The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.
You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.
We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.
We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.
We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.
Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.
The UniProt accession O00258 corresponds to the human protein commonly called WRB (tryptophan-rich basic protein) and annotated as Guided entry of tail-anchored proteins factor 1 (GET1), also historically referred to as congenital heart disease 5 protein (CHD5). Primary literature identifies WRB as the metazoan homolog of yeast Get1 and an ER-membrane receptor/insertase component for the TRC40/ASNA1 tail-anchored protein targeting pathway, aligning with the provided UniProt identity and family context (WRB/GET1 family). (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7)
Tail-anchored proteins are a class of single-pass membrane proteins in which a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain (TMD) lies near the extreme C-terminus; they are inserted into target membranes post-translationally because the TMD emerges only after translation is nearly complete. Reviews emphasize that organelle-specific insertion pathways exist for TA proteins and that quality-control pathways clear mis-targeted TA proteins. (najdrova2022conservedmechanismfor pages 55-59)
The eukaryotic guided entry of tail-anchored proteins (GET) pathway (and its metazoan counterpart often termed the TRC pathway) comprises: (i) cytosolic capture/shielding of TA TMDs by chaperones and a targeting ATPase (Get3 in yeast; TRC40/ASNA1 in mammals), (ii) delivery of the TA substrate to an ER membrane receptor/insertase (yeast Get1/Get2; mammalian WRB/CAML), and (iii) TA insertion into the ER membrane coupled to ATPase cycling. (farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 1-3, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7, mateja2018astructuralperspective pages 9-11)
GET1/WRB is best defined as an ER membrane insertase/receptor subunit that binds the cytosolic targeting factor TRC40/ASNA1 and cooperates with CAML (the Get2 analog) to mediate insertion of TA-protein TMDs into the ER membrane. In early biochemical work, WRB was identified as the ER membrane receptor for TRC40/ASNA1-mediated TA insertion, with a key cytosolic coiled-coil docking domain. (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 1-3, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7)
WRB is described as an ER-resident integral membrane protein. Its cytosolic coiled-coil domain provides a binding site for TRC40/ASNA1 and helps recruit TRC40 to ER membranes. (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3, najdrova2022conservedmechanismfor pages 55-59)
Key partners supported by mechanistic literature include:
- TRC40/ASNA1 (cytosolic ATPase/chaperone that delivers TA substrates to the ER) (farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 1-3, vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3)
- CAML (ER receptor partner; functional analog of Get2; together with WRB forms an obligate ER receptor complex) (farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 1-3)
Vilardi et al. showed direct interaction between TRC40 and the WRB coiled-coil domain and that soluble coiled-coil fragments can inhibit TRC40-dependent insertion, consistent with a receptor docking role. (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3)
A synthesis consistent across reviews and primary data is:
1. A TA substrate is captured in the cytosol and delivered by TRC40/ASNA1, which shields the hydrophobic TMD in a protected pocket. (farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 1-3)
2. TRC40 docks at the ER via the receptor/insertase formed by WRB (GET1) and CAML, with WRB’s cytosolic coiled-coil contributing to TRC40 binding. (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7)
3. Docking facilitates conformational changes and handoff/release of the TA TMD to the membrane-embedded insertase groove/channel for insertion into the bilayer, followed by TRC40 recycling. (farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7, mcdowell2020structuralbasisof pages 1-3, heo2023theget12insertase pages 1-3)
