"We report the isolation and characterization of a full-length FaRP cDNA from the brain of S. officinalis. ... The cDNA encodes a precursor protein containing four FaRPs: ALSGDAFLRF, FIRF, FLRF and FMRF."

"Each propeptide has a C-terminal glycine residue that is presumably converted post-translationally to an amide. Every FaRP propeptide is also flanked by basic amino acid residues at the amino and carboxy termini, indicative of putative cleavage sites."

"Each of the four FaRPs encoded by this cDNA causes chromatophore expansion when assayed in an in vitro chromatophore bioassay."

"Using an in vitro chromatophore bioassay, it has been determined that several FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) are potent excitors of the chromatophore muscles, causing chromatophore expansion."

"Immunocytochemical analyses of the central nervous system using an FMRFamide antibody revealed the presence of FMRFamide-like immunoreactive cell bodies in the posterior chromatophore lobes, the region of the brain containing the chromatophore motoneurons of the fin and mantle."

"FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was also seen in the periphery, in the nerves around the chromatophores and in close apposition to the muscles in the chromatophore layer of the fin."

"HPLC analysis of the fin dermis isolated four bioactive peaks that were FMRFamide-immunoreactive when tested on an immunoblot assay. Two of these peaks co-eluted with known FaRPs, FMRFamide and ALSGDAFLRFamide."

"FMRFamide application causes contraction of chromatophore muscles; however, the FMRFamide effect is slower and longer lasting than that of glutamate."

"Pharmacological data show that FMRFamide acts directly on the chromatophore muscles."

"A combination of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization shows that some putative chromatophore motoneurons express FaRP-like immunoreactivity and an FaRP-coding mRNA transcript."

"We conclude that glutamate and FaRPs likely function as fast and slow transmitters, respectively, at the Sepia chromatophore NMJ."

"Many FMRFamide-immunopositive cells in the posterior chromatophore lobes also express glutamate-like immunoreactivity."

"of the major peptides in the stellar, fin and pallial nerves and the posterior chromatophore lobe of the cephalopods Sepia officinalis, Loligo opalescens and Dosidicus gigas has been performed."

"The FRPs predicted by this gene (FMRFa, FLRFa/FIRFa and ALSGDAFLRFa) are observed in all three species, indicating that members of this peptide family are highly conserved across cephalopods."

"The complete 835-base pair cDNA sequence of the SOFaRP(2) gene contains an open reading frame of 567 base pairs encoding 188 amino acids and four putative FaRPs, NSLFRFamide, GNLFRFamide, TIFRFamide and PHTPFRFamide."

"appears to be expressed in all brain regions involved in chromatophore regulation."

"The SOFaRP2 gene was found to be expressed most intensively in the posterior chromatophore lobe, vasomotor lobe and subvertical lobe."

"The expression pattern of SOFaRP2 suggests its involvement in chromatophore regulation, feeding behavior, and learning and memory."

"We detected FaRP expression and production in the nervous system of embryos from the beginning of organogenesis (stage 16)."

"Most of these areas were implicated in the control of body patterns, suggesting that FaRPs are involved in all parts of the neural body pattern control system, from the receptive areas via the CNS to the chromatophore effectors."