Plastid proteins crucial for symbiotic fungal and bacterial entry into plant roots.
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CASTOR and POLLUX are common symbiosis genes required for rhizobial and fungal entry into root cells and act upstream of Ca2+ spiking.
"Here we present two highly homologous genes from Lotus japonicus, CASTOR and POLLUX, that are indispensable for microbial admission into plant cells and act upstream of intracellular calcium spiking"
Analysis of Nod-factor-induced calcium signaling in root hairs of symbiotically defective mutants of Lotus japonicus.
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castor mutants lack Nod factor-induced Ca2+ spiking but retain the initial Ca2+ flux.
"whereas five classes of mutants (symRK, castor, pollux, nup133, and sym24) defective for calcium spiking retained a calcium flux."
Lotus japonicus CASTOR and POLLUX are ion channels essential for perinuclear calcium spiking in legume root endosymbiosis.
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Endogenous CASTOR localizes to the nuclear envelope (immunogold).
"Immunogold labeling localized the endogenous CASTOR protein to the nuclear envelope of Lotus root cells."
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Reconstituted CASTOR is a weakly selective, K+-preferring cation channel.
"Permeability ratio determination and competition experiments reveled a weak preference of CASTOR for cations such as potassium over anions."
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CASTOR and POLLUX form separate homocomplexes.
"Here, we show that CASTOR and POLLUX form two independent homocomplexes in planta."
The recent evolution of a symbiotic ion channel in the legume family altered ion conductance and improved functionality in calcium signaling.
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CASTOR and POLLUX are both required in Lotus; Medicago DMI1 alone can rescue castor, pollux and double mutants.
"castor, pollux, and castor pollux double mutants of L. japonicus were rescued by DMI1 alone, while both Lj-CASTOR and Lj-POLLUX were required for rescuing a dmi1 mutant of M. truncatula."
Ca(2+)-regulated Ca(2+) channels with an RCK gating ring control plant symbiotic associations.
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A CASTOR pore construct is a Ca2+-activated, Ca2+-selective channel; gating-ring Ca2+ sites are needed for nodulation.
"Here we show that CASTOR from Lotus japonicus is a highly selective Ca2+ channel whose activation requires cytosolic/nucleosolic Ca2+, contrary to the previous suggestion of it being a K+ channel."
Nuclear-localized cyclic nucleotide-gated channels mediate symbiotic calcium oscillations.
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CNGC15 channels are the nuclear-envelope Ca2+ channels; they complex with the K+-permeable DMI1 channel, which modulates nuclear Ca2+ release.
"We demonstrate that the cyclic nucleotide-gated channels form a complex with the postassium-permeable channel, which modulates nuclear Ca(2+) release."
CNGC15 and DMI1 ion channel gating in nuclear calcium signaling: opening new questions and closing controversies.
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The exact function of the DMI1/CASTOR/POLLUX channel in nuclear Ca2+ spiking remains unresolved.
"Despite more than 20 years of research on symbiotic nuclear Ca2+ spiking, important questions remain, including the exact function of the DMI1 channel."
Deep research report on Lotus japonicus CASTOR (Falcon)
Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt