VDAC1 notes

Deep research providers unavailable in this environment (falcon/perplexity-lite failed); research from
cached publications and the UniProt record.

Function

• Voltage-gated channel: open state weakly anion-selective, closed state cation-selective
  [file:human/VDAC1/VDAC1-uniprot.txt "The open state has a weak anion selectivity whereas the closed state is"];
  human VDAC1 expressed in yeast forms VDAC-type channels in bilayers PMID:8420959.
• Dimers act as a phospholipid scramblase, independent of channel activity PMID:38065946.
• Lipid binding (ceramide verified in full text despite the VDAC2-focused title) PMID:31015432.
• mPTP component with SPG7/PPIF PMID:26387735; Parkin substrate setting mitophagy vs apoptosis [PMID:32047033,
  PMID:20098416].

Localization conclusion (surface benchmark)

Primarily the mitochondrial outer membrane (multi-pass beta barrel). A genuine but minor plasma-membrane
pool ("plasmalemmal porin") is reported, including neuronal lipid rafts PMID:25168729 and as a kringle-5
receptor on endothelial cells PMID:25296756; these rows were kept as non-core rather than removed, since
UniProt also records a cell-membrane location. Nucleus (HDA) and exosome (HDA) rows marked as over-annotated
(abundant-protein carry-over).