Structural perspective reviews additionally place WRB/Get1 within an Oxa1/Alb3/YidC-like insertase superfamily, supporting a conserved principle in which a membrane-embedded hydrophilic environment assists TMD insertion. (mateja2018astructuralperspective pages 9-11, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7)
A major advance is the 2023 Nature Communications study that reports structures/simulations of human Get1/Get2/Get3 and concludes that the GET insertase is conformationally plastic and induces local membrane thinning near a hydrophilic groove to lower the energetic barrier for insertion. Quantitatively, the paper reports thinning near the insertase from approximately ~4.35 nm to ~2.25 nm in the vicinity of the groove. (mcdowell2023thegetinsertase pages 1-2, mcdowell2023thegetinsertase media b0739839)
This provides direct, modern structural support for annotating WRB/GET1 as a membrane insertase (not merely a static receptor) that actively reshapes the membrane environment during TA insertion. (mcdowell2023thegetinsertase pages 1-2, mcdowell2023thegetinsertase media b0739839)
A 2023 Cell Reports study of the yeast Get1/2 insertase provides complementary mechanistic evidence for a dynamic aqueous channel (reported ~2.5 nm diameter in reconstituted systems) that can be sealed by Get3 and supports substrate release/insertion and translocation of C-terminal hydrophilic tails. While yeast-focused, the mechanistic logic is frequently used to interpret conserved features of the pathway in metazoans. (heo2023theget12insertase pages 1-3)
A 2023 label-free quantitative proteomics synthesis that compared perturbations across ER targeting/insertase components in human cells reported client-spectrum trends: TRC/GET clients are enriched for proteins with more central or C-terminal TMHs and unexpectedly included many multi-pass membrane proteins. Importantly, the authors reported an “insertase preference” ordering for TA insertion: Wrb >> TRAM1 >> Sec61 > EMC > TRAP > Sec63. (jung2023quantitativemassspectrometry pages 19-22)
A 2023 Biochemical Journal study linked proteotoxic stress (including polyglutamine aggregates and other stresses) to dissociation of UBL4A from BAG6, an upstream module required for TA protein biogenesis. This work explicitly situates WRB (Get1)/CAML downstream as the ER-resident receptor and emphasizes that the TA biogenesis machinery interfaces with protein quality control routes that can promote insertion or degradation. (hagiwara2023proteotoxicstressesstimulate pages 1-3)
Membrane protein biogenesis research tool / pathway dissection: WRB/GET1 is routinely used as an essential node in experimental perturbations (knockdown/knockout, dominant-negative fragments) to probe the biogenesis of TA proteins and ER membrane protein targeting logic. Its coiled-coil domain can be used experimentally to competitively interfere with TRC40-dependent insertion in vitro. (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3)
Understanding tissue-selective vulnerability in proteostasis and trafficking: In vivo vertebrate studies indicate that WRB loss yields selective impacts on certain TA substrates (e.g., synaptic or trafficking proteins), which is used as a model to link TA insertion deficits to sensory phenotypes and to selective proteostasis collapse in specific cell types. (riveramonroy2016micelackingwrb pages 1-2, vogl2016tryptophan‐richbasicprotein pages 2-3)
Framework for redundancy among ER insertases: Human proteomics emphasizes overlap and division of labor among TRC/GET, EMC, Sec61-related factors, enabling systems-level modeling of membrane-protein insertion “rules of engagement,” relevant to interpreting phenotypes of membrane biogenesis defects. (jung2023quantitativemassspectrometry pages 19-22)
Early work noted that the human WRB gene maps to a Down syndrome region on chromosome 21 (21q22.3) within a congenital heart disease region and that WRB shows relatively higher expression in tissues including heart (as well as brain, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas) in the reported expression surveys. These observations support plausibility for developmental phenotypes but do not by themselves establish monogenic causality. (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 5-6)
Multiple vertebrate model systems provide mechanistic evidence that WRB-dependent TA insertion is essential in specialized sensory synapses:
- Zebrafish wrb mutants show severe visual behavior defects and synaptic abnormalities; rescue experiments demonstrate that WRB–TRC40 interaction is required (a WRB mutant that cannot bind TRC40 fails to rescue). (daniele2016mutationofwrba pages 1-2)
