FRUITFULL (FUL; AGL8, At5g60910) is a MIKC-type MADS-domain transcription factor of the SQUAMOSA/AP1 clade. FUL is induced early at the shoot apex during the floral transition (by FT/FD, miR156-regulated SPL factors and other flowering signals) and accumulates in the inflorescence meristem, inflorescence stem and cauline leaves, but is excluded from young floral primordia by APETALA1. It promotes the reproductive transition partially redundantly with SOC1, and acts redundantly with AP1 and CAULIFLOWER in floral meristem identity: ap1 cal ful triple mutants never form flowers because LEAFY is not up-regulated and TERMINAL FLOWER1 is ectopically expressed. Later, FUL is expressed in the carpel valves, where it is required for valve cell elongation and differentiation and for silique growth; it also regulates stem growth and branch angle (for example by repressing SAUR10), and in the inflorescence meristem it directly represses APETALA2 and AP2-like genes to bring about the end-of-flowering proliferative arrest. FUL binds CArG boxes and forms heterodimers with other MADS proteins such as SOC1, SVP, AGL24 and SEP3.
| GO Term | Evidence | Action | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0000976 transcription cis-regulatory region binding | IPI PMID:30356219 Transcriptional regulation of nitrogen-associated metabolism... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: Transcription cis-regulatory region binding (IPI with the GDH2 locus) from a yeast one-hybrid nitrogen-metabolism gene-regulatory network. Reason: FUL is a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor, so promoter binding is plausible; this high-throughput yeast one-hybrid interaction concerns a nitrogen-metabolism target outside FUL's core developmental roles. The full text was not available locally, so the curator's assignment is retained. Supporting Evidence: PMID:30356219 Here we present a transcriptional regulatory network and twenty-one transcription factors that regulate the architecture of root and shoot systems in response to changes in nitrogen availability. |
| GO:0000977 RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: RNA polymerase II regulatory-region sequence-specific DNA binding from the MADS InterPro domain. Reason: FUL binds CArG-box elements in target promoters (EMSA and ChIP-seq). Supporting Evidence: PMID:28586421 To confirm that FUL is able to bind to the upstream regions of SAUR10 and SAUR16, we performed EMSA using the sequence below the peaks as probes |
| GO:0000978 RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: Cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding inferred by PAINT. Reason: IBA for the MADS-box transcription factor PANTHER node PTN000235373; FUL is a canonical MIKC-type MADS-domain protein. |
| GO:0000981 DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: DNA-binding transcription factor activity (RNA polymerase II-specific) inferred by PAINT; the core molecular function of FUL. Reason: IBA for the MADS-box transcription factor PANTHER node PTN000235373; FUL is a canonical MIKC-type MADS-domain protein. ChIP-seq and genetic data show FUL directly regulates target genes such as SAUR10 and APETALA2. Supporting Evidence: PMID:29422669 FUL directly and negatively regulates APETALA2 expression in the shoot apical meristem |
| GO:0003677 DNA binding | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | MODIFY | Summary: Generic DNA binding from MADS InterPro mappings. Reason: Correct but uninformative; sequence-specific cis-regulatory DNA binding is supported for FUL. Proposed replacements: RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: DNA-binding transcription factor activity from InterPro. Reason: Correct; GO:0000981 (IBA) is the more specific core term. |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | ISS PMID:11118137 Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative a... | ACCEPT | Summary: Transcription factor activity from the genome-wide Arabidopsis TF catalogue. Reason: Similarity-based classification of FUL as a MADS transcription factor is sound. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11118137 Arabidopsis dedicates over 5% of its genome to code for more than 1500 transcription factors, about 45% of which are from families specific to plants. |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | ISS PMID:12837945 Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the complete MADS-box... | ACCEPT | Summary: Transcription factor activity from the MADS-box family survey. Reason: FUL (AGL8) is a MIKC-type MADS-box gene; assignment is sound. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12837945 MADS-box transcription factors are key regulators of several plant development processes. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:15805477 Comprehensive interaction map of the Arabidopsis MADS Box tr... | MODIFY | Summary: FUL-SEP3 interaction from the matrix MADS yeast two-hybrid map. Reason: MADS-domain proteins function as dimers and higher-order complexes; protein heterodimerization activity captures the MADS-MADS partner interaction better than protein binding. Proposed replacements: protein heterodimerization activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:15805477 A matrix-based yeast two-hybrid screen of >100 members of this family revealed a collection of specific heterodimers and a few homodimers. