TMEM70: Functional Annotation and Recent Insights OpenAI o3-deep-research-2025-06-26 108 citations 2025-12-27T21:44:12.881476

TMEM70: Functional Annotation and Recent Insights

Key Concepts and Current Understanding

Identity and Localization: TMEM70 (transmembrane protein 70) is a small nuclear-encoded protein (≈260 amino acids, ~29 kDa) that localizes to the mitochondrial inner membrane (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). It is synthesized as a precursor with a mitochondrial targeting sequence, ensuring import into mitochondria. TMEM70 is part of a conserved family of membrane proteins (including TMEM186/TMEM223), but it is specifically found in higher eukaryotes and has no close analog in yeast (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Within mitochondria, TMEM70 predominantly resides in the cristae membranes – the folds of the inner membrane where respiratory complexes are concentrated (www.sciencedirect.com). Its topology includes multiple transmembrane segments, embedding it in the inner membrane to carry out its function in a local microenvironment distinct from general mitochondrial membranes (www.sciencedirect.com).

Role in ATP Synthase Biogenesis: TMEM70 is now recognized as an assembly factor for the mitochondrial ATP synthase (oxidative phosphorylation complex V). Unlike structural subunits of ATP synthase, assembly factors like TMEM70 do not form part of the final enzyme; instead, they assist in the proper construction of the multi-subunit complex. ATP synthase is the rotary enzyme that produces ATP using the proton gradient generated by respiration, and in humans it consists of 18 subunit types (~29 total subunits) organized into a catalytic F~1~ head and a membrane-embedded F~0~ domain (including a ring of c-subunits) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). TMEM70’s specific role is to facilitate the assembly of the c-ring – the ring of 8 ATP synthase c-subunits that forms the proton-translocating rotor in the F~0~ domain (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In the absence of functional TMEM70, the ATP synthase fails to incorporate the hydrophobic c-subunits, resulting in a stalled assembly: the F~1~ head and peripheral stalk are present, but the proton channel (F~0~) is incomplete, lacking the c-ring and associated subunit a (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This incomplete complex is non-functional, as it cannot conduct protons or generate ATP. Thus, TMEM70 acts as a scaffolding factor that binds and stabilizes c-subunits during assembly, overcoming the otherwise low efficiency of spontaneous c-ring formation (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). It has been shown to physically interact with subunit c of ATP synthase, indicating a direct role in guiding these subunits into place (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Researchers have described TMEM70 as a “specific ancillary factor for subunit c” – essentially a helper protein dedicated to building the c-subunit oligomer (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Notably, TMEM70 is one of five known assembly factors required for mammalian ATP synthase biogenesis, and it is unique to metazoans (higher eukaryotes) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Yeast rely on different factors for assembling their ATP synthase, and those yeast factors have no clear homologs in mammals (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), underscoring that TMEM70 evolved to meet the assembly requirements in more complex organisms.

Biological Process and Pathway Context: By promoting ATP synthase assembly, TMEM70 is critical for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the process by which cells generate ATP using the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Proper ATP synthase assembly ensures efficient ATP production in tissues with high energy demand (brain, heart, skeletal muscle) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). A functional ATP synthase is also important for maintaining the structure of mitochondrial cristae; indeed, fully assembled ATP synthase dimers help shape cristae membranes. When TMEM70 is defective and ATP synthase assembly is impaired, mitochondria exhibit disrupted cristae morphology (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). For example, muscle biopsies from TMEM70-deficient patients show severe loss or disorganization of cristae structure (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This structural disruption can secondarily affect other respiratory chain complexes: studies found that TMEM70-mutant cells, besides lacking complex V, often have reductions in complexes I and IV activities, likely because cristae architecture is compromised (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Therefore, while TMEM70’s primary role is in Complex V assembly, its loss has a ripple effect on the entire OXPHOS system. There is also emerging evidence of crosstalk between ATP synthase assembly factors and Complex I assembly. Recent findings showed TMEM70 can interact with the MCIA complex (a mitochondrial complex I assembly machinery), suggesting TMEM70 might also assist or coordinate aspects of Complex I biogenesis (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This link is still being clarified, but it hints that TMEM70’s function might integrate into broader mitochondrial assembly networks, potentially explaining why some TMEM70-deficient patients show multi-complex impairment.

