7DL3

UniProt ID: A0A1S4HE90
Organism: Anopheles gambiae
Review Status: DRAFT
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Gene Description

D7L3 (AngaD7L3) is a long-form salivary D7 protein from Anopheles gambiae that uniquely binds serotonin among the A. gambiae D7 long-forms. This is unusual because long-form D7 proteins typically bind eicosanoids (leukotrienes, thromboxane A2), while biogenic amine binding is usually a short-form D7 function. D7L3 binds serotonin with high affinity but does not bind other biogenic amines (tryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, adrenaline) or eicosanoids (LTC4, LTD4, LTB4, thromboxane A2). By sequestering host serotonin at the bite site, D7L3 functions as a kratagonist that inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, thereby facilitating blood feeding.

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term Evidence Action Reason
GO:0035821 modulation of process of another organism
IEA
GO_REF:0000108
ACCEPT
Summary: This annotation accurately describes D7L3's function. The protein modulates host hemostatic responses during blood feeding by sequestering serotonin, which prevents vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. This is a correct BP annotation for the cross-species effect.
Reason: D7L3 clearly modulates processes in the vertebrate host. The UniProt entry states it "Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and sequestering different mediators involved in the host response" [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. PMID:35460690 demonstrates that "AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction" - this is direct modulation of host hemostatic processes. The GO:0035821 definition "A process in which an organism effects a change in a biological process in another organism" accurately captures this kratagonist function.
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and sequestering different mediators involved in the host response
PMID:35460690
AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
GO:0005549 odorant binding
IEA
GO_REF:0000002
REMOVE
Summary: This annotation is INCORRECT. D7L3 belongs to the PBP/GOBP structural family (InterPro IPR006170) which led to this IEA annotation, but D7 proteins have evolved distinct functions unrelated to olfaction. D7L3 binds serotonin, not odorants, and is expressed in salivary glands not olfactory tissues.
Reason: D7L3 is a salivary protein that functions as a serotonin kratagonist, not an odorant-binding protein. The PBP/GOBP fold has been evolutionarily repurposed in D7 proteins for binding biogenic amines and eicosanoids in saliva. D7L3 is expressed in adult female salivary glands [UniProt A0A1S4HE90], not olfactory tissues. The actual molecular function is serotonin binding (GO:0051378). Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter/vasoactive amine, not an odorant. PMID:35460690 explicitly shows "AngaD7L3 binds serotonin" via isothermal titration calorimetry. This is a clear case where structural family membership does not predict function.
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
Binds serotonin with high affinity
PMID:35460690
AngaD7L3 binds (E) serotonin (5-HT). Titration curves are representative of at least three measurements.
GO:0005576 extracellular region
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
ACCEPT
Summary: This annotation correctly reflects the subcellular localization of D7L3 as a secreted salivary protein.
Reason: D7L3 is a secreted protein with a signal peptide (residues 1-26) [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. It is released into the extracellular space (saliva) during blood feeding. The UniProt entry confirms "SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted" [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. This is an appropriate CC annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted
GO:0042311 vasodilation
IEA
GO_REF:0000043
ACCEPT
Summary: This annotation requires clarification. D7L3 does exhibit vasodilating activity, but the mechanism is indirect - by sequestering serotonin, it prevents serotonin-induced vasoconstriction rather than directly causing vasodilation. This is still an accurate description of the physiological outcome.
Reason: UniProt confirms "Exhibits vasodilating activity (PubMed:35460690)" [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. PMID:35460690 demonstrates that AngaD7L3 is a vasodilator via myography assays, showing "A. gambiae salivary D7L1 and D7L3 proteins are vasodilators" with documented LogIC50 values. The mechanism is kratagonism - by sequestering serotonin, D7L3 prevents serotonin from causing vasoconstriction, resulting in relative vasodilation. The functional outcome is accurate even if the mechanism is indirect.
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
Exhibits vasodilating activity
PMID:35460690
A. gambiae salivary D7L1 and D7L3 proteins are vasodilators
GO:0090729 toxin activity
IEA
GO_REF:0000043
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This annotation is an OVER-ANNOTATION. D7L3 does not meet the GO definition of toxin activity, which requires "initiating pathogenesis (leading to an abnormal, generally detrimental state)". D7L3 transiently modulates host physiology without causing disease or tissue damage - it is a kratagonist, not a toxin.
Reason: The GO:0090729 definition states: "Interacting selectively with one or more biological molecules in another (target) organism, initiating pathogenesis (leading to an abnormal, generally detrimental state) in the target organism." D7L3 does NOT meet this definition because: (1) It does not initiate pathogenesis - it facilitates blood feeding, not disease; (2) It does not cause tissue damage - it transiently sequesters host serotonin; (3) The effect is reversible and temporary; (4) The host returns to normal after feeding. The UniProt keywords "Hemostasis impairing toxin" that led to this annotation via GO_REF:0000043 are technically inaccurate - anti-hemostatic activity through kratagonism is fundamentally different from toxin activity. A more accurate MF annotation is serotonin binding (GO:0051378).
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and sequestering different mediators involved in the host response
PMID:35460690
AngaD7L3 binds serotonin. Subsequent functional assays confirmed AngaD7L1 inhibits U-46619-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, and AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.
GO:0097746 blood vessel diameter maintenance
IEA
GO_REF:0000043
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: This annotation is reasonable but somewhat indirect. D7L3 affects blood vessel diameter by sequestering serotonin, preventing vasoconstriction. The annotation captures the physiological outcome.
Reason: D7L3 does influence blood vessel diameter through its vasodilatory activity, as shown by PMID:35460690. However, this is not the core function - it is a downstream consequence of serotonin binding and sequestration. The core function is serotonin binding, which then prevents serotonin-induced vasoconstriction. This annotation is accurate but represents a secondary effect rather than the primary molecular function or biological process involvement.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:35460690
A. gambiae salivary D7L1 and D7L3 proteins are vasodilators
GO:0051378 serotonin binding
IDA
PMID:35460690
Novel salivary antihemostatic activities of long-form D7 pro...
NEW
Summary: D7L3 binds serotonin with high affinity as demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry. This is the core molecular function of D7L3 and is unusual for a long-form D7 protein.
Reason: PMID:35460690 demonstrates serotonin binding by D7L3 using PEAQ-ITC: "AngaD7L3 binds serotonin" with thermodynamic parameters measured. This is the primary molecular function. PMID:35568118 confirms "The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae" - highlighting that serotonin binding in a long-form D7 is unusual. UniProt states "Binds serotonin with high affinity (PubMed:35460690, PubMed:35568118)" [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. Importantly, D7L3 is specific for serotonin among biogenic amines - it does NOT bind tryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, or adrenaline [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. It only binds weakly to noradrenaline and histamine [PMID:35568118]. This makes serotonin binding (GO:0051378) the appropriate annotation, NOT histamine binding.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:35460690
AngaD7L3 binds (E) serotonin (5-HT). Titration curves are representative of at least three measurements.
PMID:35568118
The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae.
UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
Does not bind tryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, adrenaline, leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, leukotriene B4, ADP and U-46619, a stable analog of thromboxane A2
GO:1900047 negative regulation of hemostasis
IDA
PMID:35460690
Novel salivary antihemostatic activities of long-form D7 pro...
NEW
Summary: D7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation, which represents negative regulation of hemostasis. This is a core biological process annotation.
Reason: PMID:35460690 demonstrates that "AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction." By sequestering serotonin (which promotes platelet aggregation), D7L3 negatively regulates the host hemostatic response. UniProt confirms "Inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation (PubMed:35460690)" [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. GO:1900047 definition "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis" accurately captures this function. This is a more accurate BP annotation than the inferred "toxin activity".
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:35460690
AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
Inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation

