of LGALS3 with PPP3R1, and showed the NT domain of LGALS3 was essential for the association with PPP3R1 (Figure 6E, F).Furthermore, overexpression of PPP3CB increased, suppression of PPP3CB abolished, the interactions of PPP3R1 and LGALS3 (Figure 6G, H), suggesting PPP3CB is also the bridge for the interaction between LGALS3 and PPP3R1.Interestingly, we also detected that SMURF1 indirectly interacted with PPP3R1, but not MCOLN1, in a LLOMe-enhanced manner (Figure S4B-E).Given that both SMURF1 and PPP3R1 were indirectly bound with the NT domain of LGALS3, we asked whether SMURF1 affected the interactions between PPP3R1 and LGALS3.Our data indicated that suppression of SMURF1 decreased, overexpression of SMURF1 increased, the interactions of PPP3R1 and LGALS3 (Figure 6I, J), suggesting SMURF1 promotes the recruitment of PPP3R1 by LGALS3.We next mapped the key HECT domain of SMURF1 which was essential for interaction with PPP3R1 (Figure 6K, L).

[6] Clusterin Seals the Ocular Surface Barrier in Mouse Dry Eye

• Authors: Aditi Bauskar, W. Mack, J. Mauris, P. Argüeso, M. Heur et al.
• Year: 2015
• Venue: PLoS ONE
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ddc53237e6b4b7c325cb047e4eaf34098273148e
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138958
• PMID: 26402857
• PMCID: 4581869
• Citations: 35
• Influential citations: 2
• Summary: It is shown that CLU prevents and ameliorates ocular surface barrier disruption by a remarkable sealing mechanism dependent on attainment of a critical all-or-none concentration, and suggests CLU as a biotherapeutic for dry eye.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.740)
  > In other cases, CLU spots were clearly separate.
  > Next we considered what kinds of ocular surface molecules might bind CLU.
  > LGALS3, a key component of the ocular surface barrier, is a member of the galectin class of beta-galactosidebinding proteins. What is known about the glycosyl moiety of CLU is consistent with LGALS3 binding [25,27]. CLU applied to an LGALS3-sepharose affinity column bound to the beads and was not eluted 0.1 M sucrose, a disaccharide that does not compete with LGALS3 sugar binding, but was mostly eluted with a competitive inhibitor of LGALS3 sugar binding, 0.1 M beta-lactose (Fig 5C). This suggests that CLU binding to LGALS3 is specific for the beta-galactoside-binding function.

[7] High LGALS3 expression induced by HCP5/hsa-miR-27b-3p correlates with poor prognosis and tumor immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma

• Authors: Yinghui Ren, Yongmei Qian, Qicheng Zhang, Xiaoping Li, Mingjiang Li et al.
• Year: 2024
• Venue: Cancer Cell International
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/552bd37c67dea75d0c33a9a0de2acdafcf0dcf6e
• DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03309-1
• PMID: 38643145
• PMCID: 11031979
• Citations: 13
• Summary: It is hypothesized that the HCP5/hsa-miR-27b-3p axis could serve as the most promising LGALS3 regulation mechanism in HCC and the upregulation of LGALS3 via the HCP5/hsa-miR-27b-3p axis is associated with unfavorable prognosis and increased tumor immune infiltration in HCC.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.734)
  > LGALS3 has a crucial function in mediating cell adhesion as well as cell-cell interaction by recognizing complex carbohydrates on the surface of cells [22,23], as well as regulates cell apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation [24,25].Interestingly, recent studies suggested that LGALS3 involves in essential cancer-related mechanisms, including cellular metabolism, carcinogenesis, metastasis, neoplasia, angiogenesis, as well as immune escape [26][27][28].In addition, LGALS3 is highly expressed and implicated in different cancer types progression such as HCC, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic carcinomas, melanomas or glioblastomas and breast cancer [29,30].Indeed, LGALS3 has been considered a potential marker for these malignancies.Interestingly, LGALS3, which is differentially expressed in different cancers, has been shown to exhibit tumor suppressor activity in certain cancer types.The different roles of LGALS3 may be attributed to different potential mechanisms that appear cancer-type dependent.The different locations and mutations of LGALS3 also contribute to its various functions.However, LGALS3 remains inadequately understood in HCC and requires further investigation.First, we conducted an extensive investigation of the expression profile, clinical prognosis, and pathologic stage of LGALS3 in HCC through an in-depth analysis of the public database.On the basis of TCGA and CPTAC datasets, we found that LGALS3 gene and protein expression was elevated in HCC tissues.Moreover, the OS and DSS were lesser in patients with HCC having higher expression levels of LGALS3 contrasted to those with low expression levels of LGALS3 based on GEPIA2 and Kaplan-Meier plotter datasets.Meanwhile, the expression of LGALS3 within HCC was significantly associated with the advanced tumor stage and grade, indicating that elevated LGALS3 expression could increase tumor progression.Song et al. [31] indicated that galectin-3 promoted HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis via β-catenin signalling in vitro and in vivo.

