Discovered human IL34 as a secreted homodimeric cytokine that binds CSF1R and stimulates monocyte viability.

Determined crystal structures of free human IL34 and the complex of IL34 bound to the N-terminal immunoglobulin domains of CSF1R, showing that IL34 adopts a helical cytokine fold homologous to CSF1.

Demonstrated that human IL34 induces differentiation of primary human monocytes into CD14(high) CD163(high) CD1a(-) immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages.

Identified IL34 as a direct target of miR-28-5p and showed that the effects of miR-28-5p deficiency on hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis depend on IL34-mediated tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration.

Reviewed IL34 signaling through CSF1R, PTPRZ1, and SDC1 and its non-redundant roles in monocyte/macrophage differentiation, Langerhans cell development, and microglial maintenance and proliferation.

Describes noncovalent homodimerization of secreted IL34 in the extracellular region.

Describes dimeric IL34 binding to CSF1R and notes that IL34 stimulation of CSF1R leads to ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human monocytes.

Describes homodimeric IL34 binding to receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPRZ1) on neural progenitor and glial cells.

Describes the IL34:CSF1 heteromer binding to CSF1R and activating downstream signaling pathways.

Describes IL34 binding to CSF1 to form a heteromer that subsequently binds CSF1R.

Describes cell-surface syndecan-1 (SDC1) modulating IL34 binding and signaling through CSF1R.

Describes IL34 dimers binding to chondroitin sulfate chains of syndecan-1 (SDC1) to modulate CSF1R signaling.