In summary, under normal conditions TMEM70 operates in the mitochondrial inner membrane to ensure the efficient assembly of the ATP synthase F~0~ rotor (c-ring), thereby safeguarding cellular energy production. It is a non-enzymatic facilitator of ATP synthase biogenesis – indispensable for building a functional ATP-generating machinery inside human mitochondria (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

Recent Developments and Latest Research (2021–2024)

Mechanistic Discoveries: Our understanding of TMEM70’s function remained speculative until the late 2010s, but several key studies have since provided clarity. In 2019, a conditional knockout mouse study demonstrated exactly how TMEM70 affects ATP synthase assembly: without TMEM70, mice accumulated the F~1~-domain subcomplex but could not form the c-ring or attach the membrane F~0~ domain, definitively proving TMEM70 is required to insert subunit c into the enzyme’s rotor structure (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Building on this, researchers in 2021 identified an additional assembly factor, TMEM242, that works alongside TMEM70 for rotor assembly (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In a 2021 PNAS report (Carroll et al., 2021), John Walker’s group showed that human ATP synthase requires both TMEM70 and TMEM242 to assemble the c8-ring of c-subunits (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). They found that TMEM70 directly binds subunit c, and TMEM242 was newly shown to do likewise – providing a missing piece of the assembly puzzle. Intriguingly, the same study noted that TMEM70 and TMEM242 physically associate with a Complex I assembly scaffold (the MCIA complex), hinting that these factors might have dual roles or a coordinated function in assembling multiple mitochondrial complexes (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This discovery in 2021 broadened our view of TMEM70 from a single-complex helper to a potentially more integrative factor in mitochondrial biogenesis.

Assembly Mechanism – In Situ Insights: Another breakthrough came from advanced imaging and biochemical analysis of TMEM70’s behavior in cells. A 2021 study by Kovalčíková et al. used immunoprecipitation, native gel electrophoresis, and super-resolution microscopy to visualize how TMEM70 operates (www.sciencedirect.com). They found that TMEM70 molecules form large oligomeric complexes in the inner membrane that serve as a scaffold for c-ring assembly (www.sciencedirect.com). Free c-subunits (not yet part of ATP synthase) were shown to bind these TMEM70 oligomers, and intermediate-sized TMEM70–subunit c assemblies could be detected, indicating that TMEM70 oligomers gradually gather multiple c-subunits to build the complete ring (www.sciencedirect.com). This was a crucial insight into the stepwise assembly process. Additionally, using expansion microscopy, the authors pinpointed TMEM70’s location to discrete foci within the cristae membrane (away from junctional complexes like MICOS), suggesting that ATP synthase assembly occurs at specific cristae sites where TMEM70 concentrates (www.sciencedirect.com). Taken together, these findings updated the model of ATP synthase biogenesis: TMEM70 acts as an oligomeric platform within mitochondria to nucleate and grow the proton-conducting c-ring, ensuring efficient and timely assembly of the ATP synthase F~0~ sector (www.sciencedirect.com).