Core Functions

D7L3 functions as a kratagonist by binding and sequestering host serotonin during blood feeding, thereby preventing serotonin-induced vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation at the feeding site. This is unusual for a long-form D7 protein, which typically bind eicosanoids rather than biogenic amines.

Supporting Evidence:
  • PMID:35460690
    AngaD7L3 binds serotonin. AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.
  • PMID:35568118
    The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae.

References

Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot keyword mapping
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
Automatic assignment of GO terms using logical inference, based on inter-ontology links
Novel salivary antihemostatic activities of long-form D7 proteins from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae facilitate hematophagy
  • D7L3 binds serotonin with high affinity as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry
    "AngaD7L3 binds serotonin. Subsequent functional assays confirmed AngaD7L1 inhibits U-46619-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, and AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction."
  • D7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation
    "AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction"
  • D7L3 exhibits vasodilatory activity
    "A. gambiae salivary D7L1 and D7L3 proteins are vasodilators"
Functional aspects of evolution in a cluster of salivary protein genes from mosquitoes
  • D7L3 is unusual among long-form D7 proteins in binding serotonin
    "The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae."
  • D7L3 binds weakly to noradrenaline and histamine
    "The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae."
UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
UniProt entry for D7L3_ANOGA
  • D7L3 modulates blood feeding by binding host mediators
    "Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and sequestering different mediators involved in the host response"
  • Binds serotonin with high affinity
    "Binds serotonin with high affinity"
  • Binds weakly to noradrenaline and histamine
    "Binds weakly noradrenaline and histamine"
  • Does not bind multiple other ligands
    "Does not bind tryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, adrenaline, leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, leukotriene B4, ADP and U-46619, a stable analog of thromboxane A2"
  • Inhibits platelet aggregation
    "Inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation"
  • Exhibits vasodilating activity
    "Exhibits vasodilating activity"
  • Protein is secreted
    "SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted"

Suggested Questions for Experts

Q: Why did D7L3 evolve serotonin binding while other A. gambiae D7 long-forms (D7L1, D7L2) retained eicosanoid binding? What structural features enable this unusual specificity?

Suggested experts: Calvo E, Andersen JF, Ribeiro JMC

Q: What is the crystal structure of D7L3 bound to serotonin, and how does the binding pocket compare to short-form D7 proteins that also bind serotonin?

Suggested experts: Andersen JF, Garboczi DN

Suggested Experiments

Experiment: Generate D7L3 knockout A. gambiae using CRISPR and measure blood meal size, feeding time, and feeding success rate compared to wild-type controls. Measure serotonin levels at the bite site in host tissue.

Hypothesis: D7L3 knockout mosquitoes will have reduced blood feeding efficiency due to host hemostatic responses, specifically serotonin-mediated platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

Type: Gene knockout and feeding assay

Experiment: Solve the crystal structure of D7L3 in complex with serotonin and compare to known structures of Aedes D7L1 (which binds biogenic amines in its C-terminal domain) and Anopheles D7r4 (a short-form serotonin binder)

Hypothesis: D7L3's serotonin binding site is structurally distinct from the C-terminal biogenic amine site found in Aedes D7L1

Type: X-ray crystallography

📚 Additional Documentation

Deep Research Falcon

(7DL3-deep-research-falcon.md)

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protein_description: 'RecName: Full=Long form salivary protein D7L3 {ECO:0000305};
Short=AngaD7L3 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:35460690}; Flags: Precursor;'
gene_info: Name=7DL3 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:35568118};
organism_full: Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito).
protein_family: Belongs to the PBP/GOBP family. .
protein_domains: PBP/GOBP. (IPR006170); PBP_GOBP_sf. (IPR036728); PBP_GOBP (PF01395)
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Question

Gene Research for Functional Annotation

⚠️ CRITICAL: Gene/Protein Identification Context

BEFORE YOU BEGIN RESEARCH: You MUST verify you are researching the CORRECT gene/protein. Gene symbols can be ambiguous, especially for less well-characterized genes from non-model organisms.

