The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.
You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.
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We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.
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Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.
The Caenorhabditis elegans gene mut-16 (UniProt O62011) encodes MUT-16, a low-complexity, intrinsically disordered scaffold protein that nucleates perinuclear “Mutator foci” and organizes the Mutator complex, a germline-enriched small-RNA amplification module required for robust RNA silencing. (phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 1-2, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 1-2, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 5-7)
MUT-16 is not an enzyme with a defined catalytic reaction; instead, its primary function is structural/organizational—concentrating and coordinating multiple enzymatic and RNA-binding factors (e.g., RdRP RRF-1; poly(UG) polymerase MUT-2/RDE-3; exonuclease MUT-7; helicases; nucleases) that collectively generate secondary 22G-RNAs that load into WAGO Argonautes to enforce gene and transposon silencing. (phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 5-7, sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7, ouyang2022nuagecondensatesaccelerators pages 1-2)
Primary mechanistic papers that cloned/characterized mut-16 unambiguously define MUT-16 as the core Mutator-foci protein required for siRNA amplification in C. elegans (not another organism’s “mut-16”). (zhang2011mut16andother pages 1-2, phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 1-2)
Key identifiers used in the literature are consistent with your UniProt context: mut-16 encodes MUT-16, described as a “Mutator” class factor required for Mutator foci and secondary siRNA amplification. (phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 1-2, zhang2011mut16andother pages 1-2)
Mutator foci are punctate perinuclear compartments in germ cells that contain MUT-16 and multiple “mutator class” proteins; they sit near nuclear pores and are adjacent to other nuage condensates (notably P granules). (phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 1-2, phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 4-5, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 13-14)
The Mutator complex is an assembly of proteins required to generate mutator-dependent secondary siRNAs, particularly WAGO-class 22G-RNAs; reviews and primary studies place MUT-16 as the seed/scaffold for this assembly. (phillips2022germgranulesand pages 6-7, sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7)
In C. elegans, endogenous RNAi includes abundant 22G-RNAs (22-nt, typically 5′G) made by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs). Reviews emphasize that RRF-1 and EGO-1 are key RdRPs, with the Mutator-foci machinery strongly associated with WAGO-class amplification. (sundby2021connectingthedots pages 1-2, sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7)
A central conceptual split is:
- WAGO-class 22G-RNAs: enriched in silencing pathways (including transposons and many “non-self”/foreign-like targets). (sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7, phillips2022germgranulesand pages 6-7)
- CSR-1-class 22G-RNAs: associated with “licensing”/protection of germline gene expression and antagonizing inappropriate silencing. (sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7, ouyang2022nuagecondensatesaccelerators pages 1-2)
A key mechanistic model in recent reviews is that primary targeting can trigger cleavage and then pUGylation (addition of poly(UG) tails) by MUT-2/RDE-3, which helps recruit RdRP activity to generate amplified secondary 22G-RNAs. (ouyang2022nuagecondensatesaccelerators pages 1-2, sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7)
Multiple studies describe MUT-16 as Q/N-rich and highly intrinsically disordered, functioning as a scaffold that recruits/organizes Mutator components rather than catalyzing a chemical reaction. (uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 1-2, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 4-5)
CRISPR deletion mapping and interaction/localization assays identify distinct MUT-16 regions that mediate recruitment/localization of different Mutator complex proteins (e.g., MUT-2, MUT-7, RDE-2, MUT-14, MUT-15, RRF-1, RDE-8, NYN-1/2). (uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 5-7, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 11-13)
A key structural-functional conclusion is that a C-terminal region (JKL; aa ~773–1050) is sufficient for foci formation and is ~70% disordered; it is necessary and sufficient for Mutator-foci assembly. (uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 13-14)
Mutator foci display multiple properties consistent with liquid–liquid phase separation: spherical morphology, sensitivity to 1,6-hexanediol, temperature sensitivity, concentration-threshold behavior, and rapid partial FRAP recovery. (uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 13-14)
