Functional annotation report: *Stim* (CG9126), *Drosophila melanogaster* Falcon Edison Scientific Literature 54 citations 2 artifacts 2026-10-09T13:20:33.747166

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Functional annotation report: Stim (CG9126), Drosophila melanogaster

Identity and principal function

The specified UniProt accession, P83094, is provided for the fruit-fly stromal interaction molecule homolog, Stim. Its gene identity is independently corroborated by primary studies explicitly naming Drosophila CG9126 as Stim or dSTIM. Flies have one Stim gene, whereas mammals have STIM1 and STIM2; findings about either mammalian protein must therefore not be mistaken for fly-specific measurements. The retrieved papers establish the CG9126 identity but do not independently print the P83094 accession. UniProt record; Roos et al., 2 May 2005; Pathak et al., 2017. (roos2005stim1anessential pages 2-3, pathak2017crisprcasinducedmutantsidentify pages 1-7)

Primary annotation: dSTIM is an endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺-store sensor and activator of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). It is not an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction, nor is it the Ca²⁺-conducting pore. Rather, it couples falling Ca²⁺ concentration inside the ER to opening of Orai, the Ca²⁺-selective channel in the plasma membrane. The resulting substrate of Orai-mediated transport is extracellular Ca²⁺, which enters the cytosol; SERCA can subsequently pump cytosolic Ca²⁺ back into the ER. Direct experiments in fly cells and neurons support this division of labor. Roos et al., 2005; Venkiteswaran and Hasan, 2009; Prakriya and Lewis, 2015. (roos2005stim1anessential pages 2-3, venkiteswaran2009intracellularca2+signaling pages 1-2, prakriya2015storeoperatedcalciumchannels. pages 4-6)

Molecular mechanism and site of action

The dominant functional location is the ER membrane, particularly ER regions adjoining the plasma membrane during store depletion—not the extracellular space or the Orai channel pore itself. The supplied UniProt domain annotations, EF-hand, SAM and SOAR, fit the conserved STIM architecture: an amino-terminal signal sequence and ER-luminal EF-hand/SAM sensor region, one membrane-spanning segment, and a cytosolic Orai-activating region, CAD/SOAR. In the accepted model, loss of Ca²⁺ from the ER luminal EF-hand favors STIM conformational rearrangement and clustering at ER–plasma-membrane junctions; its cytosolic region engages Orai to permit Ca²⁺ influx. Detailed domain-to-domain and structural mechanisms are characterized principally in mammalian STIM proteins and are homology-supported interpretations for fly dSTIM, rather than a complete experimental domain map of P83094. Cahalan, June 2009; Prakriya and Lewis, October 2015; Kodakandla et al., December 2023. (cahalan2009stimulatingstoreoperatedca2+ pages 1-2, prakriya2015storeoperatedcalciumchannels. pages 4-6, pathak2017crisprcasinducedmutantsidentify pages 1-7)

A physiological route into this pathway is receptor stimulation → phosphoinositide-dependent IP₃ production → Ca²⁺ release through ER IP₃ receptors → ER-store depletion → dSTIM/Orai-dependent SOCE → cytosolic Ca²⁺ signaling and ER refilling. Thapsigargin instead depletes stores experimentally by inhibiting SERCA. Thus the molecular role of dSTIM is to detect store depletion and relay that information across the ER–plasma-membrane junction, rather than to bind extracellular ligand or transport Ca²⁺ through its own membrane span. Pathak et al., 2017; Mitra et al., version of record 30 January 2024. (pathak2017crisprcasinducedmutantsidentify pages 1-7, mitra2024oraimediatedcalciumentry pages 1-2)

Fly immunostaining detects dSTIM in embryonic cells and developing wing epithelia, including staining associated with cell membranes; the wing-disc staining occurs at both apical and basal surfaces. These tissue-scale images do not alone establish plasma-membrane residency or membrane topology: the ER-membrane assignment follows the STIM mechanistic literature, whereas the staining establishes expression and distribution at lower spatial resolution. Eid et al., October 2008. (eid2008thedrosophilastim1 pages 2-4)

