D7r1

UniProt ID: Q9UB30
Organism: Anopheles gambiae
Review Status: DRAFT
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Gene Description

D7r1 is a short-form salivary protein from female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes that facilitates blood feeding by binding and sequestering host biogenic amines (serotonin and histamine). It functions as a "kratagonist" - capturing host signaling molecules with high affinity to prevent their vasoconstrictive and inflammatory effects. The protein is secreted into saliva during blood feeding and increases clotting time in the host. D7r1 belongs to the PBP/GOBP (Pheromone/Odorant-Binding Protein) structural family but has evolved a distinct function unrelated to olfaction.

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term Evidence Action Reason
GO:0035821 modulation of process of another organism
IEA
GO_REF:0000108
ACCEPT
Summary: This annotation accurately describes D7r1's function. The protein modulates host hemostatic and inflammatory responses during blood feeding by sequestering serotonin and histamine. This is a correct BP annotation for the cross-species effect.
Reason: D7r1 clearly modulates processes in the vertebrate host. Per UniProt, it "Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and sequestering different mediators involved in the host response" [UniProt Q9UB30]. The GO:0035821 definition "A process in which an organism effects a change in a biological process in another organism" accurately captures this function. The annotation was inferred via GO_REF:0000108 from the toxin activity annotation, but the logic is sound - kratagonistic binding of host mediators does modulate host processes. Deep research confirms D7 proteins "function as kratagonists - high-affinity scavengers of host small-molecule inflammatory and hemostatic mediators" [file:ANOGA/D7r1/D7r1-deep-research-falcon.md].
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:Q9UB30
Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and sequestering different mediators involved in the host response
file:ANOGA/D7r1/D7r1-deep-research-falcon.md
D7 proteins are among the most abundant mosquito salivary proteins and function as kratagonists
GO:0005549 odorant binding
IEA
GO_REF:0000002
MODIFY
Summary: This annotation is based on structural family membership (PBP/GOBP family via InterPro IPR006170) but does not reflect the actual function of D7r1. The protein binds biogenic amines (serotonin, histamine), not odorants, and has no role in olfaction.
Reason: D7r1 belongs to the PBP/GOBP structural family (InterPro IPR006170), which led to this IEA annotation. However, the D7 proteins have evolutionarily repurposed this fold for binding biogenic amines in saliva, not odorants in antennae. D7r1 is expressed exclusively in female salivary glands [PMID:9990055, PMID:11841502], not olfactory tissues. The actual molecular function is serotonin binding (GO:0051378) and histamine binding (GO:0051381). This is a clear case where structural homology does not predict function. The GO:0005549 definition "Binding to an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell" does not apply - serotonin and histamine are not odorants. Deep research confirms "short-form D7s (including D7r1) predominantly bind biogenic amines (serotonin/5-HT, histamine, epinephrine/norepinephrine)" [file:ANOGA/D7r1/D7r1-deep-research-falcon.md].
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:Q9UB30
Binds serotonin and histamine
UniProt:Q9UB30
Female salivary gland
GO:0005576 extracellular region
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
ACCEPT
Summary: This annotation correctly reflects the subcellular localization of D7r1 as a secreted salivary protein.
Reason: D7r1 is a secreted protein with a signal peptide (residues 1-21) [UniProt Q9UB30]. It is released into the extracellular space (saliva) during blood feeding. The UniProt entry confirms "SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted" [UniProt Q9UB30]. This is an appropriate CC annotation. Deep research confirms "D7r1 is produced in adult female salivary glands and secreted in saliva at the skin interface during probing/feeding" [file:ANOGA/D7r1/D7r1-deep-research-falcon.md].
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:Q9UB30
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted
GO:0090729 toxin activity
IEA
GO_REF:0000043
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This annotation is an OVER-ANNOTATION. D7r1 does not meet the GO definition of toxin activity, which requires "initiating pathogenesis (leading to an abnormal, generally detrimental state)". D7r1 transiently modulates host physiology without causing disease or tissue damage.
Reason: The GO:0090729 definition states: "Interacting selectively with one or more biological molecules in another (target) organism, initiating pathogenesis (leading to an abnormal, generally detrimental state) in the target organism." D7r1 does NOT meet this definition because: (1) It does not initiate pathogenesis - it facilitates feeding, not disease; (2) It does not cause tissue damage - it transiently sequesters host mediators; (3) The effect is reversible and temporary; (4) The host returns to normal state after feeding. The UniProt keywords "Blood coagulation cascade inhibiting toxin" and "Hemostasis impairing toxin" that led to this IEA annotation via GO_REF:0000043 are technically inaccurate - anti-hemostatic activity is not equivalent to toxin activity. The kratagonist mechanism (sequestering signaling molecules) is fundamentally different from true toxins that cause pathological damage. Better annotations would be serotonin binding (GO:0051378) and histamine binding (GO:0051381) for MF, and negative regulation of hemostasis (GO:1900047) for BP. Deep research explicitly describes the mechanism as kratagonism not toxicity [file:ANOGA/D7r1/D7r1-deep-research-falcon.md].
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:Q9UB30
Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and sequestering different mediators involved in the host response
GO:0051378 serotonin binding
IDA
PMID:16301315
Function and evolution of a mosquito salivary protein family
NEW
Summary: D7r1 binds serotonin with high affinity as demonstrated by direct binding assays. This is a core molecular function that should be annotated.
Reason: UniProt confirms "Binds serotonin and histamine (PubMed:16301315)" [UniProt Q9UB30]. The protein has specific binding sites for serotonin (residues 28, 56, 115, 132, 135). This is the actual molecular function that enables kratagonism - sequestering host serotonin to prevent vasoconstriction. GO:0051378 definition "Binding to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter" accurately describes this function. Deep research confirms D7 short forms "bind serotonin, histamine, and catecholamines with high affinity" [file:ANOGA/D7r1/D7r1-deep-research-falcon.md].
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:Q9UB30
Binds serotonin and histamine
PMID:16301315
four of these five short D7 proteins and the D7 long form bind serotonin with high affinity, as well as histamine and norepinephrine
GO:0051381 histamine binding
IDA
PMID:16301315
Function and evolution of a mosquito salivary protein family
NEW
Summary: D7r1 binds histamine with high affinity as demonstrated by direct binding assays. This is a core molecular function that should be annotated.
Reason: UniProt confirms "Binds serotonin and histamine (PubMed:16301315)" [UniProt Q9UB30]. The protein has specific binding sites for histamine (residues 115, 132, 135). This is the actual molecular function that enables sequestration of host histamine to prevent inflammation and vasodilation. GO:0051381 definition "Binding to histamine, a physiologically active amine" accurately describes this function. Deep research confirms short-form D7s bind "biogenic amines (serotonin/5-HT, histamine, epinephrine/norepinephrine)" [file:ANOGA/D7r1/D7r1-deep-research-falcon.md].
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:Q9UB30
Binds serotonin and histamine
PMID:16301315
four of these five short D7 proteins and the D7 long form bind serotonin with high affinity, as well as histamine and norepinephrine
GO:1900047 negative regulation of hemostasis
IDA
PMID:16301315
Function and evolution of a mosquito salivary protein family
NEW
Summary: D7r1 increases blood clotting time in the host, which represents negative regulation of hemostasis. This is a core biological process annotation.
Reason: UniProt states "Increases blood clotting time (PubMed:16301315)" [UniProt Q9UB30]. By sequestering serotonin (which promotes platelet aggregation) and histamine, D7r1 negatively regulates the host hemostatic response. GO:1900047 definition "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis" accurately captures this function. This is a more accurate BP annotation than inferring from "toxin activity". Deep research confirms biogenic amine scavenging "counteracts platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and nociception during feeding" [file:ANOGA/D7r1/D7r1-deep-research-falcon.md].
Supporting Evidence:
UniProt:Q9UB30
Increases blood clotting time