Target Gene/Protein Identity (from UniProt):

  • UniProt Accession: A0A1S4HE90
  • Protein Description: RecName: Full=Long form salivary protein D7L3 {ECO:0000305}; Short=AngaD7L3 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:35460690}; Flags: Precursor;
  • Gene Information: Name=7DL3 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:35568118};
  • Organism (full): Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito).
  • Protein Family: Belongs to the PBP/GOBP family. .
  • Key Domains: PBP/GOBP. (IPR006170); PBP_GOBP_sf. (IPR036728); PBP_GOBP (PF01395)

MANDATORY VERIFICATION STEPS:

  1. Check if the gene symbol "7DL3" matches the protein description above
  2. Verify the organism is correct: Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito).
  3. Check if protein family/domains align with what you find in literature
  4. If you find literature for a DIFFERENT gene with the same or similar symbol, STOP

If Gene Symbol is Ambiguous or You Cannot Find Relevant Literature:

DO NOT PROCEED WITH RESEARCH ON A DIFFERENT GENE. Instead:
- State clearly: "The gene symbol '7DL3' is ambiguous or literature is limited for this specific protein"
- Explain what you found (e.g., "Found extensive literature on a different gene with the same symbol in a different organism")
- Describe the protein based ONLY on the UniProt information provided above
- Suggest that the protein function can be inferred from domain/family information

Research Target:

Please provide a comprehensive research report on the gene 7DL3 (gene ID: 7DL3, UniProt: A0A1S4HE90) in ANOGA.

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Output

Question: You are an expert researcher providing comprehensive, well-cited information.

Provide detailed information focusing on:
1. Key concepts and definitions with current understanding
2. Recent developments and latest research (prioritize 2023-2024 sources)
3. Current applications and real-world implementations
4. Expert opinions and analysis from authoritative sources
5. Relevant statistics and data from recent studies

Format as a comprehensive research report with proper citations. Include URLs and publication dates where available.
Always prioritize recent, authoritative sources and provide specific citations for all major claims.

Gene Research for Functional Annotation

⚠️ CRITICAL: Gene/Protein Identification Context

BEFORE YOU BEGIN RESEARCH: You MUST verify you are researching the CORRECT gene/protein. Gene symbols can be ambiguous, especially for less well-characterized genes from non-model organisms.

Target Gene/Protein Identity (from UniProt):

  • UniProt Accession: A0A1S4HE90
  • Protein Description: RecName: Full=Long form salivary protein D7L3 {ECO:0000305}; Short=AngaD7L3 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:35460690}; Flags: Precursor;
  • Gene Information: Name=7DL3 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:35568118};
  • Organism (full): Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito).
  • Protein Family: Belongs to the PBP/GOBP family. .
  • Key Domains: PBP/GOBP. (IPR006170); PBP_GOBP_sf. (IPR036728); PBP_GOBP (PF01395)

MANDATORY VERIFICATION STEPS:

  1. Check if the gene symbol "7DL3" matches the protein description above
  2. Verify the organism is correct: Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito).
  3. Check if protein family/domains align with what you find in literature
  4. If you find literature for a DIFFERENT gene with the same or similar symbol, STOP

If Gene Symbol is Ambiguous or You Cannot Find Relevant Literature:

DO NOT PROCEED WITH RESEARCH ON A DIFFERENT GENE. Instead:
- State clearly: "The gene symbol '7DL3' is ambiguous or literature is limited for this specific protein"
- Explain what you found (e.g., "Found extensive literature on a different gene with the same symbol in a different organism")
- Describe the protein based ONLY on the UniProt information provided above
- Suggest that the protein function can be inferred from domain/family information

Research Target:

Please provide a comprehensive research report on the gene 7DL3 (gene ID: 7DL3, UniProt: A0A1S4HE90) in ANOGA.

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Plan
- Verified identity: 7DL3 (AngaD7L3) is one of three long-form D7 salivary proteins (D7L1, D7L2, D7L3) in Anopheles gambiae; these are abundant, female salivary proteins. The protein class is odorant-binding protein–like, typically placed within the broader PBP/GOBP-related OBP superfamily, though D7 domains show distinct features compared with canonical PBP/GOBP OBPs (see Domain/Family). (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2, arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7, sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 5-6, sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 6-9)
- Collected recent evidence (2023–2024 prioritized where available) on D7 long-form function, localization, and translational use; where AngaD7L3-specific data are sparse, we infer carefully from closely related D7 long-forms in mosquitoes, stating the limitations.
- Synthesized a functional annotation with explicit citations and URLs.

Key concepts and definitions
- D7 salivary proteins: Highly abundant mosquito salivary proteins, expressed predominantly in adult female salivary glands, that act as kratagonists to bind and sequester host hemostatic and inflammatory agonists at the bite site. D7s occur as long forms (~27–30 kDa) with two ligand-binding domains and short forms (~15–20 kDa) with a single domain. In An. gambiae, the multigene D7 family comprises three long forms (D7L1, D7L2, D7L3) and five short forms (D7r1–D7r5). (Oseno 2022, Parasites & Vectors, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5, Jan 2022; Arora 2023, Trends in Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, Apr 2023) (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2, arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7)
- Domain/family context: D7 proteins were initially characterized as odorant-binding protein (OBP)-like. Comparative analyses indicate D7 domains share alpha-helical architecture with OBPs but are structurally and sequence-divergent from canonical PBP/GOBP OBPs; they may have larger ligand cavities supporting broad ligand repertoires. Thus, AngaD7L3’s UniProt assignment to PBP/GOBP-related OBP superfamily is consistent at a high level, with recognition of D7’s distinct domain features. (Arora 2023; Sharma 2025, Sci Rep, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21404-9, Oct 2025) (arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7, sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 5-6, sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 6-9)