Quantitatively, FRAP of MUT-16::GFP foci (whole-focus bleaching) showed t1/2 = 7.2 ± 1.0 s (SEM; n=5) and recovery to ~35% of pre-bleach intensity, consistent with mixed mobile/immobile fractions within the condensate. (uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 11-13)
MUT-16 localizes to punctate perinuclear foci throughout the germline. (phillips2012mut16promotesformation media fee9793d)
MUT-16 foci are adjacent to P granules (e.g., PGL-1-marked), consistent with spatially coupled but compositionally distinct nuage subcompartments. (phillips2012mut16promotesformation media 59dbc424)
Reviews and primary studies emphasize that nuage covers a majority of nucleopore-rich nuclear periphery and that P granules associate with roughly ~75% of nuclear pores—a spatial context in which Mutator foci sit adjacent to P granules and likely capture/exported RNAs for surveillance and amplification. (sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7, ouyang2022nuagecondensatesaccelerators pages 1-2)
Loss of mut-16 disrupts Mutator foci and strongly impairs RNA silencing, consistent with Mutator foci being key sites/organizers of secondary siRNA amplification. (phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 1-2, phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 5-7)
The Mutator/WAGO 22G-RNA system is widely framed as a genome surveillance/defense pathway that limits transposon expression/mobilization and supports fertility, with MUT-16 as a core scaffold. (phillips2022germgranulesand pages 6-7, phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 1-2)
A concrete transposon statistic used in foundational discussions is that the Tc1 DNA transposon has ~32 intact copies in the genome, highlighting the need for genome defense mechanisms (including Mutator/WAGO pathways). (phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 1-2)
One study baseline reports that ~2,300 mutator-target genes showed >3-fold depletion of mutator-dependent 22G-RNAs in mut-16. (phillips2014mut14andsmut1 pages 3-4)
A 2023 peer-reviewed study advanced the model of germline nuage as multiple adjacent, demixed condensates (P granules, Z granules, SIMR foci, Mutator foci), with Mutator foci described as nucleated by MUT-16 and essential for secondary siRNA amplification. (Publication: 2023-12; URL: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202284) (uebel2023caenorhabditiselegansgerma pages 1-2)
A 2024 Nature Communications paper identified a new germ-granule subcompartment (“E compartment/E granule”) enriched for EGO-1 (with DRH-3, EKL-1, and IDR proteins), and reported that EGO-1 localization there enables synthesis of a specialized 22G-RNA class derived exclusively from 5′ regions of a subset of germline mRNAs—refining how distinct compartments partition distinct 22G-RNA programs relative to MUT-16-marked Mutator foci. (Publication: 2024-07; URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50027-3) (chen2024germgranulecompartments pages 1-2)
A 2024 Nature Communications study reported that HRDE-2 localizes to SIMR foci and promotes correct small-RNA loading onto the nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1, thereby supporting proper use of WAGO-class 22G-RNAs and avoiding misdirected chromatin marking—strengthening a broader framework in which subcompartment localization helps ensure pathway specificity. (Publication: 2024-02; URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45245-8) (chen2024hrde2drivessmall pages 1-2)
Because mut-16 is required for Mutator-foci integrity and secondary siRNA amplification, it is routinely used to test whether a silencing phenotype depends on mutator-dependent amplification versus other branches (e.g., upstream primary triggers or parallel CSR-1 licensing). (zhang2011mut16andother pages 1-2, phillips2022germgranulesand pages 6-7)
MUT-16 and Mutator foci provide an experimentally accessible system to investigate how phase-separated condensates can accelerate, focus, or constrain biochemical reactions in vivo. (uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 13-14, ouyang2022nuagecondensatesaccelerators pages 1-2)
A 2022 perspective review argues nuage condensates may act as “circuit breakers” that prevent dangerous runaway silencing, by spatially organizing cleavage, pUGylation, and RdRP amplification steps while balancing competing small-RNA pathways (e.g., silencing vs licensing). (Publication: 2022-11; URL: https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.079003.121) (ouyang2022nuagecondensatesaccelerators pages 1-2)
Similarly, germ-granule reviews emphasize segregation of opposing pathways (WAGO silencing vs CSR-1 licensing) and argue that subcompartmentalization supports fidelity and germline expression “memory.” (phillips2022germgranulesand pages 6-7, sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7)
| Category | Summary |
|---|---|