[8] In-depth quantitative proteomics analysis revealed C1GALT1 depletion in ECC-1 cells mimics an aggressive endometrial cancer phenotype observed in cancer patients with low C1GALT1 expression

• Authors: A. Montero‐Calle, Á. López-Janeiro, Marta L. Mendes, Daniel Perez-Hernandez, Irene Echevarría et al.
• Year: 2023
• Venue: Cellular Oncology
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/92b64e01bcb30f7457ddb8cc4be26de8b0c7cf69
• DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00778-w
• PMID: 36745330
• PMCID: 10205863
• Citations: 19
• Summary: C1GALT1 stably depleted ECC-1 cells mimic an EC aggressive phenotype observed in patients and might be useful for the identification and validation of EC markers of progression.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.731)
  > Finally, since LGALS3 (Galectin-3) has been shown to interact with O-glycans in the mucosal epithelium [30], and considering its overexpression observed by proteomics and further confirmed by PCR and WB analyses upon depletion of C1GALT1, we focused on the role of LGALS3 in EC by IHC.
  > A total of 151 out of 178 cores from 79 EC patients were considered adequate for LGALS3 expression assessment by IHC. Morphologic assessment of LGALS3 IHC staining characteristics revealed different staining patterns (Fig. 5 A). Out of the 151 evaluable cores, 45 (29.8%) showed absent LGALS3 expression. LGALS3 positive samples showed variable and low intensity protein expression (mean positive tumor cells per sample = 35.4%). A small subset of cores (13/151, 8.6%) demonstrated diffuse (> 90% positive tumor cells per sample) staining. LGALS3 score varied across histologic types, with serous and undifferentiated tumors displaying the highest protein expression (median IHC LGALS3 score = 10, 20, 50 and 55 for endometrioid, clear cell, serous and undifferentiated tumor types, respectively) (Fig. 5B). Interestingly, the aggressive histologic variants (clear cell, serous and undifferentiated) showed higher LGALS3 IHC scores than endometrioid variants (p value < 0.001). In addition, LGALS3 expression positively correlated with tumor grade. High grade tumors (G3) displayed higher protein expression (median LGALS3 IHC score = 30) compared to low grade tumors (median LGALS3 IHC score for G1/G2 tumors = 10). This finding was independent of histologic type, as similar results were observed when analyzing endometrioid tumors.
  > Finally, we interrogated the correlation between the expression levels of LGALS3 and C1GALT1.

[9] Thyroid malignant neoplasm-associated biomarkers as targets for oncolytic virotherapy