Recent developments and latest research (emphasis 2023–2024)
- Functional genetics in Aedes validates D7 long-form roles in vivo: CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts of D7L1 and D7L2 prolong probing time and reduce Plasmodium gallinaceum oocyst numbers, confirming D7 long forms counteract host inflammatory mediators and may influence parasite infection dynamics. While performed in Ae. aegypti, these data support conserved roles for D7 long forms across mosquitoes, including Anopheles. (Martin‑Martin 2023, mBio, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23, Dec 2023) (martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2)
- Contemporary reviews reinforce D7 abundance and anti-hemostatic functions in Anopheles saliva and their contribution to facilitating Plasmodium infection at the bite site, situating D7s within a broader pharmacological saliva toolkit. (Arora 2023, Trends in Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, Apr 2023) (arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7)

Current applications and real-world implementations
- Biomarkers of mosquito exposure: In Kenyan and Ugandan cohorts, anti-D7 IgG responses (assayed with An. gambiae D7 family antigens) tracked transmission intensity, were age-associated, and were reduced in users of insecticide-treated bed nets. D7L2 showed performance as an exposure biomarker; this supports the general concept that D7 long-form salivary proteins (including AngaD7L3) are immunogenic surveillance targets for human–vector contact. (Oseno 2022, Parasites & Vectors, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5, Jan 2022) (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2)
- Vector control and transmission modulation (inference to Anopheles): The in vivo roles of D7 long forms in Aedes (probing and parasite infection) suggest that targeting homologous Anopheles D7 long-form proteins (including D7L3) could influence feeding success and potentially parasite establishment. This remains to be tested directly for AngaD7L3 but is plausible by homology. (Martin‑Martin 2023, mBio, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23, Dec 2023) (martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2)

Expert opinions and analysis from authoritative sources
- Trends in Immunology perspective (2023): D7 proteins are among the most abundant components of Anopheles saliva; they function as OBP-like kratagonists that scavenge biogenic amines and lipid mediators, shaping early host responses to facilitate Plasmodium transmission. This review frames D7s as central effectors of anti-hemostatic and anti-inflammatory activity at the bite site. (Arora 2023, Trends in Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, Apr 2023) (arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7)
- Structural/biochemical paradigm (Nature Communications 2020): Long-form D7s can exhibit diverse ligand-binding specificities, including classical biogenic amines and eicosanoids (CxD7L2) and, strikingly, adenine nucleotides/nucleosides (CxD7L1), expanding the mechanistic repertoire by which D7s inhibit platelet aggregation and hemostasis. While cross-species, this establishes the mechanistic landscape relevant for annotating D7L3. (Martin‑Martin 2020, Nat Commun, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z, Jun 2020) (martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2)

Relevant statistics and data from recent studies
- Exposure biomarker performance in humans (An. gambiae D7 antigens): IgG responses to D7 antigens mirrored site-specific transmission intensity (highest in Kitgum, Uganda > Junju, Kenya > malaria-naïve Europeans), increased with age, and were lower among bed-net users, supporting utility for surveillance and intervention monitoring. Numerical effect sizes vary by cohort; the directionality and utility are consistently reported. (Oseno 2022, Parasites & Vectors, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5, Jan 2022) (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2)
- Functional outcomes of D7L loss (Aedes model): D7 long-form knockouts increased probing time, and both D7L1/D7L2 KOs reduced oocyst burden, highlighting quantifiable impacts on feeding dynamics and parasite infection; these phenotypes are directly measured and statistically supported in the mBio study. (Martin‑Martin 2023, mBio, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23, Dec 2023) (martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2)
- Ligand-binding and structural data (Culex model): ITC quantification and crystal structure demonstrate high-affinity ADP/ATP binding by CxD7L1 and amine/eicosanoid binding by CxD7L2, with ex vivo/in vivo inhibition of platelet aggregation. (Martin‑Martin 2020, Nat Commun, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z, Jun 2020) (martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2)

Functional annotation of Anopheles gambiae 7DL3 (AngaD7L3; UniProt A0A1S4HE90)
- Identity and nomenclature: AngaD7L3 is one of three D7 long-form genes (D7L1–D7L3) in Anopheles gambiae; D7 genes include five short forms (D7r1–D7r5). Family members are among the most abundant salivary proteins in adult females. An. gambiae D7 family mapping places these loci on chromosome arm 3R (~30B). (Oseno 2022, Parasites & Vectors, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5, Jan 2022) (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2)
- Protein family/domains: D7 proteins are OBP-like; comparative analyses indicate D7 domains are related to OBPs yet diverge from canonical PBP/GOBP OBPs in sequence and some aspects of fold, often with larger ligand cavities. Thus, AngaD7L3’s OBP/PBP-GOBP–related classification is appropriate, with the caveat that D7s constitute a distinct OBP-like lineage specialized for anti-hemostatic ligand binding. (Arora 2023, Trends in Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, Apr 2023; Sharma 2025, Sci Rep, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21404-9, Oct 2025) (arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7, sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 5-6, sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 6-9)
- Biochemical function and substrate specificity: Direct, gene-specific ligand-binding data for AngaD7L3 in An. gambiae were not identified in the sources retrieved here. By homology to other D7 long forms, AngaD7L3 most likely functions as a kratagonist that binds host hemostatic agonists. Long forms typically possess two domains that can bind: (i) biogenic amines (histamine, serotonin, norepinephrine/epinephrine) and/or (ii) eicosanoids (e.g., cysteinyl leukotrienes, thromboxane analogs); in some lineages, long forms evolved high‑affinity binding to adenine nucleotides/nucleosides (ADP/ATP/adenosine), directly inhibiting platelet aggregation. Definitive substrate specificity for AngaD7L3 remains to be experimentally defined. (Martin‑Martin 2020, Nat Commun, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z, Jun 2020; Martin‑Martin 2023, mBio, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23, Dec 2023; Arora 2023, Trends in Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, Apr 2023) (martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2, martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2, arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7)
- Localization and secretion: D7 proteins are expressed in female salivary glands and secreted in saliva; imaging in related species localizes D7s primarily to distal lateral lobes of the salivary glands. During feeding, they are injected into the bite site and may be partially reingested, potentially acting in the midgut. These features are well-documented for D7 long forms in Aedes and are broadly consistent across mosquitoes, including Anopheles. (Martin‑Martin 2023, mBio, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23, Dec 2023; Arora 2023, Trends in Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, Apr 2023; Oseno 2022, Parasites & Vectors, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5, Jan 2022) (martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2, arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7, oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2)
- Pathway/physiological role: AngaD7L3, as a D7 long-form salivary protein, likely contributes to inhibition of vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation and dampening of inflammation/itch/pain at the bite site by scavenging host agonists. These actions facilitate blood acquisition and can influence early events in Plasmodium transmission. While AngaD7L3-specific evidence is lacking, this role is strongly supported for D7 long forms. (Arora 2023, Trends in Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, Apr 2023; Martin‑Martin 2023, mBio, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23, Dec 2023; Martin‑Martin 2020, Nat Commun, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z, Jun 2020) (arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7, martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2, martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2)
- Evidence limitations and symbol verification: The symbol “7DL3/AngaD7L3” is used in An. gambiae literature to denote one of the long-form D7 genes, and the organism identity (An. gambiae) is correct. However, we did not retrieve D7L3-specific biochemical data (ligand-binding or structure) in the 2020–2024 window; functional inference is based on the D7 long-form family. (Oseno 2022, Parasites & Vectors, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5, Jan 2022; Arora 2023, Trends in Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, Apr 2023) (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2, arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7)