| Identity | - Gene/protein verified as C. elegans mut-16 / MUT-16, matching UniProt O62011 and ORF B0379.3 in the literature. - MUT-16 is described as a Q/N-rich, intrinsically disordered protein that nucleates Mutator foci rather than a catalytic enzyme. (phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 1-2, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 1-2, zhang2011mut16andother pages 1-2) |
| Molecular role | - Primary role is scaffolding/assembly of the Mutator complex required for secondary siRNA (22G-RNA) amplification. - Distinct MUT-16 regions recruit different client proteins; the C-terminal disordered region is necessary and sufficient for foci formation and supports phase separation. (uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 4-5, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 1-2, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 11-13) |
| Complex/partners | - Recruits or is required for localization of MUT-2/RDE-3, MUT-7, MUT-14, SMUT-1, RDE-2, MUT-15, RRF-1, RDE-8, NYN-1/2. - Loss of mut-16 disrupts colocalization/co-IP among mutator proteins, indicating it is the core organizational hub of the complex. (uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 4-5, phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 5-7, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 5-7) |
| Subcellular localization | - Localizes to perinuclear Mutator foci on the cytoplasmic side of germline nuclei. - Mutator foci are adjacent to but distinct from P granules and associate with nuclear pores within germline nuage architecture. - In somatic contexts MUT-16 is more diffuse and Mutator foci are far less prominent. (uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 2-4, phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 4-5, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 13-14, phillips2012mut16promotesformation media fee9793d) |
| Pathway context | - Functions in the WAGO-class 22G-RNA branch of RNAi downstream of primary triggers such as piRNAs and exogenous RNAi. - Current model: target cleavage and pUGylation by MUT-2/RDE-3 mark RNAs for RdRP-dependent 22G-RNA synthesis in Mutator foci; this branch is distinct from CSR-1/EGO-1 licensing pathways. (phillips2022germgranulesand pages 6-7, sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7, ouyang2022nuagecondensatesaccelerators pages 1-2, sundby2021connectingthedots pages 1-2) |
| Key experimental evidence/assays | - Mutant analysis/RNAi: mut-16 loss abolishes Mutator foci and impairs germline and somatic RNAi. - Imaging: fluorescent MUT-16 reporters show punctate perinuclear foci adjacent to P granules. - Co-IP/IP-MS and CRISPR deletion mapping identified recruited partners and modular interaction regions. - FRAP, heat stress, and 1,6-hexanediol assays support condensate-like behavior. (phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 5-7, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 5-7, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 11-13, phillips2012mut16promotesformation media fee9793d) |
| Quantitative/statistical findings | - In mut-16, about ~2,300 target genes showed >3-fold depletion of mutator-dependent 22G-RNAs in one analysis. - MUT-16 FRAP recovery showed t1/2 = 7.2 ± 1.0 s with recovery to ~35% of pre-bleach intensity, consistent with mobile and immobile condensate fractions. - P granules associate with roughly ~75% of nuclear pores, relevant to spatial organization of adjacent Mutator foci. (phillips2014mut14andsmut1 pages 3-4, uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 11-13, sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7) |
| 2023-2024 updates | - 2023 work refined nuage architecture: P granules form a toroidal shell around other compartments, and Mutator foci occupy a distinct adjacent subdomain that preferentially associates with RNAi-targeted RNAs. - 2024 work identified the E granule for specialized EGO-1-dependent 5′-region 22G-RNA production, sharpening the contrast between Mutator-foci/WAGO and E-granule/CSR-related functions. - 2024 studies further connected Mutator-foci organization to Argonaute specificity and condensate immiscibility in germ granules. (uebel2023caenorhabditiselegansgerma pages 1-2, chen2024germgranulecompartments pages 1-2, uebel2023caenorhabditiselegansgerm pages 1-4, chen2024hrde2drivessmall pages 1-2) |
| Applications/uses | - mut-16 mutants are widely used as functional tools to test whether silencing depends on mutator-complex amplification versus other RNAi branches. - Used in studies of transposon repression, heritable silencing/TEI, stress responses, and endogenous transgene silencing as a pathway-defining perturbation. - Expert reviews use MUT-16 as a model scaffold for studying how condensate compartmentalization can enhance precision while avoiding runaway silencing. (phillips2022germgranulesand pages 6-7, sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7, ouyang2022nuagecondensatesaccelerators pages 1-2) |
Table: This table concisely summarizes the verified identity, mechanism, localization, pathway context, and recent advances for C. elegans MUT-16 (UniProt O62011). It is useful as a citation-backed functional annotation snapshot focused on evidence from the gathered literature context.