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:15805477 Comprehensive interaction map of the Arabidopsis MADS Box tr... | MODIFY | Summary: FUL-SOC1 interaction from the matrix MADS yeast two-hybrid map. Reason: MADS-domain proteins function as dimers and higher-order complexes; protein heterodimerization activity captures the MADS-MADS partner interaction better than protein binding. FUL-SOC1 heterodimers are proposed to mediate the meristem identity transition. Proposed replacements: protein heterodimerization activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:24465009 A model is proposed where the sequential formation of FUL-SVP and FUL-SOC1 heterodimers may mediate the vegetative and meristem identity transitions |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:15805477 Comprehensive interaction map of the Arabidopsis MADS Box tr... | MODIFY | Summary: FUL-AGL24 interaction from the matrix MADS yeast two-hybrid map. Reason: MADS-domain proteins function as dimers and higher-order complexes; protein heterodimerization activity captures the MADS-MADS partner interaction better than protein binding. Proposed replacements: protein heterodimerization activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:15805477 Heterodimers between flower induction and floral organ identity proteins were observed |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:21798944 Evidence for network evolution in an Arabidopsis interactome... | MODIFY | Summary: FUL-SOC1 interaction from the Arabidopsis Interactome-1 binary map. Reason: MADS-domain proteins function as dimers and higher-order complexes; protein heterodimerization activity captures the MADS-MADS partner interaction better than protein binding. The interactome screen independently recovers the FUL-SOC1 pair. Proposed replacements: protein heterodimerization activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:21798944 We describe a proteome-wide binary protein-protein interaction map for the interactome network of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana containing about 6200 highly reliable interactions between about 2700 proteins. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:21798944 Evidence for network evolution in an Arabidopsis interactome... | MODIFY | Summary: FUL-AGL24 interaction from the Arabidopsis Interactome-1 binary map. Reason: MADS-domain proteins function as dimers and higher-order complexes; protein heterodimerization activity captures the MADS-MADS partner interaction better than protein binding. Proposed replacements: protein heterodimerization activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:21798944 We describe a proteome-wide binary protein-protein interaction map for the interactome network of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana containing about 6200 highly reliable interactions between about 2700 proteins. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:36088536 The protein-protein interaction landscape of transcription f... | MODIFY | Summary: FUL-SEP3 interaction from a gynoecium transcription-factor interaction map. Reason: MADS-domain proteins function as dimers and higher-order complexes; protein heterodimerization activity captures the MADS-MADS partner interaction better than protein binding. Proposed replacements: protein heterodimerization activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:36088536 The interactions between MADS-box TFs and protein complex formation have been schematized in the floral quartet model of flower development. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: Nucleus inferred by PAINT. Reason: MADS transcription factors act in the nucleus. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IEA GO_REF:0000120 | ACCEPT | Summary: Nucleus from InterPro/UniProt subcellular location mapping. Reason: Consistent with nuclear MADS transcription factor function. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | ISM GO_REF:0000122 | ACCEPT | Summary: Nucleus predicted by AtSubP. Reason: Consistent with nuclear MADS transcription factor function. |
| GO:0006355 regulation of DNA-templated transcription | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | MODIFY | Summary: Regulation of DNA-templated transcription from InterPro. Reason: Correct but general; regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (IBA) is more specific. Proposed replacements: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
| GO:0006357 regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: Regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II inferred by PAINT. Reason: IBA for the MADS-box transcription factor PANTHER node PTN000235373; FUL is a canonical MIKC-type MADS-domain protein. |
| GO:0009911 positive regulation of flower development | IMP PMID:28586421 FRUITFULL controls SAUR10 expression and regulates Arabidops... | ACCEPT | Summary: Positive regulation of flower development (IMP) from the FUL/SAUR10 study. Reason: FUL promotes the floral transition (ful mutants flower late, strongly so with soc1); the paper explicitly notes the flowering-time function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:28586421 We show here that the MADS domain transcription factor FUL is a pleiotropic regulator of plant development, which plays important roles in plant growth and architecture in addition to its well known functions in fruit development and flowering time. |
| GO:0009911 positive regulation of flower development | TAS PMID:16155177 The flowering integrator FT regulates SEPALLATA3 and FRUITFU... | ACCEPT | Summary: Positive regulation of flower development (TAS) from the FT-dependent induction of FUL and SEP3. Reason: FUL is an early FT/FD-responsive gene whose accumulation in the meristem contributes to the floral transition. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16155177 FUL, SEP3, and APETALA1 accumulation in the meristem is associated with and contributes to the transition to flowering. |
