Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs using Ensembl Compara
Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
Sequence of human galanin and its inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from RIN cells.
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Human galanin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner with sub-nanomolar potency.
"Human galanin inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner in RIN cells. Human, porcine, and rat galanin exhibited similar activity with ED50 less than 1 nM."
Isolation and primary structure of pituitary human galanin, a 30-residue nonamidated neuropeptide.
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Native human pituitary galanin is a 30-amino-acid neuropeptide with a non-amidated C-terminal serine.
"Compared to the 29-residue porcine, rat, and bovine Gals, hGal uniquely comprises 30 amino acids possessing an additional nonamidated serine residue as C terminus."
Galanin stimulates cortisol secretion from human adrenocortical cells through the activation of galanin receptor subtype 1 coupled to the adenylate cyclase-dependent signaling cascade.
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Galanin enhances cyclic-AMP production and stimulates cortisol secretion from human inner adrenocortical cells via GALR1, sensitive to the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ-22536.
"Galanin (10(-8) M) and ACTH (10(-9) M) enhanced cyclic-AMP production from dispersed cells, and the response was suppressed by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ-22536 (10(-4) M)."
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Galanin stimulates cortisol secretion from human adrenocortical cells via GALR1.
"We conclude that galanin stimulates cortisol secretion from human inner adrenocortical cells, acting through GAL-R1 coupled to the adenylate cyclase/PKA-dependent signaling cascade via a Ptx-sensitive Galpha protein."
The neuropeptide galanin is a novel inhibitor of human hair growth.
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Galanin inhibits proliferation of human hair matrix keratinocytes, shortens anagen, and reduces hair shaft elongation.
"Galanin reduced proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes in situ compared with vehicle-treated controls, shortened the hair growth phase (anagen) in vitro and reduced hair shaft elongation."
Catecholaminergic system innervates galanin-immunoreactive neurons in the human diencephalon.
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Light microscopic immunocytochemistry in the human diencephalon localized galanin immunoreactivity to hypothalamic neurons innervated by catecholaminergic fibers.
"Our studies show that among the three catecholamines, dopamine is the most abundant and the vast majority of catecholaminergic contacts on galanin-immunoreactive neurons is dopaminergic."
Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth by a small-molecule multi-FGF receptor blocker with allosteric properties.
Coevolution of the spexin/galanin/kisspeptin family: Spexin activates galanin receptor type II and III.
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Ligand-receptor interaction studies show that galanin activates GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3, whereas spexin selectively activates GALR2 and GALR3.
"A ligand-receptor interaction study showed that SPXs activate human, Xenopus, and zebrafish GALR2/3 family receptors but not GALR1, suggesting that SPXs are natural ligands for GALR2/3. Particularly, SPXs exhibited much higher potency toward GALR3 than GAL."
Activation of galanin receptor 2 stimulates large conductance Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) (BK) channels through the IP3 pathway in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells.
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Activation of human GALR2 by galanin elevates intracellular Ca2+ via ER Ca2+ efflux through IP3 receptors to open BK channels.
"Taken together, activation of GalR2 leads to elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) is due to Ca(2+) efflux from ER through IP3R sequentially opening BK channels."
A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network.
Galanin pathogenic mutations in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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A pathogenic p.A39E mutation in human galanin causes temporal lobe epilepsy and alters agonist/antagonist signaling at GALR1 and GALR2.
"Functional analysis revealed that the p.A39E mutant showed antagonistic activity against galanin receptor 1 (GalR1)-mediated response, and decreased binding affinity and reduced agonist properties for GalR2."
A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.
Interactome Mapping Provides a Network of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteins and Uncovers Widespread Protein Aggregation in Affected Brains.
Concomitant evaluation of plasma galanin and catecholamine levels during a cold pressor test in healthy human male and female subjects.
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Galanin is localized in the central and peripheral nervous systems and adrenal medulla and circulates in human plasma.
"The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is localized in the peripheral and central nervous systems as well as in the adrenal medulla where it coexists with catecholamines."
Liganded Gi-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gi
Galanin receptors can bind galanin
The Ligand:GPCR:Gi complex dissociates
Liganded Gi-activating GPCRs bind inactive heterotrimeric G-protein Gi