Translational opportunities and implementations
- Serological surveillance: Anti-D7 IgG responses can index human exposure to Anopheles bites and track intervention impact (e.g., bed net usage). Given immunogenicity of An. gambiae D7 long forms and family members, AngaD7L3-derived antigens could be evaluated as additional biomarkers alongside D7L2. (Oseno 2022, Parasites & Vectors, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5, Jan 2022) (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2)
- Vaccine/therapeutic concepts: D7 long forms’ capacity to neutralize host hemostatic mediators is a mechanistic basis for considering anti-saliva vaccination or therapeutic mimetics; genetic or immunological targeting of D7 long forms modulates probing and parasite infection in Aedes models, motivating analogous evaluation in Anopheles for AngaD7L3. (Martin‑Martin 2023, mBio, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23, Dec 2023; Arora 2023, Trends in Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, Apr 2023) (martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2, arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7)

Study and source summary
| Reference | Species / Protein focus | Main findings relevant to D7L3 functional annotation | Relevance to AngaD7L3 | URL / DOI | Publication date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oseno et al., 2022 (Parasites & Vectors) (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2) | Anopheles gambiae — D7 family (D7L1, D7L2, D7L3; D7r1–D7r5) | Defines D7 multigene family in An. gambiae; reports three long forms (D7L1–D7L3) and abundance in female salivary glands; implicates D7s in inhibiting platelet aggregation/coagulation and as serological markers of bite exposure (D7L2 data shown). (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2) | Confirms nomenclature and salivary-gland localization for AngaD7L3; supports inference that AngaD7L3 is a secreted anti-hemostatic salivary protein. (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2) | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5 | Jan 2022 |
| Arora et al., 2023 (Trends in Immunology) (arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7) | Anopheles spp. — salivary proteins (including D7s) | Review: D7 proteins are abundant in Anopheles saliva, were initially characterized as odorant‑binding protein–like, and long/short forms act as kratagonists that scavenge host hemostatic/inflammatory agonists at the bite site. (arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7) | Provides authoritative review support that AngaD7L3 likely functions as a ligand‑binding anti‑hemostatic salivary protein affecting host inflammation/hemostasis. (arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005 | Apr 2023 |
| Martin‑Martin et al., 2020 (Nature Communications) (martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2) | Culex quinquefasciatus — D7 long forms (CxD7L1, CxD7L2) | High‑quality structural/functional work: CxD7L2 binds biogenic amines and eicosanoids; CxD7L1 binds adenine nucleotides (ADP/ATP) with solved crystal structure (1.97 Å); both inhibit hemostasis in ex vivo/in vivo assays — demonstrates D7L ligand diversity and anti‑platelet activity. (martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2) | Demonstrates that D7 long forms can bind biogenic amines, eicosanoids, or nucleotides; supports inference that AngaD7L3 may bind similar host agonists (kratagonist function) although direct binding data for D7L3 are lacking. (martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2) | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z | Jun 2020 |
| Martin‑Martin et al., 2023 (mBio) (martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2) | Aedes aegypti — D7 long forms (D7L1, D7L2) | In vivo functional genetics: D7L long‑form knockouts have prolonged probing times; D7Ls bind biogenic amines and eicosanoids and modulate Plasmodium infection (fewer oocysts in KO). Demonstrates physiological roles in feeding and pathogen dynamics. (martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2) | Provides experimental evidence that D7 long forms modulate probing/feeding and pathogen infection — supports likely biological consequences if AngaD7L3 binds analogous ligands in An. gambiae. (martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2) | https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23 | Dec 2023 |
| Sharma et al., 2025 (Scientific Reports) (sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 6-9, sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 5-6) | Comparative structural analysis — OBP (PBP/GOBP), OSD, D7 domains | Structural comparison: D7 domains are OBP‑related (alpha‑helical architecture) but show low sequence identity and distinguishable folds vs canonical PBP_GOBP; D7s have larger ligand cavities suggesting broader ligand repertoire. (sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 6-9, sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 5-6) | Supports UniProt/domain annotation (PBP_GOBP‑like) while noting D7 divergence — useful for inferring ligand‑binding possibilities for AngaD7L3 from domain architecture but cautions against simple transfer of OBP function. (sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 6-9, sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 5-6) | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21404-9 | Oct 2025 |

Table: Compact table of recent, authoritative sources on mosquito D7 long-form salivary proteins, summarizing findings relevant to AngaD7L3 (7DL3, UniProt A0A1S4HE90) to support functional annotation and translational relevance.