- Zebrafish wrb mutants also show auditory/vestibular phenotypes with cellular synaptic defects; quantitatively, they exhibit ~50% fewer synaptic ribbons, and certain synaptic TA proteins (e.g., synaptobrevin/VAMP) are reduced to ~40% of wild type while syntaxin 3 is reduced to ~72–84%, consistent with compromised TA processing. (lin2016thezebrafishpinball pages 15-17)
- In hair cells, WRB mediates insertion of the TA protein otoferlin; WRB disruption reduces otoferlin abundance and impairs hair-cell exocytosis and hearing, and manipulations of WRB or otoferlin partially rescue phenotypes—supporting a substrate-level causal mechanism. (vogl2016tryptophan‐richbasicprotein pages 2-3, vogl2016tryptophan‐richbasicprotein pages 1-2, vogl2016tryptophan‐richbasicprotein pages 11-12)
A mouse study using tissue-specific WRB knockout models concluded that in vitro TRC40-client classification does not always predict in vivo outcomes; some TA proteins (notably the SNARE syntaxin 5) are extremely sensitive to TRC-pathway disruption and can become autophagy targets, underscoring interplay between TA insertion and proteostasis. (riveramonroy2016micelackingwrb pages 1-2)
Open Targets lists low-to-moderate scoring associations between GET1 (ENSG00000182093) and several phenotype/disease terms with PubMed evidence linkage (e.g., “Phenotypic abnormality,” “Esotropia,” “Non-accomodative esotropia,” among others). These should be interpreted as hypothesis-supporting associations rather than definitive causality and should be corroborated with primary genetic/functional studies. (OpenTargets Search: -WRB)
The following table consolidates key functional-annotation claims, recency highlights, and evidence pointers.
| Category | Key points | Key sources (author year journal) | URL | Publication date | Evidence ID(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identity | Human GET1 corresponds to WRB (tryptophan-rich basic protein; also called congenital heart disease 5 protein), the metazoan homolog of yeast Get1, matching UniProt O00258. It is a core component of the ER receptor/insertase for tail-anchored (TA) proteins. | Vilardi 2011 Journal of Cell Science; Farkas & Bohnsack 2021 J Cell Biol | https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.084277; https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202105004 | 2011-04; 2021-07 | (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7) |
| Localization | WRB is an ER-resident integral membrane protein with a cytosol-exposed coiled-coil domain that docks TRC40/ASNA1. Reviews and primary studies consistently place the functional WRB/CAML receptor in the ER membrane. | Vilardi 2011 Journal of Cell Science; Pool 2022 Int J Mol Sci | https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.084277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073773 | 2011-04; 2022-03 | (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3, najdrova2022conservedmechanismfor pages 55-59) |
| Mechanism | WRB functions as the Get1-like insertase/receptor that receives TA substrates from TRC40/ASNA1 and helps release the substrate TMD for insertion into the ER bilayer. Structural work supports a membrane-embedded hydrophilic groove/channel mechanism analogous to other Oxa1/YidC-family insertases. | McDowell et al. 2020 Molecular Cell; Heo et al. 2023 Cell Reports | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2020.08.012; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111921 | 2020-10; 2023-01 | (mcdowell2020structuralbasisof pages 1-3, heo2023theget12insertase pages 1-3, mateja2018astructuralperspective pages 9-11) |
| Partners | The core mammalian receptor is the WRB/CAML complex; WRB directly engages TRC40/ASNA1 through its coiled-coil domain, while CAML acts as the Get2 analog and cooperates in substrate delivery/insertion. WRB and CAML are mutually stabilizing and function as an obligate receptor complex. | Vilardi 2011 Journal of Cell Science; Farkas & Bohnsack 2021 J Cell Biol | https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.084277; https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202105004 | 2011-04; 2021-07 | (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 1-3) |
