Ethylene regulates lateral root formation and auxin transport in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Differential regulation of EIN3 stability by glucose and ethylene signalling in plants.
The TOR-EIN2 axis mediates nuclear signalling to modulate plant growth.
The possible roles of AtERF71 in the defense response against the Fusarium graminearum.
ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 repress SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT2 expression to negatively regulate plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis.
Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
EIN2, a bifunctional transducer of ethylene and stress responses in Arabidopsis.
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EIN2 CEND activates ethylene responses and restores jasmonate and oxidative-stress responsiveness.
"Expression of the EIN2 CEND is sufficient to constitutively activate ethylene responses and restores responsiveness to jasmonic acid and paraquat-induced oxygen radicals to mutant plants."
Regulation of abscisic acid signaling by the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Ethylene signaling can promote ABA effects on root growth despite antagonism during germination.
"In contrast, the ethylene response pathway positively regulates some aspects of ABA action that involve root growth in the absence of ethylene."
Genes controlling expression of defense responses in Arabidopsis--2001 status.
Sugar and hormone connections.
Heat stress phenotypes of Arabidopsis mutants implicate multiple signaling pathways in the acquisition of thermotolerance.
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ein2 and etr1 mutants have basal thermotolerance defects.
"Ethylene signaling mutants (ein2 and etr1) and reactive oxygen metabolism mutants (vtc1, vtc2, npq1, and cad2) were more defective in basal than acquired thermotolerance, especially under high light."
Conserved requirement for a plant host cell protein in powdery mildew pathogenesis.
Ethylene-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis occurs via AtrbohF-mediated hydrogen peroxide synthesis.
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ein2-1 stomata fail to close after ethylene or hydrogen peroxide challenge.
"Stomata of the ethylene signalling ein2-1 and arr2 mutants do not close in response to either ethylene or H(2)O(2) but do generate H(2)O(2) following ethylene challenge."
Vectorial information for Arabidopsis planar polarity is mediated by combined AUX1, EIN2, and GNOM activity.
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EIN2 contributes with AUX1 and GNOM to coordinate root hair positioning.
"Here, we report that combinatorial action of the auxin influx carrier AUX1, ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) , and GNOM genes mediates the vector for coordinate hair positioning."
ABA is an essential signal for plant resistance to pathogens affecting JA biosynthesis and the activation of defenses in Arabidopsis.
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The pathogen studied is the damping-off oomycete Pythium irregulare; this establishes the taxonomic scope of the defense annotation.
"Analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana defense response to the damping-off oomycete pathogen Pythium irregulare show that resistance to P. irregulare requires a multicomponent defense strategy."
Arabidopsis EIN2 modulates stress response through abscisic acid response pathway.
Glucosinolate metabolites required for an Arabidopsis innate immune response.
Interplay between ethylene, ETP1/ETP2 F-box proteins, and degradation of EIN2 triggers ethylene responses in Arabidopsis.
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EIN2-CEND physically interacts with ETP1 and ETP2, which mediate EIN2 turnover in the absence of ethylene.
"We identified two F-box proteins, EIN2 TARGETING PROTEIN1 (ETP1) and EIN2 TARGETING PROTEIN2 (ETP2), that interact with the EIN2 C-terminal domain (EIN2-CEND), which is highly conserved and sufficient to activate most ethylene responses."
Trifurcate feed-forward regulation of age-dependent cell death involving miR164 in Arabidopsis.
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EIN2 regulates the ORE1/miR164 aging-induced leaf cell-death circuit.
"ORE1 expression is up-regulated concurrently with leaf aging by EIN2 but is negatively regulated by miR164. miR164 expression gradually decreases with aging through negative regulation by EIN2, which leads to the elaborate up-regulation of ORE1 expression. However, EIN2 still contributes to aging-induced cell death in the absence of ORE1."
EIN2, the central regulator of ethylene signalling, is localized at the ER membrane where it interacts with the ethylene receptor ETR1.
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EIN2 resides at the ER membrane and interacts specifically with ETR1.
"Here we show, by an integrated approach using in vivo and in vitro fluorescence techniques, that EIN2 is localized at the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) membrane where it shows specific interaction with the ethylene receptor protein ETR1."
Disruption of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation mechanisms alters responses of Arabidopsis to biotic stress.
Innate immune responses activated in Arabidopsis roots by microbe-associated molecular patterns.
Ethylene signaling regulates accumulation of the FLS2 receptor and is required for the oxidative burst contributing to plant immunity.
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ein2 has reduced FLS2 accumulation in the ethylene-dependent immune response.
"The oxidative burst was diminished in ethylene-insensitive mutants. Flagellin Sensitive2 (FLS2) accumulation was reduced in etr1 and ein2, indicating a requirement of ethylene signaling for FLS2 expression."
EIN2 regulates salt stress response and interacts with a MA3 domain-containing protein ECIP1 in Arabidopsis.
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EIN2 C-terminal expression suppresses the salt-sensitive ein2 phenotype.
"Mutation of EIN2 led to extreme salt sensitivity as revealed by phenotypic and physiological changes, and overexpression of C-terminus of EIN2 suppressed salt sensitivity in ein2-5, indicating that EIN2 is required for salt tolerance."
Biochemical and genetic requirements for function of the immune response regulator BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 in plant growth, ethylene signaling, and PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis.