Therapeutic Advances – Gene Complementation: On the clinical research front, recent developments have explored ways to rescue TMEM70 deficiency, given its often devastating consequences. In 2022, a team led by Mráček et al. demonstrated a form of gene therapy in an animal model (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). They created a knockout rat (in which the Tmem70 gene was inactivated) – normally, such rats die embryonically, mirroring the critical role of TMEM70 in development (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The researchers then introduced a transgenic copy of the TMEM70 gene under a universal promoter in these rats. Remarkably, the transgene “rescued” the lethal phenotype: rats carrying the TMEM70 transgene were born alive and grew normally with only minor impairments (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Importantly, the amount of TMEM70 protein restored in tissues was only about 16–49% of normal levels, yet this was sufficient to fully restore ATP synthase assembly and mitochondrial function in most tissues (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In heart tissue (which has very high energy demands), the partial restoration led to only slight residual deficits in ATP synthase and a mild cardiac dysfunction, but even there the rats survived (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This study provided a proof-of-principle that even modest expression of TMEM70 can prevent the fatal outcome of its loss, paving the way for potential gene replacement therapies in humans (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). It represents a significant development, showing successful genetic complementation of an otherwise fatal mitochondrial disorder (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). While not yet in the clinic, this 2022 finding gives hope that TMEM70-deficient patients might benefit from future gene therapy or mRNA therapy approaches to supply functional TMEM70.

Ongoing and 2023–2024 Research: As of 2023, research on TMEM70 continues to advance in both basic and translational domains. Structural biologists are interested in capturing cryo-EM snapshots of ATP synthase assembly intermediates – for example, identifying whether TMEM70 or TMEM242 can be visualized in association with assembling ATP synthase modules. Such studies could emerge in late 2023 or 2024, building on the foundation from 2021. In parallel, clinical researchers are refining management of TMEM70 deficiency and identifying new patient mutations. While no brand-new TMEM70-specific therapies were approved as of 2024, the field is moving toward personalized interventions. The demonstration in a rat model in 2022 and accumulating knowledge of TMEM70’s mechanism will be crucial stepping stones for any future therapeutic trials (e.g. neonatal gene therapy or enzyme replacement strategies). Additionally, improved genomic sequencing in recent years has allowed faster diagnosis of TMEM70 mutations in infants with unexplained lactic acidosis, and 2023 case reports continue to broaden the mutational and phenotypic spectrum (for instance, novel mutations being linked to atypical features like congenital cataracts in some cases (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)). The latest research therefore not only deepens our biochemical understanding of how TMEM70 facilitates energy production, but also directly informs clinical practice and therapeutic development.

Current Applications and Real-World Implementations

Clinical Diagnostics: Knowledge of TMEM70’s role has been applied in medical genetics and newborn medicine. TMEM70 mutations are now recognized as the most frequent cause of nuclear-encoded ATP synthase deficiency in humans (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Therefore, genetic testing for TMEM70 mutations is routinely included when infants present with clinical signs of a mitochondrial disorder—particularly a clinical profile of neonatal mitochondrial encephalocardiomyopathy, which is the hallmark syndrome caused by TMEM70 defects (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Since the gene’s identification in 2008–2009, many diagnostic laboratories worldwide have developed PCR and sequencing assays for TMEM70. This allows early confirmation of the diagnosis, often within the first weeks of life, enabling timely medical interventions. In certain populations, testing for a founder mutation can expedite diagnosis: for example, a splice-site mutation in intron 2 (c.317-2A>G) in TMEM70 has been found at high frequency in patients of Roma (Gypsy) ancestry (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In a European cohort of 48 patients, 35 individuals (including 27 Roma patients) were homozygous for this single mutation (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Such findings have led to population-specific diagnostic panels and even consideration of carrier screening in high-risk communities. The rapid identification of TMEM70 deficiency in a sick neonate is critical because it opens the possibility for targeted management (as opposed to diagnostic odysseys or inappropriate treatments).

