Sugar and hormone connections.
Dual control of nuclear EIN3 by bifurcate MAPK cascades in C2H4 signalling.
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The study reports MAPK phosphorylation pathways with opposite effects on EIN3 stability.
"The bifurcate and antagonistic CTR1 and MKK9 pathways are both critical in determining ethylene-signalling specificity through two MAPK phosphorylation sites with opposite effects on EIN3 stability."
Ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis involves feedback regulation via the elaborate control of EBF2 expression by EIN3.
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EIN3 functions as a DNA-binding transcription factor in ethylene signaling.
"Furthermore, the results of protoplast transient assays in vivo and electrophoretic mobility shift assays in vitro have revealed that EIN3 can bind and activate the EBF2 promoter, indicating that EIN3 modulates EBF2 gene expression in planta."
ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 repress SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT2 expression to negatively regulate plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis.
Temporal transcriptional response to ethylene gas drives growth hormone cross-regulation in Arabidopsis.
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Ethylene transcriptional response studies support EIN3 transcription factor activity.
"We characterized the dynamic ethylene transcriptional response by identifying targets of the master regulator of the ethylene signaling pathway, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and transcript sequencing during a timecourse of ethylene treatment."
Arabidopsis acyl-CoA-binding protein ACBP3 participates in plant response to hypoxia by modulating very-long-chain fatty acid metabolism.
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The cited study tested ein3-1 in submergence assays, but its Results report no significant difference from wild type and no suppression of ACBP3-overexpression sensitivity.
"However, the ein3-1 mutant was not significantly different to wild type under either DS or LS (Figure 6b), possibly due to the functional redundancy of the EIL1 gene in Arabidopsis."
Unsaturation of very-long-chain ceramides protects plant from hypoxia-induced damages by modulating ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Ceramide-dependent modulation of CTR1 is associated with EIN3 stabilization; this is supplementary context rather than proof of the phenotype in PMID:25284079.
"Evidence that C24:1-ceramide interacted with recombinant CTR1 protein and inhibited its kinase activity in vitro, enhanced ER-to-nucleus translocation of EIN2-GFP and stabilization of EIN3-GFP in vivo, suggests a role of ceramides in modulating CTR1-mediated ethylene signaling."
Ethylene Regulates the Arabidopsis Microtubule-Associated Protein WAVE-DAMPENED2-LIKE5 in Etiolated Hypocotyl Elongation.
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EIN3 binds cis-regulatory DNA at EIN3-regulated promoters such as WDL5.
"ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3, a key transcription factor in the ethylene signaling pathway, directly targets and up-regulates WDL5."
Biochemical and Structural Insights into the Mechanism of DNA Recognition by Arabidopsis ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3.
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EIN3 binds DNA, but a cis-regulatory-region binding term is more informative.
"Results from systematic biochemical analyses reveal that both the number of EIN3-binding sites (EBSs) and the spacing length between two EBSs affect the binding affinity of EIN3;"
EIN2-dependent regulation of acetylation of histone H3K14 and non-canonical histone H3K23 in ethylene signalling.
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EIN3 interacts with ENAP1 in ethylene-dependent transcription/chromatin regulation.
"Both EIN2 and EIN3 interact with a SANT domain protein named EIN2 nuclear associated protein 1 (ENAP1), overexpression of which results in elevation of histone acetylation and enhanced ethylene-inducible gene expression in an EIN2-dependent manner."
Regulatory Functions of Cellular Energy Sensor SNF1-Related Kinase1 for Leaf Senescence Delay through ETHYLENE- INSENSITIVE3 Repression.
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EIN3 binds the energy-sensor kinase KIN10, which regulates EIN3 stability.
"Our plant cell-based functional and biochemical assays have demonstrated that SNF1-RELATED KINASE1 (SnRK1) directly interacts, phosphorylates, and destabilizes the key transcription factor ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) in senescence-promoting hormone ethylene signaling."
EIN2 mediates direct regulation of histone acetylation in the ethylene response.
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EIN3 binds ENAP1-associated accessible chromatin during ethylene responses; the primary histone-acetylation mechanism is investigated through EIN2-C.
"Specifically, in the presence of ethylene, ENAP1-binding regions are more accessible upon the interaction with EIN2, and more EIN3 proteins bind to the loci where ENAP1 is enriched for a quick response."
Ascorbic Acid Integrates the Antagonistic Modulation of Ethylene and Abscisic Acid in the Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species.
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EIN3 represses ABI4 transcription, connecting ethylene signaling to regulation of VTC2-dependent ascorbate biosynthesis and ROS levels.
"We found that ethylene and ABA antagonistically regulate AsA biosynthesis via ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) and ABA INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4), which are key factors in the ethylene and ABA signaling pathways, respectively. In addition, ABI4 is transcriptionally repressed by EIN3 in ethylene-regulated AsA biosynthesis."
Activation of the ethylene gas response pathway in Arabidopsis by the nuclear protein ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 and related proteins.
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EIN3 is a nuclear protein.
"The EIN3 gene encodes a novel nuclear-localized protein that shares sequence similarity, structural features, and genetic function with three EIN3-LIKE (EIL) proteins."
Nuclear events in ethylene signaling: a transcriptional cascade mediated by ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 and ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1.
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EIN3 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding regulator that activates the immediate ethylene-response target ERF1.
"In this study, we show that EIN3 and EILs comprise a family of novel sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression by binding directly to a primary ethylene response element (PERE) related to the tomato E4-element."
UniProt record for Arabidopsis EIN3
Falcon deep research report for Arabidopsis EIN3
EIN2-directed histone acetylation requires EIN3-mediated positive feedback regulation in response to ethylene.
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EIN3 is required for the ethylene-induced increase in H3K14Ac/H3K23Ac when EIN2 is present.
"Additionally, although EIN3 does not direct affect histone acetylation levels in the absence of EIN2, it is required for the ethylene-induced elevation of H3K14Ac and H3K23Ac in the presence of EIN2."
Ethylene-mediated nitric oxide depletion pre-adapts plants to hypoxia stress.
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The primary study places EIN3/EIL1-dependent ethylene signaling upstream of PGB1-mediated NO depletion and hypoxia preadaptation; it does not partition the two paralogs in the accessible main text.
"Ethylene perception leads to EIN2 and EIN3EIL1 dependent signalling and enhanced production of NO-scavenger PHYTOGLOBIN1 (PGB1) within 1 h of ethylene signalling."
OpenScientist EIN3 response-to-hypoxia hypothesis adjudication
OpenScientist EIN3 histone-binding hypothesis adjudication