Processing and subcellular trafficking of ER-tethered EIN2 control response to ethylene gas.
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Ethylene triggers EIN2 dephosphorylation, cleavage and nuclear translocation.
"Ethylene triggers dephosphorylation at several sites and proteolytic cleavage at one of these sites, resulting in nuclear translocation of a carboxyl-terminal EIN2 fragment (EIN2-C')."
Activation of ethylene signaling is mediated by nuclear translocation of the cleaved EIN2 carboxyl terminus.
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Ethylene promotes trafficking of EIN2 from the ER membrane to the nucleus.
"Taken together, these results indicate that ethylene treatment facilitates the translocation of EIN2-GFP from ER membrane into the nucleus."
CTR1 phosphorylates the central regulator EIN2 to control ethylene hormone signaling from the ER membrane to the nucleus in Arabidopsis.
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CTR1 directly phosphorylates EIN2 and phosphosite mutations activate nuclear signaling.
"Here we demonstrate that CTR1 interacts with and directly phosphorylates the cytosolic C-terminal domain of EIN2. Mutations that block the EIN2 phosphorylation sites result in constitutive nuclear localization of the EIN2 C terminus, concomitant with constitutive activation of ethylene responses in Arabidopsis."
Plant vascular cell division is maintained by an interaction between PXY and ethylene signalling.
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EIN2-dependent ethylene signaling supports vascular cell division in pxy mutants.
"Furthermore, blocking ethylene signalling using a variety of ethylene insensitive mutants such as ein2 enhances the cell division defect of pxy."
Unsaturation of very-long-chain ceramides protects plant from hypoxia-induced damages by modulating ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Ceramide inhibition of CTR1 is associated with ER-to-nucleus EIN2 trafficking.
"Evidence that C24:1-ceramide interacted with recombinant CTR1 protein and inhibited its kinase activity in vitro, enhanced ER-to-nucleus translocation of EIN2-GFP and stabilization of EIN3-GFP in vivo, suggests a role of ceramides in modulating CTR1-mediated ethylene signaling."
Targeting Plant Ethylene Responses by Controlling Essential Protein-Protein Interactions in the Ethylene Pathway.
EIN2-directed translational regulation of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis.
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EIN2 associates with EBF1/2 3' UTRs and P-body factors during translational repression.
"Furthermore, we demonstrate that ethylene induces EIN2 to associate with 3' UTRs and target EBF1/2 mRNA to cytoplasmic processing-body (P-body) through interacting with multiple P-body factors, including EIN5 and PABs."
Gene-specific translation regulation mediated by the hormone-signaling molecule EIN2.
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EIN2 and UPF proteins mediate ethylene-dependent EBF2 translational control.
"Characterization of one of the targets of this translation regulatory machinery, the ethylene signaling component EBF2, indicates that the signaling molecule EIN2 and the nonsense-mediated decay proteins UPFs play a central role in this ethylene-induced translational response."
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 mediates nuclear translocation of ORE3 to promote ORE9 gene expression in methyl jasmonate-induced leaf senescence.
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Methyl jasmonate-induced senescence involves EIN2 CEND cleavage and nuclear movement.
"The C-terminal end of ORE3/EIN2 (CEND) was cleaved from ORE3/EIN2 located in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transferred to the nucleus during MeJA-induced senescence."
EIN2-dependent regulation of acetylation of histone H3K14 and non-canonical histone H3K23 in ethylene signalling.
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EIN2 interacts with ENAP1 in the histone acetylation response to ethylene.
"Both EIN2 and EIN3 interact with a SANT domain protein named EIN2 nuclear associated protein 1 (ENAP1), overexpression of which results in elevation of histone acetylation and enhanced ethylene-inducible gene expression in an EIN2-dependent manner."
In Planta Determination of the mRNA-Binding Proteome of Arabidopsis Etiolated Seedlings.
EIN2 mediates direct regulation of histone acetylation in the ethylene response.
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EIN2-C associates with histone-containing chromatin partly through ENAP1.
"Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) and ChIP-reChIP-seq analyses revealed that EIN2-C associates with histone partially through an interaction with EIN2 nuclear-associated protein1 (ENAP1), which preferentially binds to the genome regions that are associated with actively expressed genes both with and without ethylene treatments."
Extracellular ATP Shapes a Defense-Related Transcriptome Both Independently and along with Other Defense Signaling Pathways.
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EIN2-dependent ethylene signaling contributes to the ATP-responsive defense transcriptome.
"In conclusion, we present a model ( Fig. 10 ) in which ATP binding to P2K1 results in defense gene activation, where more than half of ATP-responsive genes required signaling by one or more of the pathways through EIN2, NPR1, and COI1, but with a more substantial reliance on COI1."
Discovering the RNA-Binding Proteome of Plant Leaves with an Improved RNA Interactome Capture Method.
Genetic analysis of the effects of polar auxin transport inhibitors on root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Comparative Study of Several Fe Deficiency Responses in the Arabidopsis thaliana Ethylene Insensitive Mutants ein2-1 and ein2-5.
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EIN2 contributes to ethylene/nitric-oxide regulation of iron-acquisition genes; ein2 mutants retain iron-deficiency induction, showing partial and context-dependent involvement.
"The results obtained clearly support the participation of ET and NO, through EIN2, in the regulation of the Fe acquisition genes FRO2 and IRT1."