Management and Therapy: Although there is currently no cure for TMEM70 deficiency, supportive metabolic therapy has proven life-saving in many cases. The condition often presents with severe lactic acidosis, hyperammonemia, and energy failure, which can be exacerbated by fasting or illness. As a result, a cornerstone of management is to avoid catabolic stress and ensure a continuous energy supply. During acute metabolic crises, physicians implement measures to shift the patient from a catabolic to an anabolic state (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This includes providing alternative fuel substrates that bypass the blocked oxidative phosphorylation as much as possible: for example, high-dose intravenous glucose (to reduce reliance on fatty acid oxidation) is given, but since excessive glucose can worsen lactic acidosis, it is paired with lipid emulsions and amino acids as non-carbohydrate energy sources (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Such an “anaplerotic diet” approach — supplying protein and fat calories — has been used to mitigate energy deficits (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Alongside acute management, patients are often placed on chronic supplemental therapies aimed at bolstering mitochondrial function. These may include cofactors and antioxidants such as coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, riboflavin, thiamine, and lipoic acid, as well as vitamins E and C (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). While formal trials are lacking, clinicians have reported anecdotal benefits or at least no harm from these supplements (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Notably, episodes of hyperammonemia (due to secondary urea cycle impairment during crises) can be effectively treated with standard measures like ammonia scavenger drugs or hemodialysis, often resulting in recovery from the immediate crisis (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

With early supportive treatment, some patients show significant improvements. Cardiac symptoms (cardiomyopathy and heart failure) in TMEM70-deficient infants have been managed with standard heart failure therapies plus the above metabolic interventions, sometimes leading to stabilization of cardiac function (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Remarkably, it has been observed that if an affected child survives beyond infancy, their long-term outlook improves substantially. An international study reported a 63% survival to 10 years of age, and notably no patient died after age 5 in that cohort (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This suggests that the high early mortality can be overcome with diligent care, and those who adapt past a certain age may have a relatively stable course. Surviving children often still have lifelong disabilities – most have severe developmental delays, hypotonia, and require feeding support – but reaching childhood and adolescence was once unheard of for this condition and is now achievable (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). These real-world outcomes underscore that TMEM70 deficiency is “amenable to treatment,” in the words of one case report, meaning that dedicated management can significantly alter the prognosis (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

Implications for Genetic Counseling and Future Therapies: The identification of TMEM70 also allows for genetic counseling of families. Parents of an affected child (who are carriers of a TMEM70 mutation) can be offered prenatal diagnosis or IVF with preimplantation genetic testing in subsequent pregnancies. In communities with common TMEM70 mutations, carrier screening programs are being considered to prevent cases through informed family planning (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). On the horizon, the successful rat gene-rescue experiment (2022) has opened discussions about human gene therapy. While translating this to patients is complex (delivery to mitochondria, safety, etc.), it provides a real-world proof-of-concept that replacing a missing TMEM70 gene can cure the biochemical defect (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Researchers are exploring viral vectors or mRNA delivery targeted to mitochondria as potential future applications. In summary, current interventions revolve around metabolic support, but emerging strategies – from advanced nutrient therapies to gene replacement – are direct extensions of the fundamental knowledge about TMEM70’s function.

Expert Opinions and Analysis from Authoritative Sources

Mitochondrial experts emphasize the critical importance of TMEM70 in cellular energy metabolism. For instance, Dr. John E. Walker (a co-discoverer of ATP synthase’s rotary mechanism) and colleagues noted in 2021 that assembling the human ATP synthase is a modular process requiring accessory factors at specific steps. They highlight that TMEM70 is absolutely required for building the c-ring module, underscoring that without TMEM70, the ATP synthase cannot complete its rotor and ATP production is fatally compromised (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In the PNAS 2021 study, the authors wrote: “The assembly of the c8-ring requires the participation of two membrane-associated proteins, TMEM70 and, as we demonstrate, TMEM242.” (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This authoritative statement encapsulates the now well-accepted view that TMEM70 is a linchpin in the assembly line of one of biology’s most important enzymes.