Core Functions

D7r1 functions as a kratagonist by binding and sequestering host biogenic amines (serotonin and histamine) during blood feeding, thereby preventing vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and inflammation at the feeding site.

Supporting Evidence:
  • UniProt:Q9UB30
    Modulates blood feeding of female mosquitoes on vertebrate species by binding and sequestering different mediators involved in the host response
  • PMID:16301315
    four of these five short D7 proteins and the D7 long form bind serotonin with high affinity, as well as histamine and norepinephrine

D7r1 also binds histamine to prevent host inflammatory and vasodilatory responses during blood feeding.

Supporting Evidence:
  • UniProt:Q9UB30
    Binds serotonin and histamine

References

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Suggested Questions for Experts

Q: What is the binding affinity (Kd) of D7r1 for serotonin vs histamine, and does it show preference for one over the other?

Suggested experts: Calvo E, Ribeiro JM

Q: Are there functional differences between D7r1 and other short-form D7 proteins (D7r2-5) in terms of ligand binding specificity?

Suggested experts: Calvo E, Mans BJ

Suggested Experiments

Experiment: Generate D7r1 knockout A. gambiae using CRISPR and measure blood meal size, feeding time, and feeding success rate compared to wild-type controls

Hypothesis: D7r1 knockout mosquitoes will have reduced blood feeding efficiency due to host hemostatic responses

Type: Gene knockout and feeding assay

Experiment: Perform competitive binding assays and structural analysis (crystallography or cryo-EM) with D7r1 bound to serotonin, histamine, or both to determine binding site organization

Hypothesis: D7r1 binding to serotonin and histamine occurs at overlapping but distinct binding sites

Type: Structural biology and binding assays

Deep Research

Falcon

(D7r1-deep-research-falcon.md)

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πŸ“š Additional Documentation

Notes

(D7r1-notes.md)

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