Direct experimental evidence

The foundational fly experiment screened candidate genes in S2 cells and identified CG9126/Stim. Stim double-stranded RNA decreased thapsigargin-dependent Ca²⁺ influx by approximately 90%, versus only approximately 10% for the thapsigargin-independent signal; patch-clamp recordings found nearly complete suppression of CRAC current. The investigators also used a second Stim-targeting RNA and checked that the first did not appreciably alter cell growth or dye loading. This is particularly strong evidence for an essential, relatively specific SOCE role rather than an annotation inferred solely from sequence. The ~90% result is also visible in the study’s Figure 1C. Roos et al., 2 May 2005. (roos2005stim1anessential pages 2-3, roos2005stim1anessential media 59e721ac)

In cultured larval neurons, dSTIM RNAi lowered measured SOCE, ER-store Ca²⁺ and resting cytosolic Ca²⁺; neuronal depletion also disrupted rhythmic flight-associated firing and flight. A subsequent CRISPR deletion caused mainly late-second/early-third-instar lethality, while ubiquitous re-expression restored more than 80% of knockout animals to adulthood. Cell-restricted CRISPR targeting in a TH-driver population caused 98% lethality, compared with about 40–45% using the two pan-neuronal drivers tested. The TH driver marks dopaminergic as well as hypodermal cells, and its partial rescue means this finding should not be overstated as proof that only dopaminergic neurons need dSTIM. Venkiteswaran and Hasan, June 2009; Pathak et al., March 2017. (venkiteswaran2009intracellularca2+signaling pages 1-2, pathak2017crisprcasinducedmutantsidentify pages 14-20, pathak2017crisprcasinducedmutantsidentify pages 31-36)

These studies provide a useful quantitative and experimental cross-section:

Study/year Direct Stim/CG9126 perturbation Salient quantitative result Interpretation and caveat
Roos et al., 2005 dsRNA knockdown of Stim/CG9126 in Drosophila S2 cells Thapsigargin-dependent Ca²⁺ influx fell by ~90% (P < 10⁻⁵), whereas the thapsigargin-independent signal fell by only ~10%; Stim mRNA decreased ~50%. Patch clamp showed nearly complete CRAC-current suppression. (roos2005stim1anessential pages 2-3, roos2005stim1anessential media 59e721ac) Direct foundational evidence that dSTIM is specifically required for store-operated/CRAC Ca²⁺ entry. It identifies STIM as the ER-store sensor/pathway regulator, not the plasma-membrane pore.
Venkiteswaran & Hasan, 2009 Neuron-specific dSTIM RNAi dSTIM depletion significantly reduced SOCE, ER-store Ca²⁺, and resting cytosolic Ca²⁺ in cultured larval neurons (approximately 150 cells analyzed). Pan-neuronal depletion caused flight defects and abnormal motor firing; flight assays used 100 flies. (venkiteswaran2009intracellularca2+signaling pages 1-2) Establishes a neuronal requirement for dSTIM-dependent Ca²⁺ homeostasis and rhythmic flight. Exact effect sizes are not reported in the retrieved excerpt, so sample sizes should not be mistaken for biological effect sizes.
Pathak et al., 2017 Whole-animal CRISPR deletion and cell-type-specific CRISPR targeting of dSTIM Null animals were developmentally delayed and chiefly died in late second/early third instar; ubiquitous dSTIM restored >80% to adulthood. TH-GAL4-directed targeting caused 98% lethality, versus ~40–45% with two pan-neuronal drivers; TH-driven rescue was only ~30%. (pathak2017crisprcasinducedmutantsidentify pages 14-20, pathak2017crisprcasinducedmutantsidentify pages 31-36) Strong on-target genetic evidence that dSTIM is essential, with a particularly important requirement in TH-positive dopaminergic/hypodermal cells. Partial cell-specific rescue indicates additional required tissues or incomplete targeting/rescue.
Weiss et al., 2022 Conditional pan-glial or perineurial-glial dStim RNAi Adult-induced pan-glial knockdown produced seizures in ~60% of flies; two perineurial-glial drivers reproduced the phenotype, with ~85% of PG>dStim-RNAi flies displaying seizures. Larvae also lost normal rhythmic firing at 38°C. (weiss2022glialerand pages 8-10, weiss2022glialerand pages 10-11) Supports an adult, perineurial-glial role in maintaining neuronal excitability rather than a gross blood–brain-barrier defect. Orai knockdown was more severe, possibly because of stronger suppression or STIM-independent Orai activity.
George et al., 2023 Wing-specific dStim RNAi with GCaMP imaging and Dpp–GFP secretion assays Pupal Ca²⁺-event frequency fell from 2.64 ± 0.14 to 0.71 ± 1.13 events/5 min; amplitude fell from 16.41 ± 0.86 to 8.75 ± 1.13 AU (P < 0.0001). Dpp–GFP release events fell from 6.0 ± 0.89 to 2.5 ± 0.34 (n = 6, P = 0.0044); peak amplitude was 12.94 ± 1.01 versus 8.01 ± 0.83 AU. (george2023endoplasmicreticulumcalcium pages 10-12, george2023endoplasmicreticulumcalcium pages 5-6) Directly links dSTIM to developmental Ca²⁺ transients, pulsatile BMP/Dpp secretion, and wing patterning. The raw Dpp–GFP amplitudes imply an approximately 38% reduction, not the paper text’s stated 65%; altered pMad despite reduced secretion also indicates unresolved feedback or cell-context effects.
Mitra et al., 2024 Predominantly dominant-negative Orai manipulation; excess STIM used only as a rescue intervention Orai/SOCE loss downregulated 822 genes and upregulated 137 in flight-promoting dopaminergic neurons; excess STIM partially rescued flight after Trl depletion. (mitra2024oraimediatedcalciumentry pages 4-5, mitra2024oraimediatedcalciumentry pages 21-22) Defines an Orai/SOCE→Trl→Set2/H3K36me3 transcriptional program controlling neuronal maturation. It is not a direct dSTIM-loss study: STIM participation upstream is mechanistically plausible and rescue-supported, but the central causal perturbation was Orai, and Orai-to-Trl biochemical coupling remains unresolved.