• Authors: Mi Guan, Yanping Ma, S. Shah, G. Romano
• Year: 2016
• Venue: Oncolytic Virotherapy
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9f79d851e32ad25e83c0a2d64e12919bf81a89f8
• DOI: 10.2147/OV.S99856
• PMID: 27579295
• PMCID: 4996252
• Citations: 4
• Summary: This review focuses on the strategy of biomarkers for the production of novel TMN oncolytic therapeutics, which may improve the specificity of targeting of tumor cells and limit adverse effects in patients.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.726)
  > The Galectin-3 (LGALS3) is a protein that is encoded by a single gene, LGALS3, located on chromosome 14, locus q21-q22. 63 The molecular weight of this protein is ∼30 kDa, and it contains a carbohydrate-recognition-binding domain of ∼130 amino acids that enable the specific binding of β-galactosides. This protein localizes to the extracellular matrix, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. It plays a role in numerous cellular functions including cell adhesion, cell activation and chemoattraction, cell growth, differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, innate immunity, cell adhesion, and T-cell regulation. 63,64 It has been known that LGALS3 is distributed widely around the tissues but in a low level.
  > To date, LGALS3 has been extensively studied as an IHC marker of thyroid malignancy, and a high diagnostic accuracy has been reported even for difficult pathological diagnoses. 64 Feilchenfeldt et al reported that the mRNA levels of LGALS3 and thyroglobulin in 28 benign and 31 malignant thyroid samples were quantified by real-time PCR. The LGALS3 expression at the mRNA was 60% (12/20) and the protein level was 100% (8/8), respectively. 65 The positive rate was 84% (41/49) when combined with the LGALS3 and HBME-1 in PTC specimens. 66 Two groups of researchers have detected the LGALS3 by IHC in PTC specimens. Saleh et al have shown that the sensitivity and the specificity for LGALS3 were 92.3% and 77.3%, respectively. 67 Song et al reported that positive expression of LGALS3 was 97% (427/441) in PTC group and 51% (77/151) in the benign thyroid lesions group. 68 These results may further support the notion that the high level of LGALS3 antigen expression occurs in patients with PTC. There are a number of different types of oncolytic viruses that have been altered from natural viruses in the laboratory such as adenovirus, reovirus, measles virus, herpes simplex

[10] Krüppel-like Factor 3 (KLF3/BKLF) Is Required for Widespread Repression of the Inflammatory Modulator Galectin-3 (Lgals3)*

• Authors: Alexander J. Knights, Jinfen. J. Yik, Hanapi Mat Jusoh, Laura J. Norton, Alister P. W. Funnell et al.
• Year: 2016
• Venue: The Journal of Biological Chemistry
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/dce84b7faec66ad9234b04f596d036ed32078971
• DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M116.715748
• PMID: 27226561
• Citations: 27
• Influential citations: 1
• Summary: It is shown that the zinc finger transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3) directly represses galectin-3 transcription, and mechanistic insights into the regulation of Lgals3 are provided, demonstrating that C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) is required to drive optimal KLF3-mediated silencing.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.725)
  > Despite the importance of galectin-3 in a host of biological settings, little is known about how its gene is activated (32)(33)(34), and to our knowledge, there is no published work on the repression of Lgals3. Here we have shown that galectin-3 expression is up-regulated in the absence of KLF3, and we have demonstrated that KLF3 directly binds and represses the Lgals3 promoter in vivo. Furthermore, we have provided mechanistic insights into KLF3 repression of Lgals3. In reporter assays, a KLF3 mutant that is unable to bind the co-repressor CtBP showed a reduced ability to repress Lgals3. Analysis of the expression levels of Lgals3 in Klf3 Ϫ/Ϫ MEFs rescued with KLF3 or a KLF3 mutant unable to bind to CtBP also showed that KLF3 recruitment of CtBP is necessary for optimal Lgals3 repression. These two lines of evidence suggest that recruitment of the co-repressor CtBP is important for KLF3 repression of Lgals3 but that CtBP-independent mechanisms also exist. We also assessed the contribution of the KLF3 functional domain to repression in Klf3 Ϫ/Ϫ MEF rescue experiments. KLF3 DNA-binding domain only showed only a modest ability to rescue Lgals3 repression when introduced into Klf3 Ϫ/Ϫ MEFs, suggesting that the functional domain (where CtBP binds) is important and also that direct competition for DNA binding to the Lgals3 promoter between KLF3 and the activating KLF1 is not likely to be a major feature of the mechanism of repression.
  > Galectin-3 has been identified as an important regulator of inflammation in metabolic tissues (27). Its deficiency in mice is associated with increased adiposity, systemic inflammation, and an accumulation of inflammatory cells in metabolic tissues (26,28). This phenotype poses a striking contrast to that seen in mice lacking KLF3, which display reduced fat mass and are protected from diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance (23).