Conclusion
AngaD7L3 (7DL3; UniProt A0A1S4HE90) is one of the three Anopheles gambiae D7 long-form salivary proteins. While direct ligand-specific data for D7L3 in An. gambiae were not retrieved in 2020–2024 sources, convergent evidence from closely related D7 long forms shows that long-form D7s are secreted, OBP-like kratagonists that facilitate blood feeding by scavenging biogenic amines, eicosanoids, and, in some lineages, adenine nucleotides. They are abundant in female salivary glands/saliva, act at the bite site to counter hemostasis and inflammation, and serve as immunogenic biomarkers of exposure with translational potential in surveillance and, prospectively, in vector-targeted interventions. Future work should define AngaD7L3’s precise ligand specificity and in vivo roles using biochemical binding assays and functional genetics in Anopheles. (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2, arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7, martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2, martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2)

References

  1. (oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2): Brenda Oseno, Faith Marura, Rodney Ogwang, Martha Muturi, James Njunge, Irene Nkumama, Robert Mwakesi, Kennedy Mwai, Martin K. Rono, Ramadhan Mwakubambanya, Faith Osier, and James Tuju. Characterization of anopheles gambiae d7 salivary proteins as markers of human–mosquito bite contact. Parasites & Vectors, Jan 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5, doi:10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5. This article has 11 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  2. (arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7): Gunjan Arora, Yu-Min Chuang, Photini Sinnis, George Dimopoulos, and Erol Fikrig. Malaria: influence of anopheles mosquito saliva on plasmodium infection. Trends in Immunology, 44:256-265, Apr 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005, doi:10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005. This article has 50 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  3. (sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 5-6): Arvind Sharma, Bhuvan Dixit, Bharti Goyal, Renuka Harit, Jatin Kumar, Shibani Biswas, Ritu Goswami, Kailash C. Pandey, S. Noushin Emami, and Soumyananda Chakraborti. Olfactory gene dynamics in invasive indian and non-invasive african malaria vectors at the crossroads of development, infection and resistance. Scientific Reports, Oct 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21404-9, doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21404-9. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  4. (sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 6-9): Arvind Sharma, Bhuvan Dixit, Bharti Goyal, Renuka Harit, Jatin Kumar, Shibani Biswas, Ritu Goswami, Kailash C. Pandey, S. Noushin Emami, and Soumyananda Chakraborti. Olfactory gene dynamics in invasive indian and non-invasive african malaria vectors at the crossroads of development, infection and resistance. Scientific Reports, Oct 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21404-9, doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21404-9. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  5. (martinmartin2023aedesaegyptid7 pages 1-2): Ines Martin-Martin, Bianca Burini Kojin, Azadeh Aryan, Adeline E. Williams, Alvaro Molina-Cruz, Paola Carolina Valenzuela-Leon, Gaurav Shrivastava, Karina Botello, Mahnaz Minai, Zach N. Adelman, and Eric Calvo. aedes aegypti d7 long salivary proteins modulate blood feeding and parasite infection. mBio, Dec 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23, doi:10.1128/mbio.02289-23. This article has 14 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  6. (martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2): Ines Martin-Martin, Andrew Paige, Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon, Apostolos G. Gittis, Olivia Kern, Brian Bonilla, Andrezza Campos Chagas, Sundar Ganesan, Leticia Barion Smith, David N. Garboczi, and Eric Calvo. Adp binding by the culex quinquefasciatus mosquito d7 salivary protein enhances blood feeding on mammals. Nature Communications, Jun 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z. This article has 36 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

Citations

  1. arora2023malariainfluenceof pages 6-7
  2. oseno2022characterizationofanopheles pages 1-2
  3. martinmartin2020adpbindingby pages 1-2
  4. sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 5-6
  5. sharma2025olfactorygenedynamics pages 6-9
  6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5,
  7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005,
  8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21404-9,
  9. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23,
  10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z,
  11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05130-5
  12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2023.02.005
  13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z
  14. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02289-23
  15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21404-9

📄 View Raw YAML

id: A0A1S4HE90
gene_symbol: 7DL3
product_type: PROTEIN
status: DRAFT
taxon:
  id: NCBITaxon:7165
  label: Anopheles gambiae
description: >-
  D7L3 (AngaD7L3) is a long-form salivary D7 protein from Anopheles gambiae that uniquely
  binds serotonin among the A. gambiae D7 long-forms. This is unusual because long-form D7
  proteins typically bind eicosanoids (leukotrienes, thromboxane A2), while biogenic amine
  binding is usually a short-form D7 function. D7L3 binds serotonin with high affinity but
  does not bind other biogenic amines (tryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, adrenaline) or
  eicosanoids (LTC4, LTD4, LTB4, thromboxane A2). By sequestering host serotonin at the bite
  site, D7L3 functions as a kratagonist that inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation
  and vasoconstriction, thereby facilitating blood feeding.
existing_annotations:
- term:
    id: GO:0035821
    label: modulation of process of another organism
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000108
  review:
    summary: >-
      This annotation accurately describes D7L3's function. The protein modulates host hemostatic
      responses during blood feeding by sequestering serotonin, which prevents vasoconstriction
      and platelet aggregation. This is a correct BP annotation for the cross-species effect.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      D7L3 clearly modulates processes in the vertebrate host. The UniProt entry states it
      "Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and
      sequestering different mediators involved in the host response" [UniProt A0A1S4HE90].
      PMID:35460690 demonstrates that "AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation
      and vasoconstriction" - this is direct modulation of host hemostatic processes. The
      GO:0035821 definition "A process in which an organism effects a change in a biological
      process in another organism" accurately captures this kratagonist function.
    supported_by:
      - reference_id: UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
        supporting_text: >-
          Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and
          sequestering different mediators involved in the host response
      - reference_id: PMID:35460690
        supporting_text: >-
          AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

