Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network.
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The source is a systematic proteome-scale binary-interaction map; it does not establish endogenous production or physiological function of LPAL2.
"Here, we describe a systematic map of ?14,000 high-quality human binary protein-protein interactions."
Interactome Mapping Provides a Network of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteins and Uncovers Widespread Protein Aggregation in Affected Brains.
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The source reports a systematic yeast two-hybrid map of candidate human interactions rather than direct evidence of endogenous LPAL2 protein.
"Here, we report on an interactome map that focuses on neurodegenerative disease (ND), connects ∼5,000 human proteins via ∼30,000 candidate interactions and is generated by systematic yeast two-hybrid interaction screening of ∼500 ND-related proteins and integration of literature interactions."
The human apolipoprotein(a)/plasminogen gene cluster contains a novel homologue transcribed in liver.
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The founding locus study placed apo(a)-related gene C among two apo(a)-related genes or pseudogenes in the chromosome 6 gene cluster.
"To further characterize these genes, we analyzed overlapping human genomic yeast artificial chromosome clones, which revealed a cluster of four highly homologous genes encoding apolipoprotein(a), plasminogen, and two apolipoprotein(a)-related genes (rg) or pseudogenes."
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Hybridization and RT-PCR detected transcription of apo(a)-related gene C in human liver.
"Hybridization analysis and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that one of these novel genes, designated apolipoprotein(a)rg-C, has a domain structure similar to apolipoprotein(a) and is transcribed in human liver."
Loss of a splice donor site at a 'skipped exon' in a gene homologous to apolipoprotein(a) leads to an mRNA encoding a protein consisting of a single kringle domain.
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A human liver transcript of apo(a)-related gene C was predicted to encode a 132-amino-acid polypeptide with a secretion signal and one kringle domain.
"We have isolated the human liver transcript derived from one of these genes, designated apo(a)-related gene C, that encodes a polypeptide of 132 amino acids composed of a secretion signal and a single kringle domain."
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Loss of a canonical splice donor causes exon skipping, a coding-frame shift, and premature stop codons in the derived transcript.
"Analysis of genomic sequence shows that the predicted exon at this site lacks a canonical splice donor site. This results in "exon skipping" during maturation of the mRNA, causing a coding frame shift and the presence of premature stop codons."
LPAL2 Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Modulating MMP9 Expression.
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This study explicitly treats LPAL2 as a pseudogene-derived lncRNA and found it downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues.
"In the current study, we found that the pseudogene-derived lncRNA LPAL2 is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, and further showed that elevated LPAL2 expression is positively correlated with survival outcome."
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LPAL2 RNA depletion in hepatoma cells increased growth, migration, and invasion.
"We found that the knockdown of LPAL2 in HA22T and Huh7 cell lines accelerated cell growth, migration, and invasion"
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MMP9 RNA and protein increased in LPAL2-depleted hepatoma cells.
"Furthermore, MMP9 mRNA and protein were upregulated in LPAL2-depleted HA22T and Huh7 cell lines"
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The authors' synthesis is that LPAL2 acts as a tumor-suppressor lncRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma.
"Our collective results indicate that LPAL2 acts as a tumor-suppressor lncRNA in HCC."
UniProtKB entry Q16609 (LPAL2_HUMAN), putative apolipoprotein(a)-like protein 2
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UniProt assigns Q16609 protein-existence level 5, uncertain.
"PE 5: Uncertain;"
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The modeled product is much shorter than apolipoprotein(a) and lacks a peptidase region.
"much shorter and does not contain any peptidase region."
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UniProt cautions that Q16609 could be a pseudogene product.
"Could be the product of a pseudogene."