Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
TreeGrafter-generated GO annotations
Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
An extra double-stranded RNA binding domain confers high activity to a squid RNA editing enzyme.
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sqADAR2a contains an extra dsRBD that confers high editing activity compared to sqADAR2b
"sqADAR2a differs from sqADAR2b by containing an optional exon that encodes an "extra" dsRBD...For each mRNA, sqADAR2a edited many more sites than sqADAR2b. These data suggest that the "extra" dsRBD confers high activity on sqADAR2a."
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Both splice variants are expressed at comparable levels and are extensively self-edited
"Both splice variants are expressed at comparable levels and are extensively edited, each in a unique pattern."
Extra double-stranded RNA binding domain (dsRBD) in a squid RNA editing enzyme confers resistance to high salt environment.
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The extra dsRBD of sqADAR2a increases RNA binding affinity by 30-100 fold and confers resistance to high chloride
"the extra dsRBD in sqADAR2a conferred resistance to the high Cl(-) levels found in squid neurons. It does so by increasing the affinity of sqADAR2 for dsRNA by 30- or 100-fold in vertebrate-like or squid-like conditions, respectively."
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Squid-like salt conditions severely impair conventional ADAR2 binding and activity
"squid-like salt conditions severely impair the binding affinity of conventional ADAR2s for dsRNA, leading to a decrease in nonspecific and site-specific editing activity."
The majority of transcripts in the squid nervous system are extensively recoded by A-to-I RNA editing.
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57,108 recoding sites identified in the squid nervous system, affecting the majority of proteins
"We identify 57,108 recoding sites in the nervous system, affecting the majority of the proteins studied. Recoding is tissue-dependent, and enriched in genes with neuronal and cytoskeletal functions, suggesting it plays an important role in brain physiology."
Spatially regulated editing of genetic information within a neuron.
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ADAR2 is expressed outside the nucleus in squid neurons and axoplasm exhibits A-to-I editing activity
"ADAR2 (adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA), an RNA editing enzyme, is expressed outside of the nucleus in squid neurons. Furthermore, purified axoplasm exhibits adenosine-to-inosine activity and can specifically edit adenosines in a known substrate."
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Over 70% of editing sites are edited more extensively in the giant axon than in cell bodies
"a transcriptome-wide analysis of RNA editing reveals that tens of thousands of editing sites (>70% of all sites) are edited more extensively in the squid giant axon than in its cell bodies."
Squid express conserved ADAR orthologs that possess novel features.
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Squid express two catalytically active ADARs (sqADAR1 and sqADAR2) and one inactive ADAR-like protein (sqADAR/D-like)
"Studies using recombinant sqADARs suggest that only sqADAR1 and sqADAR2 are active adenosine deaminases...sqADAR/D-like shows no activity on these substrates."
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sqADAR2 is the predominant ADAR in non-neural tissues
"sqADAR2 is the predominant ADAR in the gill...sqADAR1 is the most highly expressed isoform in the nervous system"
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Both sqADAR2 splice-variant messages are extensively edited.
"Previous results from our laboratory
have shown that squid express an ADAR2 homolog, with two splice variants named
sqADAR2a and sqADAR2b and that these messages are extensively edited."
High-level RNA editing diversifies the coleoid cephalopod brain proteome.
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Coleoid cephalopods are the only known animals to recode the majority of expressed proteins through A-to-I RNA editing
"The coleoid nervous system is also the only one currently known to recode the majority of expressed proteins through A-to-I RNA editing."
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The extra dsRBD of sqADAR2 and the novel SRD of sqADAR1 are unique cephalopod features that may contribute to high-level editing
"We describe the complement of ADAR enzymes in cephalopods, including a recently discovered novel domain in sqADAR1."
Temperature-dependent RNA editing in octopus extensively recodes the neural proteome.
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Over 13,000 codons are affected by temperature-dependent RNA editing in octopus, showing RNA editing functions in environmental acclimation
"Over 13,000 codons are affected, and many alter proteins that are vital for neural processes. For two highly temperature-sensitive examples, recoding tunes protein function."
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Temperature-dependent editing occurs in wild populations and recodes synaptotagmin and kinesin-1
"For synaptotagmin, a key component of Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter
release, crystal structures and supporting experiments show that editing alters
Ca2+ binding. For kinesin-1, a motor protein driving axonal transport, editing
regulates transport velocity down microtubules."
Blinded OpenScientist function-assignment report (TreeGrafter audit)
Existing falcon function-hypothesis report
UniProt entry C1JAR3 (ADAR2, Doryteuthis opalescens)