| Recent structural findings 2023 | 2023 work on human GET insertase showed conformational plasticity, a hydrophilic groove in hsGet1/WRB, and membrane thinning near the insertion site. Reported values include local thinning from ~4.35 nm to ~2.25 nm and a ~15° coiled-coil rotation/tilt associated with gating changes. | McDowell et al. 2023 Nature Communications | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42867-2 | 2023-11 | (mcdowell2023thegetinsertase pages 1-2, mcdowell2023thegetinsertase media b0739839) |
| Proteomics client spectra 2023 | Quantitative proteomics in human cells found TRC/GET clients enriched for proteins with central or C-terminal TMHs and unexpectedly many multispanning membrane proteins. For insertase preference in TA insertion, the ranking reported was Wrb >> TRAM1 >> Sec61 > EMC > TRAP > Sec63. | Jung & Zimmermann 2023 Int J Mol Sci | https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814166 | 2023-09 | (jung2023quantitativemassspectrometry pages 19-22) |
| Quality control link 2023 | Proteotoxic stress and polyQ inclusions disrupt the BAG6–UBL4A pretargeting complex upstream of WRB/CAML, linking TA-protein biogenesis to proteostasis and aggregate-associated pathology. BAG6/UBL4A normally helps shield hydrophobic TMDs and route clients either to WRB/CAML-mediated insertion or degradation. | Hagiwara et al. 2023 Biochemical Journal | https://doi.org/10.1042/bcj20230267 | 2023-10 | (hagiwara2023proteotoxicstressesstimulate pages 1-3) |
| Phenotypes-Disease | WRB has been linked mechanistically to sensory phenotypes in vertebrate models: defective WRB impairs insertion of TA clients such as otoferlin and disrupts photoreceptor/hair-cell synaptic function, hearing, and vision. The WRB locus also lies in a chromosome 21 congenital heart disease region, but direct human WRB disease causality remains less established than for other TRC-pathway genes. | Rivera-Monroy et al. 2016 Scientific Reports; Vogl et al. 2016 EMBO Journal; Vilardi 2011 Journal of Cell Science | https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39464; https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201593565; https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.084277 | 2016-12; 2016-12; 2011-04 | (riveramonroy2016micelackingwrb pages 1-2, vogl2016tryptophan‐richbasicprotein pages 2-3, vogl2016tryptophan‐richbasicprotein pages 1-2, vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 5-6, vogl2016tryptophan‐richbasicprotein pages 11-12) |
Table: This table summarizes the main functional annotation evidence for human GET1/WRB (UniProt O00258), including identity, localization, molecular mechanism, partners, and recent 2023 developments. It is useful as a compact evidence map linking core biological claims to specific sources and context IDs.
GET1/WRB (UniProt O00258) is best annotated as an endoplasmic reticulum membrane insertase/receptor that functions with CAML to receive TA protein substrates delivered by TRC40/ASNA1 and to catalyze/enable their insertion into the ER bilayer through a membrane-embedded hydrophilic groove/channel mechanism. 2023 structures directly support WRB/GET1 as an active insertase that can remodel the membrane (thinning) and undergo conformational changes during insertion, and 2023 proteomics indicates broader client spectra and overlap with other ER insertion systems. (vilardi2011wrbisthe pages 2-3, farkas2021captureanddelivery pages 5-7, mcdowell2023thegetinsertase pages 1-2, jung2023quantitativemassspectrometry pages 19-22)
References
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(vogl2016tryptophan‐richbasicprotein pages 1-2): Christian Vogl, Iliana Panou, Gulnara Yamanbaeva, Carolin Wichmann, Sara J Mangosing, Fabio Vilardi, Artur A Indzhykulian, Tina Pangršič, Rosamaria Santarelli, Montserrat Rodriguez‐Ballesteros, Thomas Weber, Sangyong Jung, Elena Cardenas, Xudong Wu, Sonja M Wojcik, Kelvin Y Kwan, Ignacio del Castillo, Blanche Schwappach, Nicola Strenzke, David P Corey, Shuh‐Yow Lin, and Tobias Moser. Tryptophan‐rich basic protein (wrb) mediates insertion of the tail‐anchored protein otoferlin and is required for hair cell exocytosis and hearing. The EMBO Journal, 35:2536-2552, Dec 2016. URL: https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201593565, doi:10.15252/embj.201593565. This article has 82 citations.
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(OpenTargets Search: -WRB): Open Targets Query (-WRB, 5 results). Buniello, A. et al. (2025). Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery. Nucleic Acids Research.