[11] LGALS3 is connected to CD74 in a previously unknown protein network that is associated with poor survival in patients with AML

• Authors: P. Ruvolo, Chenyue W. Hu, Y. Qiu, V. Ruvolo, Robin L. Go et al.
• Year: 2019
• Venue: EBioMedicine
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/46bbdbcb4660389e13acba24499cc415d75f18e0
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.025
• PMID: 31105032
• PMCID: 6604360
• Citations: 25
• Influential citations: 2
• Summary: The data suggest that the LGALS3 network and the CD74 network each support AML cell survival and the two networks may cooperate in a novel high risk AML population.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.724)
  > LGALS3 levels correlate with a variety of signaling molecules in blast cells from AML patients RPPA was used to examine correlations of LGALS3 with 230 other proteins. As shown in Fig. 3A, 68 of 231 proteins showed statistically significant (p b 0.0001, R N 0.25) correlation with LGALS3, with positive correlation for 27 total and 10 phospho-proteins and negative correlation for 24 total and 7 phospho-proteins. The strongest positive correlation was with the autophagy protein ATG7. The phospho-proteins positively correlated with LGALS3 included survival kinases such as p-ERK (pY202/pY204), p-AKT (pT308), three phospho-protein variants of PKC delta (i.e. pT507, pS645, and pS664), and p-PKC alpha (pS657) (Fig. 3). LGALS3 expression also positively correlated with phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase SRC (i.e. pY416 and pY527). The most negatively correlated protein was Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein 2 (SSBP2) (Fig. 3). Among the other proteins negatively correlated with LGALS3 was the members of the PP2A B55 family (PPP2R2A, PPP2R2B, PPP2R2C, and PPP2R2D).
  > Protein network analysis was performed on the set of proteins associated with LGALS3 using String software (String 10.1; website: http:// string-db.org; ref. 38). The network of LGALS3 proteins identified by RPPA are highly associated with a protein:protein enrichment p value b1.0e−16 (Fig. 4) by String. Numerous biological pathways (N = 588) and KEGG pathways (N = 86) associated with LGALS3 network were identified using the String software. Data are presented in Supplemental Table 1 and Supplemental Table 2, respectively.
• Snippet 2 (score: 0.717)
  > However, CD44 is present and interestingly is most elevated in patients with active LGALS3 network and CD74 network (Fig. 8). LGALS3 has been shown to be critical for CD44 endocytosis so LGALS3 would be expected to promote CD44 surface expression [54]. In AML cells with LGALS3 supported CD44 surface expression, CD74 would be predicted to augment signaling mediated by CD44.
  > LGALS3 is well known as an immune regulatory molecule that suppresses host anti-tumor immune surveillance by diverse mechanisms [1,2,55].
  > LGALS3 blocks or at least dampens immune cell function by reducing surface expression of glycosylated T cell receptor in T cells and preventing NK cell receptor binding to antigen [1,2]. LGALS3 has emerged as a critical component in MSC in AML patients to impact response to therapy [56]. It is likely that LGALS3 secreted from MSC and other support cells in the AML microenvironment negatively impacts immune surveillance in AML patients. It is yet to be determined if LGALS3 derived from the leukemia cells plays a role as an immune response inhibitor in AML.
  > LGALS9 is emerging as an important immune checkpoint inhibitor molecule as a TIM-3 binding partner [2,57]. LGALS9 also regulates T cell function as a CD44 binding partner [58]. Whereas LGALS3 binding to CD44 promotes metastasis, LGALS9 binding to CD44 suppresses this process [59,60]. Future RPPA studies to determine the role of LGALS9 and galectins other than LGALS3 are warranted.
  > For the first time, an at risk AML population has been found that is associated with active LGALS3 and active CD74 networks (Fig. 9A and B). At present, it is unclear which if any proteins within the LGALS3 or CD74 networks is driving this phenomenon. CD44, SPP1, and CLPP are highly induced in the patient cohort with both networks active compared to patients with normal-like state (Fig. 8).
• Snippet 3 (score: 0.708)
  > LGALS3 is associated with active Fig. 7. Suppression of LGALS3 does not alter gene expression of LGALS3 network protein genes or CD74 in THP-1 cells. RNA from THP-1 transductant cells with either LKO vector control shRNA or LGALS3 shRNA was isolated, cDNA produced, and mRNA levels of ATG7, LGALS3, ITGAL, CCND3, PRKCA, PARP1, CD74, MYC, CD44, SSBP2, PPP2R2A, CLPP, and B2M were determined by qRT-PCR and levels normalized to ABL-1 as described in "Materials and methods".
  > AKT and MAPK signaling. The protein with the strongest positive correlation with LGALS3 is with ATG7, an autophagy protein that has recently been implicated in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells and serving as a survival factor in AML [46,47]. Recent studies implicate LGALS3 in regulation of autophagy via autophagasome formation, though whether the mechanism involves ATG7 is not clear [48]. Interestingly, phosphorylated PKC delta was positively correlated with LGALS3. PKC delta is viewed as a pro-stress kinase but recent studies suggest that the enzyme has pro-survival properties [49][50][51]. Kinehara and colleagues suggest that PKC delta may act in human pluripotent stem cells as part of a mechanism to regulate stem cell renewal [52]. The data also suggest a novel relationship between LGALS3 and PP2A. The negative correlation of LGALS3 expression with PPP2R2A/B/C/D could reflect LGALS3 suppression of PP2A. The PP2A isoform containing PPP2R2A dephosphorylates both AKT and PKC alpha [53]. Thus, potential suppression of the PP2A subunit by LGALS3 could account for elevated AKT and PKC alpha phosphorylation in samples where LGALS3 expression is elevated.