| GO:0010077 maintenance of inflorescence meristem identity | IGI PMID:20626659 Arabidopsis BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 and 2 promote floral meristem ... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: Maintenance of inflorescence meristem identity (IGI with BOP1/BOP2). Reason: FUL is expressed in the inflorescence meristem and acts with flowering-time regulators to keep inflorescence and floral fates distinct; the genetic interaction with bop1 bop2 is described in the full text, which was not available locally, so the curator's assignment is retained but treated as non-core. Supporting Evidence: PMID:20626659 Loss-of-function bop1 bop2 mutants show subtle defects in inflorescence and floral architecture but in combination with lfy or ap1, synergistic defects in floral meristem fate and determinacy are revealed. PMID:8535133 it accumulates to high levels in the inflorescence apical meristem as well as in the inflorescence stem and cauline leaves |
| GO:0010154 fruit development | IMP PMID:9502732 The FRUITFULL MADS-box gene mediates cell differentiation du... | ACCEPT | Summary: Fruit development (IMP); ful-1 siliques fail to elongate after fertilization. Reason: Founding phenotype of FUL; valve cells fail to elongate and differentiate. This is a core, well-established role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9502732 We have identified a mutation in Arabidopsis called fruitfull (ful-1), which abolishes elongation of the silique after fertilization. |
| GO:0043565 sequence-specific DNA binding | IDA PMID:28586421 FRUITFULL controls SAUR10 expression and regulates Arabidops... | ACCEPT | Summary: Sequence-specific DNA binding (IDA, EMSA of FUL homodimer on SAUR10/SAUR16 promoter probes). Reason: Direct EMSA evidence of FUL binding to CArG-containing promoter fragments. Supporting Evidence: PMID:28586421 Binding of the FUL homodimer to different DNA probes in an EMSA assay. |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: Positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II from InterPro. Reason: FUL acts redundantly with AP1/CAL to up-regulate LFY; it also represses targets (SAUR10, AP2), so this is one of two context-dependent activities. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10648231 We demonstrate that this phenotype is caused both by the lack of LFY upregulation and by the ectopic expression of the TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) gene. |
| GO:0046983 protein dimerization activity | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: Protein dimerization activity from MADS/K-domain InterPro mappings. Reason: MIKC proteins dimerize through MADS and K domains. FUL binds CArG boxes as a homodimer (see the IDA GO:0043565 row) and also forms heterodimers with SOC1, SVP, AGL24 and SEP3. The family-level term captures that dimerization capability; protein heterodimerization activity is used on the partner-specific protein binding rows where the source identifies a MADS partner. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15805477 A matrix-based yeast two-hybrid screen of >100 members of this family revealed a collection of specific heterodimers and a few homodimers. |
| GO:0060560 developmental growth involved in morphogenesis | IDA PMID:28586421 FRUITFULL controls SAUR10 expression and regulates Arabidops... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: Developmental growth involved in morphogenesis (IDA) from the FUL-SAUR10 study of stem and branch growth. Reason: FUL represses SAUR10 in stems and inflorescence branches, affecting branch angle; a genuine but secondary growth-regulatory role relative to its flowering and fruit functions. Supporting Evidence: PMID:28586421 SAUR10 is specifically expressed at the abaxial side of these branches and this localized activity is influenced by hormones, light conditions and by FUL, which has an effect on branch angle. |
| GO:0010228 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem | IGI PMID:24465009 Sequential action of FRUITFULL as a modulator of the activit... | NEW | Summary: FUL promotes the conversion of the shoot apical meristem from vegetative to reproductive (inflorescence) identity, partially redundantly with SOC1. Reason: Genetic analysis of ful soc1 combinations shows FUL acts in the meristem identity transition itself (cauline leaf / inflorescence phase), and FUL is among the first genes induced at the apex at floral determination. FUL is a transcription factor acting in the meristem, so it performs part of the process rather than being a substrate or upstream signal. Supporting Evidence: PMID:24465009 suggesting that FUL would have a predominant effect in the control of meristem identity transition PMID:9367440 Expression of LEAFY and AGAMOUS-LIKE8 in the shoot apex at the time of floral determination is also consistent with genetic data indicating that these genes are involved in the first steps of the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. |
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Download this section (compressed HTML)Q: Which FUL-containing MADS complexes (FUL-SOC1, FUL-SVP, FUL-SEP3) are responsible for LFY up-regulation in floral primordia versus AP2 repression at the end of flowering?
Experiment: Tissue-specific FUL ChIP-seq in inflorescence apices of soc1 and svp backgrounds to resolve which heterodimer partner determines target selection during the floral transition.
Type: ChIP-seq
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