Another expert analysis comes from Kovalčíková et al. (2021), who delved into TMEM70’s mechanism. They concluded that “TMEM70 oligomers provide a scaffold for c-ring assembly and that mammalian ATP synthase is assembled within inner cristae membranes.” (www.sciencedirect.com). This insight, published in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, was foundational in explaining how and where TMEM70 works. It shifted the perspective from viewing TMEM70 as just an auxiliary protein to seeing it as an active structural organizer in the confined space of cristae. The authors also described TMEM70 as an “ancillary factor for subunit c” that increases the otherwise low efficacy of spontaneous c-ring formation (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) – effectively, an expert acknowledgment that without TMEM70, cells likely could not assemble the ATP synthase fast enough to meet energy demands. In their discussion, they compare the assisted assembly to an unassisted scenario, noting that TMEM70’s presence prevents the accumulation of misassembled or free subunits and streamlines the biogenesis of the complex (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

Clinical experts have also weighed in. Magner et al., who reported the largest patient series to date, emphasized that TMEM70 mutations, despite causing almost complete ATP synthase deficiency, can be survived with proper care (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Their analysis of 48 cases identified common clinical patterns and led to management guidelines (e.g. the use of moderate glucose with alternative energy substrates during crises) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). They noted the surprising observation that no child with TMEM70 deficiency died after the age of five in their cohort, calling this “important for prognostication” and family counseling (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This expert perspective shifted the narrative from an invariably fatal infantile disease to a condition that, while severe, has a treatable component and a window for intervention (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Several metabolic physicians have since echoed these points in reviews, often citing TMEM70 deficiency as an example of a mitochondrial disorder where early diagnosis and support can change outcomes. For example, Braczynski et al. (2015) noted that “TMEM70 mutations can cause [an] almost complete deficiency of ATP synthase but are still amenable to treatment.” (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This commentary, coming just a few years after the gene’s discovery, encapsulated optimism in the field – a sentiment that has grown stronger with subsequent expert analyses.

Finally, from a broad bioenergetics viewpoint, TMEM70’s discovery resolved a long-standing “unknown” in mitochondrial biology. Previously, assembly factors for the F~1~ (head) sector of ATP synthase were known (ATP11, ATP12), but it was uncertain how the membrane sector assembled. In 2013, Walker referred to the assembly of the ATP synthase’s membrane portion as one of the uncertain areas in the field (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). By 2021, authoritative sources could definitively state that TMEM70 (with TMEM242) fills that gap in knowledge (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In summary, expert consensus now holds TMEM70 as an essential component of mitochondrial biogenesis, and analyses from leaders in the field consistently underscore its dual significance: scientifically, as a key to understanding ATP synthase assembly, and medically, as a critical factor in a severe yet treatable metabolic disorder.

Relevant Statistics and Data from Recent Studies

Overall, these statistics and data points paint a clearer picture of TMEM70-related disease: it is rare but relatively prevalent among mitochondrial disorders, almost uniformly severe at birth, yet variably survivable with intervention. The quantitative benchmarks – from survival rates to percentage of enzyme restored – are invaluable for clinicians and researchers setting expectations and goals for treatment in this currently intractable genetic disease.