This report is constrained to claims directly supported in the retrieved full-text evidence. Some potentially relevant 2023–2024 preprints mentioning MUT-16 were retrieved in search results but not used for major claims without supportive extracted evidence here. (uebel2023caenorhabditiselegansgerma pages 1-2, chen2024germgranulecompartments pages 1-2, chen2024hrde2drivessmall pages 1-2)
References
(phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 1-2): Carolyn M. Phillips, Taiowa A. Montgomery, Peter C. Breen, and Gary Ruvkun. Mut-16 promotes formation of perinuclear mutator foci required for rna silencing in the c. elegans germline. Genes & development, 26 13:1433-44, Jul 2012. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.193904.112, doi:10.1101/gad.193904.112. This article has 239 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 1-2): Celja J. Uebel, Dorian C. Anderson, Lisa M. Mandarino, Kevin I. Manage, Stephan Aynaszyan, and Carolyn M. Phillips. Distinct regions of the intrinsically disordered protein mut-16 mediate assembly of a small rna amplification complex and promote phase separation of mutator foci. PLOS Genetics, 14:e1007542, Jul 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542. This article has 64 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 5-7): Celja J. Uebel, Dorian C. Anderson, Lisa M. Mandarino, Kevin I. Manage, Stephan Aynaszyan, and Carolyn M. Phillips. Distinct regions of the intrinsically disordered protein mut-16 mediate assembly of a small rna amplification complex and promote phase separation of mutator foci. PLOS Genetics, 14:e1007542, Jul 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542. This article has 64 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 5-7): Carolyn M. Phillips, Taiowa A. Montgomery, Peter C. Breen, and Gary Ruvkun. Mut-16 promotes formation of perinuclear mutator foci required for rna silencing in the c. elegans germline. Genes & development, 26 13:1433-44, Jul 2012. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.193904.112, doi:10.1101/gad.193904.112. This article has 239 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(sundby2021connectingthedots pages 6-7): Adam E. Sundby, Ruxandra I. Molnar, and Julie M. Claycomb. Connecting the dots: linking caenorhabditis elegans small rna pathways and germ granules. May 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2020.12.012, doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2020.12.012. This article has 74 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(ouyang2022nuagecondensatesaccelerators pages 1-2): John Paul Tsu Ouyang and Geraldine Seydoux. Nuage condensates: accelerators or circuit breakers for srna silencing pathways? RNA, 28:58-66, Nov 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.079003.121, doi:10.1261/rna.079003.121. This article has 39 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(zhang2011mut16andother pages 1-2): Chi Zhang, Taiowa A. Montgomery, Harrison W. Gabel, Sylvia E. J. Fischer, Carolyn M. Phillips, Noah Fahlgren, Christopher M. Sullivan, James C. Carrington, and Gary Ruvkun. Mut-16 and other mutator class genes modulate 22g and 26g sirna pathways in caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108:1201-1208, Jan 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018695108, doi:10.1073/pnas.1018695108. This article has 172 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(phillips2012mut16promotesformation pages 4-5): Carolyn M. Phillips, Taiowa A. Montgomery, Peter C. Breen, and Gary Ruvkun. Mut-16 promotes formation of perinuclear mutator foci required for rna silencing in the c. elegans germline. Genes & development, 26 13:1433-44, Jul 2012. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.193904.112, doi:10.1101/gad.193904.112. This article has 239 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 13-14): Celja J. Uebel, Dorian C. Anderson, Lisa M. Mandarino, Kevin I. Manage, Stephan Aynaszyan, and Carolyn M. Phillips. Distinct regions of the intrinsically disordered protein mut-16 mediate assembly of a small rna amplification complex and promote phase separation of mutator foci. PLOS Genetics, 14:e1007542, Jul 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542. This article has 64 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(phillips2022germgranulesand pages 6-7): Carolyn M Phillips and Dustin L Updike. Germ granules and gene regulation in the caenorhabditis elegans germline. Genetics, Mar 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyab195, doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab195. This article has 78 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(sundby2021connectingthedots pages 1-2): Adam E. Sundby, Ruxandra I. Molnar, and Julie M. Claycomb. Connecting the dots: linking caenorhabditis