- term:
    id: GO:0005549
    label: odorant binding
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  review:
    summary: >-
      This annotation is INCORRECT. D7L3 belongs to the PBP/GOBP structural family (InterPro
      IPR006170) which led to this IEA annotation, but D7 proteins have evolved distinct
      functions unrelated to olfaction. D7L3 binds serotonin, not odorants, and is expressed
      in salivary glands not olfactory tissues.
    action: REMOVE
    reason: >-
      D7L3 is a salivary protein that functions as a serotonin kratagonist, not an odorant-binding
      protein. The PBP/GOBP fold has been evolutionarily repurposed in D7 proteins for binding
      biogenic amines and eicosanoids in saliva. D7L3 is expressed in adult female salivary glands
      [UniProt A0A1S4HE90], not olfactory tissues. The actual molecular function is serotonin
      binding (GO:0051378). Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter/vasoactive amine,
      not an odorant. PMID:35460690 explicitly shows "AngaD7L3 binds serotonin" via isothermal
      titration calorimetry. This is a clear case where structural family membership does not
      predict function.
    supported_by:
      - reference_id: UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
        supporting_text: >-
          Binds serotonin with high affinity
      - reference_id: PMID:35460690
        supporting_text: >-
          AngaD7L3 binds (E) serotonin (5-HT). Titration curves are representative of at least
          three measurements.

- term:
    id: GO:0005576
    label: extracellular region
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  review:
    summary: >-
      This annotation correctly reflects the subcellular localization of D7L3 as a secreted
      salivary protein.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      D7L3 is a secreted protein with a signal peptide (residues 1-26) [UniProt A0A1S4HE90].
      It is released into the extracellular space (saliva) during blood feeding. The UniProt
      entry confirms "SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted" [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. This is an
      appropriate CC annotation.
    supported_by:
      - reference_id: UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
        supporting_text: "SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted"

- term:
    id: GO:0042311
    label: vasodilation
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000043
  review:
    summary: >-
      This annotation requires clarification. D7L3 does exhibit vasodilating activity, but the
      mechanism is indirect - by sequestering serotonin, it prevents serotonin-induced
      vasoconstriction rather than directly causing vasodilation. This is still an accurate
      description of the physiological outcome.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      UniProt confirms "Exhibits vasodilating activity (PubMed:35460690)" [UniProt A0A1S4HE90].
      PMID:35460690 demonstrates that AngaD7L3 is a vasodilator via myography assays, showing
      "A. gambiae salivary D7L1 and D7L3 proteins are vasodilators" with documented LogIC50
      values. The mechanism is kratagonism - by sequestering serotonin, D7L3 prevents serotonin
      from causing vasoconstriction, resulting in relative vasodilation. The functional outcome
      is accurate even if the mechanism is indirect.
    supported_by:
      - reference_id: UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
        supporting_text: Exhibits vasodilating activity
      - reference_id: PMID:35460690
        supporting_text: >-
          A. gambiae salivary D7L1 and D7L3 proteins are vasodilators

- term:
    id: GO:0090729
    label: toxin activity
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000043
  review:
    summary: >-
      This annotation is an OVER-ANNOTATION. D7L3 does not meet the GO definition of toxin
      activity, which requires "initiating pathogenesis (leading to an abnormal, generally
      detrimental state)". D7L3 transiently modulates host physiology without causing disease
      or tissue damage - it is a kratagonist, not a toxin.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The GO:0090729 definition states: "Interacting selectively with one or more biological
      molecules in another (target) organism, initiating pathogenesis (leading to an abnormal,
      generally detrimental state) in the target organism." D7L3 does NOT meet this definition
      because: (1) It does not initiate pathogenesis - it facilitates blood feeding, not disease;
      (2) It does not cause tissue damage - it transiently sequesters host serotonin;
      (3) The effect is reversible and temporary; (4) The host returns to normal after feeding.
      The UniProt keywords "Hemostasis impairing toxin" that led to this annotation via
      GO_REF:0000043 are technically inaccurate - anti-hemostatic activity through kratagonism
      is fundamentally different from toxin activity. A more accurate MF annotation is
      serotonin binding (GO:0051378).
    supported_by:
      - reference_id: UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
        supporting_text: >-
          Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and
          sequestering different mediators involved in the host response
      - reference_id: PMID:35460690
        supporting_text: >-
          AngaD7L3 binds serotonin. Subsequent functional assays confirmed AngaD7L1 inhibits
          U-46619-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, and AngaD7L3 inhibits
          serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.

- term:
    id: GO:0097746
    label: blood vessel diameter maintenance
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000043
  review:
    summary: >-
      This annotation is reasonable but somewhat indirect. D7L3 affects blood vessel diameter
      by sequestering serotonin, preventing vasoconstriction. The annotation captures the
      physiological outcome.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      D7L3 does influence blood vessel diameter through its vasodilatory activity, as shown
      by PMID:35460690. However, this is not the core function - it is a downstream consequence
      of serotonin binding and sequestration. The core function is serotonin binding, which
      then prevents serotonin-induced vasoconstriction. This annotation is accurate but
      represents a secondary effect rather than the primary molecular function or biological
      process involvement.
    supported_by:
      - reference_id: PMID:35460690
        supporting_text: >-
          A. gambiae salivary D7L1 and D7L3 proteins are vasodilators

# PROPOSED NEW ANNOTATIONS
- term:
    id: GO:0051378
    label: serotonin binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:35460690
  review:
    summary: >-
      D7L3 binds serotonin with high affinity as demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry.
      This is the core molecular function of D7L3 and is unusual for a long-form D7 protein.
    action: NEW
    reason: >-
      PMID:35460690 demonstrates serotonin binding by D7L3 using PEAQ-ITC: "AngaD7L3 binds
      serotonin" with thermodynamic parameters measured. This is the primary molecular function.
      PMID:35568118 confirms "The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia
      species An. gambiae" - highlighting that serotonin binding in a long-form D7 is unusual.
      UniProt states "Binds serotonin with high affinity (PubMed:35460690, PubMed:35568118)"
      [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. Importantly, D7L3 is specific for serotonin among biogenic amines -
      it does NOT bind tryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, or adrenaline [UniProt A0A1S4HE90].
      It only binds weakly to noradrenaline and histamine [PMID:35568118]. This makes serotonin
      binding (GO:0051378) the appropriate annotation, NOT histamine binding.
    additional_reference_ids:
      - PMID:35568118
    supported_by:
      - reference_id: PMID:35460690
        supporting_text: >-
          AngaD7L3 binds (E) serotonin (5-HT). Titration curves are representative of at least
          three measurements.
      - reference_id: PMID:35568118
        supporting_text: >-
          The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae.
      - reference_id: UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
        supporting_text: >-
          Does not bind tryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, adrenaline, leukotriene C4,
          leukotriene D4, leukotriene B4, ADP and U-46619, a stable analog of thromboxane A2