Citations

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  25. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=9495, start_index=9350, title='TMEM70 facilitates biogenesis of mammalian ATP synthase by promoting subunit c incorporation into the rotor structure of the enzyme - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652072/#:~:text=TMEM70%20remains%20unknown,deficient%20cells.%20Altogether%2C%20we')
  26. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=9807, start_index=9639, title='TMEM70 and TMEM242 help to assemble the rotor ring of human ATP synthase and interact with assembly factors for complex I - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8020751/#:~:text=organellar%20membrane%20of%20human%20ATP,and%2C%20as%20we%20demonstrate%2C%20TMEM242')
  27. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=10162, start_index=9994, title='TMEM70 and TMEM242 help to assemble the rotor ring of human ATP synthase and interact with assembly factors for complex I - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8020751/#:~:text=organellar%20membrane%20of%20human%20ATP,and%2C%20as%20we%20demonstrate%2C%20TMEM242')
  28. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=10724, start_index=10565, title='TMEM70 and TMEM242 help to assemble the rotor ring of human ATP synthase and interact with assembly factors for complex I - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8020751/#:~:text=complexes%20I%2C%20III%2C%20and%20IV,the%20regulation%20of%20their%20levels')
  29. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=11370, start_index=11187, title='TMEM70 forms oligomeric scaffolds within mitochondrial cristae promoting in situ assembly of mammalian ATP synthase proton channel - ScienceDirect', type='url_citation', url='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488920303001#:~:text=status%20of%20other%20ATP%20synthase,mammalian%20ATP%20synthase%20is%20assembled')
  30. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=11703, start_index=11512, title='TMEM70 forms oligomeric scaffolds within mitochondrial cristae promoting in situ assembly of mammalian ATP synthase proton channel - ScienceDirect', type='url_citation', url='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488920303001#:~:text=experiments%20reveal%20that%20TMEM70%20forms,mammalian%20ATP%20synthase%20is%20assembled')
  31. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=12145, start_index=11962, title='TMEM70 forms oligomeric scaffolds within mitochondrial cristae promoting in situ assembly of mammalian ATP synthase proton channel - ScienceDirect', type='url_citation', url='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488920303001#:~:text=status%20of%20other%20ATP%20synthase,mammalian%20ATP%20synthase%20is%20assembled')
  32. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=12670, start_index=12484, title='TMEM70 forms oligomeric scaffolds within mitochondrial cristae promoting in situ assembly of mammalian ATP synthase proton channel - ScienceDirect', type='url_citation', url='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488920303001#:~:text=complexes%20with%20increasing%20Su,assembled%20within%20inner%20cristae%20membranes')
  33. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=13129, start_index=12933, title='TMEM70 forms oligomeric scaffolds within mitochondrial cristae promoting in situ assembly of mammalian ATP synthase proton channel - ScienceDirect', type='url_citation', url='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488920303001#:~:text=experiments%20reveal%20that%20TMEM70%20forms,assembled%20within%20inner%20cristae%20membranes')
  34. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=13571, start_index=13423, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=insufficient%20energy%20provision,of%20the%20controls%20in%20the')
  35. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=13733, start_index=13572, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=viable%20animals%20that%20showed%20the,rats%20resulted%20in%20the%20efficient')
  36. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=14048, start_index=13900, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=insufficient%20energy%20provision,of%20the%20controls%20in%20the')
  37. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=14499, start_index=14324, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=hypertensive%20rats%20with%20the%20targeted,for%20mitochondrial%20energetic%20function%20in')
  38. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=14645, start_index=14500, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=the%20liver,an%20otherwise%20fatal%20mitochondrial%20disorder')
  39. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=15020, start_index=14859, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=viable%20animals%20that%20showed%20the,rats%20resulted%20in%20the%20efficient')
  40. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=15379, start_index=15218, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=viable%20animals%20that%20showed%20the,rats%20resulted%20in%20the%20efficient')
  41. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=15734, start_index=15573, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=viable%20animals%20that%20showed%20the,rats%20resulted%20in%20the%20efficient')
  42. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=16037, start_index=15867, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=liver%20and%20heart%2C%20which%20was,an%20otherwise%20fatal%20mitochondrial%20disorder')
  43. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=17663, start_index=17480, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=cardiomyopathy%2C%20facial%20dysmorphism%2C%20and%20psychomotor,data%20are%20available%20for%20most')
  44. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=17818, start_index=17664, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=mitochondrial%20membrane%20,F1%CE%B1%20as%20assessed%20by%20immunogold')