Table: Direct genetic, cellular, physiological, and developmental evidence for fly Stim/CG9126, emphasizing quantitative findings and study-specific limitations. The table distinguishes direct Stim perturbations from Orai-centered pathway evidence.

Biological pathways and cell-specific outputs

Neuronal and neuroendocrine signaling. dSTIM-dependent store refilling supports normal neuronal Ca²⁺ homeostasis and flight-circuit activity. In flies with impaired IP₃-receptor signaling, expressing dSTIM in insulin-producing DILP2 neurons or aminergic neurons rescued aspects of flight behavior and firing; dSTIM plus Orai in DILP2 neurons suppressed the tested flight phenotypes more comprehensively than Orai alone. These are functional rescue results, not evidence that dSTIM synthesizes insulin or dopamine. Agrawal et al., January 2010. (agrawal2010inositol145trisphosphatereceptor pages 3-4, agrawal2010inositol145trisphosphatereceptor pages 10-11, agrawal2010inositol145trisphosphatereceptor pages 4-5)

In secretory dorso-lateral peptidergic neurons, reducing dSTIM led to intracellular accumulation of corazonin and short neuropeptide F, diminished systemic corazonin signaling, and impaired development under nutrient restriction. Comparisons and rescue experiments favor defective neuropeptide release as the main downstream problem, with possible additional effects on peptide synthesis during sustained stimulation. This places ER-localized dSTIM upstream of Ca²⁺-dependent secretion, not in the released peptide or extracellular signaling complex. Megha et al., 11 July 2019. (megha2019erca2+sensorstim pages 1-2, megha2019erca2+sensorstim pages 4-5, megha2019erca2+sensorstim pages 13-15)

Glial excitability control. dStim knockdown in perineurial glia reproduced a heat-induced seizure-like phenotype; conditional adult glial knockdown caused seizures in approximately 60% of flies, and perineurial-glial knockdown yielded a phenotype in approximately 85% under the study’s conditions. Larval glial knockdown disrupted normal rhythmic motor output. The authors found no gross failure of a fluorescent-dextran blood–brain-barrier assay, arguing against a simple barrier-leak explanation. Notably, perineurial-glial IP₃-receptor knockdown did not reproduce the conspicuous behavioral phenotype, so the upstream Ca²⁺-release trigger should not automatically be assumed identical in every dSTIM-dependent tissue. Weiss et al., published online September 2021; Glia 2022. (weiss2022glialerand pages 8-10, weiss2022glialerand pages 10-11)