- term:
    id: GO:1900047
    label: negative regulation of hemostasis
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:35460690
  review:
    summary: >-
      D7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation, which represents negative regulation
      of hemostasis. This is a core biological process annotation.
    action: NEW
    reason: >-
      PMID:35460690 demonstrates that "AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation
      and vasoconstriction." By sequestering serotonin (which promotes platelet aggregation),
      D7L3 negatively regulates the host hemostatic response. UniProt confirms "Inhibits
      agonist-induced platelet aggregation (PubMed:35460690)" [UniProt A0A1S4HE90]. GO:1900047
      definition "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of
      hemostasis" accurately captures this function. This is a more accurate BP annotation than
      the inferred "toxin activity".
    supported_by:
      - reference_id: PMID:35460690
        supporting_text: >-
          AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
      - reference_id: UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
        supporting_text: Inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation

references:
- id: GO_REF:0000002
  title: Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000043
  title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot keyword mapping
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000044
  title: >-
    Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary
    mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000108
  title: Automatic assignment of GO terms using logical inference, based on inter-ontology links
  findings: []
- id: PMID:35460690
  title: >-
    Novel salivary antihemostatic activities of long-form D7 proteins from the malaria vector
    Anopheles gambiae facilitate hematophagy
  findings:
    - statement: D7L3 binds serotonin with high affinity as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry
      supporting_text: >-
        AngaD7L3 binds serotonin. Subsequent functional assays confirmed AngaD7L1 inhibits
        U-46619-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, and AngaD7L3 inhibits
        serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.
    - statement: D7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation
      supporting_text: >-
        AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
    - statement: D7L3 exhibits vasodilatory activity
      supporting_text: >-
        A. gambiae salivary D7L1 and D7L3 proteins are vasodilators
- id: PMID:35568118
  title: >-
    Functional aspects of evolution in a cluster of salivary protein genes from mosquitoes
  findings:
    - statement: D7L3 is unusual among long-form D7 proteins in binding serotonin
      supporting_text: >-
        The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae.
    - statement: D7L3 binds weakly to noradrenaline and histamine
      supporting_text: >-
        The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae.
- id: UniProt:A0A1S4HE90
  title: UniProt entry for D7L3_ANOGA
  findings:
    - statement: D7L3 modulates blood feeding by binding host mediators
      supporting_text: >-
        Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding
        and sequestering different mediators involved in the host response
    - statement: Binds serotonin with high affinity
      supporting_text: Binds serotonin with high affinity
    - statement: Binds weakly to noradrenaline and histamine
      supporting_text: Binds weakly noradrenaline and histamine
    - statement: Does not bind multiple other ligands
      supporting_text: >-
        Does not bind tryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, adrenaline, leukotriene C4,
        leukotriene D4, leukotriene B4, ADP and U-46619, a stable analog of thromboxane A2
    - statement: Inhibits platelet aggregation
      supporting_text: Inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation
    - statement: Exhibits vasodilating activity
      supporting_text: Exhibits vasodilating activity
    - statement: Protein is secreted
      supporting_text: "SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted"

core_functions:
- description: >-
    D7L3 functions as a kratagonist by binding and sequestering host serotonin during blood
    feeding, thereby preventing serotonin-induced vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
    at the feeding site. This is unusual for a long-form D7 protein, which typically bind
    eicosanoids rather than biogenic amines.
  molecular_function:
    id: GO:0051378
    label: serotonin binding
  directly_involved_in:
    - id: GO:1900047
      label: negative regulation of hemostasis
    - id: GO:0035821
      label: modulation of process of another organism
    - id: GO:0042311
      label: vasodilation
  locations:
    - id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
  supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:35460690
      supporting_text: >-
        AngaD7L3 binds serotonin. AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation
        and vasoconstriction.
    - reference_id: PMID:35568118
      supporting_text: >-
        The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae.

suggested_questions:
- question: >-
    Why did D7L3 evolve serotonin binding while other A. gambiae D7 long-forms (D7L1, D7L2)
    retained eicosanoid binding? What structural features enable this unusual specificity?
  experts:
    - Calvo E
    - Andersen JF
    - Ribeiro JMC

- question: >-
    What is the crystal structure of D7L3 bound to serotonin, and how does the binding pocket
    compare to short-form D7 proteins that also bind serotonin?
  experts:
    - Andersen JF
    - Garboczi DN

suggested_experiments:
- hypothesis: >-
    D7L3 knockout mosquitoes will have reduced blood feeding efficiency due to host hemostatic
    responses, specifically serotonin-mediated platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
  description: >-
    Generate D7L3 knockout A. gambiae using CRISPR and measure blood meal size, feeding time,
    and feeding success rate compared to wild-type controls. Measure serotonin levels at the
    bite site in host tissue.
  experiment_type: Gene knockout and feeding assay

- hypothesis: >-
    D7L3's serotonin binding site is structurally distinct from the C-terminal biogenic amine
    site found in Aedes D7L1
  description: >-
    Solve the crystal structure of D7L3 in complex with serotonin and compare to known
    structures of Aedes D7L1 (which binds biogenic amines in its C-terminal domain) and
    Anopheles D7r4 (a short-form serotonin binder)
  experiment_type: X-ray crystallography