  45. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=18474, start_index=18304, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=Mutations%20of%20the%20TMEM70%20gene,Tmem70%5E%7Bko%7D%5E%7B%2Fko%7D%20knockout%20rats')
  46. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=18932, start_index=18762, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=Mutations%20of%20the%20TMEM70%20gene,Tmem70%5E%7Bko%7D%5E%7B%2Fko%7D%20knockout%20rats')
  47. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=19093, start_index=18933, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=Defects%20of%20nuclear%20genes%20resulting,function%20has%20not%20yet%20been')
  48. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=19735, start_index=19583, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=mitochondrial%20membrane%20,tissue%20has%20rarely%20been%20performed')
  49. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=19899, start_index=19736, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=Results%3A%20All%2027%20Roma%20and,failure%2C%20accompanied%20by%20lactic%20acidosis')
  50. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=20186, start_index=20023, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=Results%3A%20All%2027%20Roma%20and,failure%2C%20accompanied%20by%20lactic%20acidosis')
  51. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=21222, start_index=21054, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=emergency%20treatment%20aimed%20to%20convert,amino%20acids%20and%20possibly%20lipids')
  52. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=21392, start_index=21223, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=crises%20and%20heart%20failure%20due,with%20offering%20alternative%20substrates%20for')
  53. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=21932, start_index=21764, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=emergency%20treatment%20aimed%20to%20convert,amino%20acids%20and%20possibly%20lipids')
  54. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=22221, start_index=22053, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=emergency%20treatment%20aimed%20to%20convert,amino%20acids%20and%20possibly%20lipids')
  55. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=22391, start_index=22222, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=crises%20and%20heart%20failure%20due,with%20offering%20alternative%20substrates%20for')
  56. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=22844, start_index=22687, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=months%2C%20child%20I%20was%20supposed,treatment%20most%20of%20the%20time')
  57. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=23123, start_index=22966, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=months%2C%20child%20I%20was%20supposed,treatment%20most%20of%20the%20time')
  58. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=23537, start_index=23366, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=of%20anaplerotic%20amino%20acids%2C%20lipids%2C,are%20still%20amenable%20to%20treatment')
  59. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=23666, start_index=23538, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=dysmorphism%20%2866,the%20age%20of%20five%20years')
  60. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=24149, start_index=23983, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=pathology%20and%20treatment%20of%20ATP,methylglutaconic%20aciduria%20as%20clinical')
  61. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=24327, start_index=24150, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=lethargy%2C%20respiratory%20and%20heart%20failure%2C,emulsion%2C%20and%20ammonia%20scavengers%20or')
  62. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=24738, start_index=24591, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=or%20more%20acute%20metabolic%20crises,the%20age%20of%20five%20years')
  63. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=25313, start_index=25136, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=lethargy%2C%20respiratory%20and%20heart%20failure%2C,emulsion%2C%20and%20ammonia%20scavengers%20or')
  64. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=25479, start_index=25314, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=crises%20as%20a%20promising%20treatment,of%20parents%20with%20affected%20children')
  65. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=25837, start_index=25678, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=match%20at%20L47%20of%20anaplerotic,are%20still%20amenable%20to%20treatment')
  66. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=26448, start_index=26296, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=mitochondrial%20membrane%20,tissue%20has%20rarely%20been%20performed')
  67. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=26941, start_index=26771, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=liver%20and%20heart%2C%20which%20was,an%20otherwise%20fatal%20mitochondrial%20disorder')
  68. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=28038, start_index=27870, title='TMEM70 and TMEM242 help to assemble the rotor ring of human ATP synthase and interact with assembly factors for complex I - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8020751/#:~:text=organellar%20membrane%20of%20human%20ATP,and%2C%20as%20we%20demonstrate%2C%20TMEM242')
  69. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=28400, start_index=28232, title='TMEM70 and TMEM242 help to assemble the rotor ring of human ATP synthase and interact with assembly factors for complex I - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8020751/#:~:text=organellar%20membrane%20of%20human%20ATP,and%2C%20as%20we%20demonstrate%2C%20TMEM242')