[12] Phenotypic Switching of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis

• Authors: Runji Chen, D. McVey, D. Shen, Xiaoxin Huang, Shu Ye
• Year: 2023
• Venue: Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/472c313e2214a97757712ab0a8b39b133bd6a6bc
• DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.123.031121
• PMID: 37815057
• PMCID: 10757534
• Citations: 133
• Influential citations: 2
• Summary: This review article discusses the 9 VSMC phenotypes that have been reported in atherosclerotic lesions and classifies them into differentiated VSMCs, intermediately dedifferentiated VSMCs, and dedifferentiated VSMCs.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.711)
  > Lgals3 (also referred to as galectin-3) is considered a marker of macrophage-like cells. 13,31 Rong et al detected a population of VSMCs that expressed Lgals3 following cholesterol loading in vitro. 31 Recently, Alencar et al found that Lgals3 activation is not a specific marker of the differentiation of VSMCs to a macrophage-like state but rather it is a marker of VSMCs entering a transitional state, with increased expression of genes associated with stem cells that are capable of extracellular matrix remodeling. 16 Of note, similar to SEM-like cells, Lgals3 + cells also have increased expression of lymphocyte antigen 6 family member A and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Further studies to investigate if SEM-like cells are derived from Lgals3 + cells are warranted.
  > Using mouse, rat, and human models of cholesterolloading in VSMCs, Li et al found that SREBP1 (sterol regulatory-element binding protein-1) and Krüppel-like factor-15 induced up-and downregulation of Lgals3, respectively, via binding to the Lgals3 gene promoter (albeit at different sites). 45 Likewise, Lgals3 promoted SREBP1 gene expression, producing a feedforward loop upregulated by cholesterol loading. 45 Moreover, Lgals3 and SREBP1 downregulated myocardin-related transcription factor A expression in VSMCs. 45 In another study, Owsiany et al used a dual lineage tracing model and found that Lgals3 + VSMCs produce monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, a proinflammatory chemokine. 15 Knockout of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 specifically in Lgals3 + VSMCs resulted in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions with a greater ACTA2 content in the fibrous cap and decreased Lgals3 + cell content, a feature of stable plaque. 15

[13] LGALS3 Is a Poor Prognostic Factor in Diffusely Infiltrating Gliomas and Is Closely Correlated With CD163+ Tumor-Associated Macrophages