Developing wing and BMP/Dpp signaling—2023 advance. Wing-targeted Stim RNAi reduced pupal GCaMP Ca²⁺-event frequency from approximately 2.64 to 0.71 events per five minutes, event amplitude from 16.41 to 8.75 arbitrary fluorescence units, and Dpp–GFP release-event counts from 6.0 to 2.5 in the assayed fields (n = 6 discs for the secretion comparison; P = 0.0044). The perturbation also yielded smaller wings with thickened veins and altered phosphorylated Mad, a BMP-pathway readout. These findings implicate dSTIM-dependent Ca²⁺ dynamics in regulated Dpp presentation and tissue patterning; they do not show dSTIM physically binding Dpp or directly catalyzing its release. A decrease in measured Dpp–GFP events coinciding with increased pMad in some wing regions is an unresolved context-dependent observation, not a simple monotonic “less Dpp means less signaling” mechanism. The reported Dpp–GFP amplitudes, 12.94 versus 8.01 units, imply an approximately 38% decrease when calculated from those means; the paper’s prose calls it 65%, so the measured values are preferable to that inconsistent percentage. George et al., December 2023. (george2023endoplasmicreticulumcalcium pages 5-6, george2023endoplasmicreticulumcalcium pages 10-12, george2023endoplasmicreticulumcalcium pages 9-10)

Flight-neuron transcription—2024 advance and attribution limit. In flight-promoting dopaminergic neurons, a 2024 study found that suppressing Orai-mediated SOCE reorganized developmental gene expression: 822 genes decreased and 137 increased under its analysis criteria. The proposed downstream program involves the transcription factor Trl, Set2-dependent H3K36 trimethylation, and expression of Ca²⁺-signaling and excitability genes. Excess STIM partially rescued flight deficits after Trl depletion, supporting participation of the STIM–Orai pathway. Nevertheless, the central loss-of-function manipulation was Orai, not Stim; assigning every transcriptomic change specifically to loss of P83094 would overstate the evidence. The authors also identify the biochemical connection between Orai-derived Ca²⁺ and Trl activation as unresolved. Mitra et al., version of record 30 January 2024. (mitra2024oraimediatedcalciumentry pages 4-5, mitra2024oraimediatedcalciumentry pages 21-22)

Functional-annotation conclusion

High-confidence molecular role: dSTIM/CG9126 is the fly ER-store Ca²⁺ sensor that enables Orai-dependent, store-operated influx of extracellular Ca²⁺ at ER–plasma-membrane contact regions. High-confidence location: primarily the ER membrane, with activation at ER–plasma-membrane junctions; Orai, rather than dSTIM, occupies the Ca²⁺-conducting plasma-membrane pore. Supported biological processes: cellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis and ER refilling, neuronal and glial signaling, Ca²⁺-dependent neuropeptide release, and developmental Ca²⁺ signaling in the wing. The precise fly-specific atomic domain interactions, tissue-specific upstream store-depletion signals, and several downstream links between Ca²⁺ dynamics and developmental gene regulation remain less directly established than the core SOCE function. Roos et al., 2005; Venkiteswaran and Hasan, 2009; George et al., 2023; Mitra et al., 2024. (roos2005stim1anessential pages 2-3, venkiteswaran2009intracellularca2+signaling pages 1-2, george2023endoplasmicreticulumcalcium pages 10-12, mitra2024oraimediatedcalciumentry pages 21-22)

References

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  3. (venkiteswaran2009intracellularca2+signaling pages 1-2): Gayatri Venkiteswaran and Gaiti Hasan. Intracellular ca2+ signaling and store-operated ca2+ entry are required in drosophila neurons for flight. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106:10326-10331, Jun 2009. URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902982106, doi:10.1073/pnas.0902982106. This article has 143 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

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Artifacts

Citations

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