  70. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=29005, start_index=28819, title='TMEM70 forms oligomeric scaffolds within mitochondrial cristae promoting in situ assembly of mammalian ATP synthase proton channel - ScienceDirect', type='url_citation', url='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488920303001#:~:text=complexes%20with%20increasing%20Su,assembled%20within%20inner%20cristae%20membranes')
  71. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=29568, start_index=29440, title='TMEM70 facilitates biogenesis of mammalian ATP synthase by promoting subunit c incorporation into the rotor structure of the enzyme - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652072/#:~:text=of%20F_,spontaneous%20assembly%20of%20subunit%20c')
  72. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=30078, start_index=29933, title='TMEM70 facilitates biogenesis of mammalian ATP synthase by promoting subunit c incorporation into the rotor structure of the enzyme - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652072/#:~:text=TMEM70%20remains%20unknown,deficient%20cells.%20Altogether%2C%20we')
  73. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=30207, start_index=30079, title='TMEM70 facilitates biogenesis of mammalian ATP synthase by promoting subunit c incorporation into the rotor structure of the enzyme - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652072/#:~:text=of%20F_,spontaneous%20assembly%20of%20subunit%20c')
  74. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=30612, start_index=30441, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=of%20anaplerotic%20amino%20acids%2C%20lipids%2C,are%20still%20amenable%20to%20treatment')
  75. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=30770, start_index=30613, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=match%20at%20L510%20crises%20as,of%20parents%20with%20affected%20children')
  76. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=31121, start_index=30952, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=match%20at%20L425%20treatment%20with,consisting%20basically%20of%20moderate%20glucose')
  77. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=31458, start_index=31311, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=or%20more%20acute%20metabolic%20crises,the%20age%20of%20five%20years')
  78. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=31809, start_index=31644, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=crises%20as%20a%20promising%20treatment,of%20parents%20with%20affected%20children')
  79. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=32347, start_index=32176, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=of%20anaplerotic%20amino%20acids%2C%20lipids%2C,are%20still%20amenable%20to%20treatment')
  80. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=33040, start_index=32934, title='TMEM70 facilitates biogenesis of mammalian ATP synthase by promoting subunit c incorporation into the rotor structure of the enzyme - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652072/#:~:text=match%20at%20L46%201,Sanger')
  81. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=33294, start_index=33153, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=which%20interacts%20with%20ATP11%20and,CI%29%20biogenesis')
  82. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=34098, start_index=33944, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=mitochondrial%20membrane%20,F1%CE%B1%20as%20assessed%20by%20immunogold')
  83. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=34386, start_index=34216, title='Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869460/#:~:text=Mutations%20of%20the%20TMEM70%20gene,Tmem70%5E%7Bko%7D%5E%7B%2Fko%7D%20knockout%20rats')
  84. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=34882, start_index=34719, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=Results%3A%20All%2027%20Roma%20and,failure%2C%20accompanied%20by%20lactic%20acidosis')
  85. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=35151, start_index=34988, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=Results%3A%20All%2027%20Roma%20and,failure%2C%20accompanied%20by%20lactic%20acidosis')
  86. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=35503, start_index=35349, title='ATP Synthase Deficiency due to TMEM70 Mutation Leads to Ultrastructural Mitochondrial Degeneration and Is Amenable to Treatment - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4621340/#:~:text=mitochondrial%20membrane%20,F1%CE%B1%20as%20assessed%20by%20immunogold')
  87. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=35839, start_index=35701, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=Arab%20Muslims%20and%20two%20Turkish,persistent%20pulmonary')
  88. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=36101, start_index=35936, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=Arab%20Muslims%20and%20two%20Turkish,failure%2C%20accompanied%20by%20lactic%20acidosis')
  89. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=36437, start_index=36290, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=or%20more%20acute%20metabolic%20crises,the%20age%20of%20five%20years')
  90. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=36713, start_index=36566, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=or%20more%20acute%20metabolic%20crises,the%20age%20of%20five%20years')
  91. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=37149, start_index=37042, title='Common and Novel TMEM70 Mutations in a Cohort of Italian Patients with Mitochondrial Encephalocardiomyopathy - PMC', type='url_citation', url='https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4270871/#:~:text=,C%C3%ADzkov%C3%A1%20et')
  92. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=37640, start_index=37471, title='TMEM70 deficiency: long-term outcome of 48 patients - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326274/#:~:text=lethargy%2C%20respiratory%20and%20heart%20failure%2C,White%20syndrome%20%2813%25%29.%20One')
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