elegans small rna pathways and germ granules. May 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2020.12.012, doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2020.12.012. This article has 74 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 4-5): Celja J. Uebel, Dorian C. Anderson, Lisa M. Mandarino, Kevin I. Manage, Stephan Aynaszyan, and Carolyn M. Phillips. Distinct regions of the intrinsically disordered protein mut-16 mediate assembly of a small rna amplification complex and promote phase separation of mutator foci. PLOS Genetics, 14:e1007542, Jul 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542. This article has 64 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 11-13): Celja J. Uebel, Dorian C. Anderson, Lisa M. Mandarino, Kevin I. Manage, Stephan Aynaszyan, and Carolyn M. Phillips. Distinct regions of the intrinsically disordered protein mut-16 mediate assembly of a small rna amplification complex and promote phase separation of mutator foci. PLOS Genetics, 14:e1007542, Jul 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542. This article has 64 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(phillips2012mut16promotesformation media fee9793d): Carolyn M. Phillips, Taiowa A. Montgomery, Peter C. Breen, and Gary Ruvkun. Mut-16 promotes formation of perinuclear mutator foci required for rna silencing in the c. elegans germline. Genes & development, 26 13:1433-44, Jul 2012. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.193904.112, doi:10.1101/gad.193904.112. This article has 239 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(phillips2012mut16promotesformation media 59dbc424): Carolyn M. Phillips, Taiowa A. Montgomery, Peter C. Breen, and Gary Ruvkun. Mut-16 promotes formation of perinuclear mutator foci required for rna silencing in the c. elegans germline. Genes & development, 26 13:1433-44, Jul 2012. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.193904.112, doi:10.1101/gad.193904.112. This article has 239 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(phillips2014mut14andsmut1 pages 3-4): Carolyn M. Phillips, Brooke E. Montgomery, Peter C. Breen, Elke F. Roovers, Young-Soo Rim, Toshiro K. Ohsumi, Martin A. Newman, Josien C. van Wolfswinkel, Rene F. Ketting, Gary Ruvkun, and Taiowa A. Montgomery. Mut-14 and smut-1 dead box rna helicases have overlapping roles in germline rnai and endogenous sirna formation. Current Biology, 24:839-844, Apr 2014. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.060, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.060. This article has 70 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(uebel2023caenorhabditiselegansgerma pages 1-2): Celja J. Uebel, Sanjana Rajeev, and Carolyn M. Phillips. caenorhabditis elegans germ granules are present in distinct configurations and assemble in a hierarchical manner. Development, Dec 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202284, doi:10.1242/dev.202284. This article has 22 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(chen2024germgranulecompartments pages 1-2): Xiangyang Chen, Ke Wang, Farees Ud Din Mufti, Demin Xu, Chengming Zhu, Xinya Huang, Chenming Zeng, Qile Jin, Xiaona Huang, Yong-hong Yan, Meng-qiu Dong, Xuezhu Feng, Yunyu Shi, Scott G. Kennedy, and Shouhong Guang. Germ granule compartments coordinate specialized small rna production. Nature Communications, Jul 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50027-3, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50027-3. This article has 28 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(chen2024hrde2drivessmall pages 1-2): Shihui Chen and Carolyn M. Phillips. Hrde-2 drives small rna specificity for the nuclear argonaute protein hrde-1. Nature Communications, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45245-8, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45245-8. This article has 22 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(uebel2018distinctregionsof pages 2-4): Celja J. Uebel, Dorian C. Anderson, Lisa M. Mandarino, Kevin I. Manage, Stephan Aynaszyan, and Carolyn M. Phillips. Distinct regions of the intrinsically disordered protein mut-16 mediate assembly of a small rna amplification complex and promote phase separation of mutator foci. PLOS Genetics, 14:e1007542, Jul 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007542. This article has 64 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(uebel2023caenorhabditiselegansgerm pages 1-4): Celja J. Uebel, Sanjana Rajeev, and Carolyn M. Phillips. Caenorhabditis elegans germ granules are present in distinct configurations that differentially associate with rnai-targeted rnas. bioRxiv, May 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.25.542330, doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542330. This article has 2 citations.