• Authors: Wan-Ming Hu, Yuan-Zhong Yang, Tian Zhang, Changling Qin, Xuenong Li
• Year: 2020
• Venue: Frontiers in Medicine
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/53b083f91a08aefebb5f9edaaa95625e2dc98f2b
• DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00182
• PMID: 32528967
• PMCID: 7254797
• Citations: 18
• Influential citations: 1
• Summary: LGALS3 was an independent poor prognostic marker in diffusely infiltrating gliomas and was positively correlated with immune cell infiltration, particularly CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages in the TCGA dataset, Rembrandt dataset, and the SYSUCC cohort.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.706)
  > In the LGALS family, LGALS3 has a special domain that recognizes and binds to β-galactosides on cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids (5).
  > LGALS3 may be observed in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus as well as the extracellular matrix (6). It serves different biological functions, such as cell growth, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and apoptosis (7).
  > LGALS3 can be expressed in different types of tumors, and accumulating evidence has proved that LGALS3 plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and development (6,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Recently, a study indicated that LGALS3 can promote the therapeutic resistance of glioblastoma and is related to tumor risk and prognosis (17). However, its prognostic significance needs to be further confirmed in large glioma samples, and, hitherto, no studies have explored the role of LGALS3 in the glioma immune microenvironment and its correlation with key molecular markers, including isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX), O-6methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), and 1p19q.

[14] Identification of an Internal Gene to the Human Galectin-3 Gene with Two Different Overlapping Reading Frames That Do Not Encode Galectin-3*

• Authors: M. Guittaut, Stéphane Charpentier, Thierry Normand, Martine Dubois, J. Raimond et al.
• Year: 2001
• Venue: The Journal of Biological Chemistry
• URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/75ca62f4b6eb66b3bcdac062664da410941fdcaa
• DOI: 10.1074/JBC.M002523200
• PMID: 11160123
• Citations: 37
• Influential citations: 6
• Summary: It is demonstrated that these transcripts arise from an internal gene embedded within LGALS3 and named galig (Galectin-3 internal gene), which appears to be tightly regulated and principally activated in leukocytes from peripheral blood.
• Evidence snippets:
• Snippet 1 (score: 0.706)
  > Human Rapid-Scan Gene Expression Panel was used to detect the alternative transcripts in various human tissues using RT-PCR. The primers used were designed to amplify a 923-or 629-bp fragment.
  > LGALS3 transcripts were detected as a 457-bp DNA and actin transcripts as a 640-bp DNA. PCR was performed using 0.25 ng or 2.5 ng (10ϫ) template cDNA.
  > average of other human proteins is 10 times lower. This rich content in tryptophans confers hydrophobic properties that may account for the membrane localization of the ORF2⅐EGFP protein (Fig. 6). Consistent with the mitochondrial localization of the ORF2⅐EGFP fusion protein, this sequence exhibits the common properties of mitochondrial-imported proteins such as the enrichment of arginine, leucine, and serine residues (36).
  > Tissue Specificity of galig Expression-Detection of galig transcripts in HOS cells and colon tumor cells revealed a low expression level. Based on this observation, the rationale that the appearance of galig transcripts may have resulted from a leaky transcription of a cryptic promoter rather than from an independently functioning promoter could not be excluded. Screening of several human tissues indicated clearly that galig is a tightly regulated gene whose expression is most efficient in leukocytes from peripheral blood. The low level of transcription in bone marrow indicates that galig is specifically expressed in mature forms of leukocytes. Whereas the precise quantification of galig mRNA has not been addressed in these experiments, it is clear that these transcripts are much less abundant than LGALS3 transcripts. This may not be surprising considering that LGALS3 is known to be highly expressed when activated (37,38). Indeed, the amount of LGALS3 transcripts appeared as abundant as those from actin genes. This shows a different type of regulation by the galig and LGALS3 promoters. In particular, muscle, stomach, and uterus, although expressing low levels of galig transcripts, revealed no LGALS3 transcripts, thus indicating an independent functioning of the two promoters.

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