Gene Research for GO Annotation Review

Target

• Gene symbol: HKT1
• Organism: Arabidopsis thaliana

UniProt Context

=== UNIPROT METADATA ===
UniProt ID: Q84TI7
Entry Name: HKT1_ARATH
Gene Name: HKT1
Protein Name: Sodium transporter HKT1
Organism: Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)
NCBI Taxonomy ID: 3702
Function: Sodium transporter protein, which plays a central role in plant tolerance to salt. Upon prolongated exposure to high concentrations, Na(+) translocates from the roots to the transpiring leaves where it can increase to toxic level. Involved in Na(+) recirculation from shoots to roots, probably by mediating Na(+) loading into the phloem sap in shoots and unloading in roots, thereby removing large amounts of Na(+) from the shoot. Does not transport K(+) but regulates K(+) nutrient status via its ability to facilitate Na(+) homeostasis. Probably not involved in root uptake of Na(+).
Subcellular Location: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.
======================

Research Objective

Prepare a comprehensive literature-backed research report for GO annotation review of the target gene.

Focus on:

1. The core biochemical activity of the gene product and any substrate specificity.
2. The activation or maturation mechanism of the protein, including proteolytic processing if relevant.
3. The best-supported subcellular localization and complexes where the active protein functions.
4. The strongest experimentally supported biological processes in the target organism, or in very close orthologs when transfer is justified.
5. Which annotations appear to reflect core function versus context-specific, pleiotropic, or over-extended roles.
6. Any evidence bearing on apoptosis, developmental cell death, neuronal roles, inflammatory signaling, pyroptosis, synaptic remodeling, protein processing, and localization to cytoplasm, cytosol, nucleus, or signaling complexes.

Output Requirements

Structure the report as:

1. Executive summary
2. Molecular function
3. Biological process roles
4. Cellular localization and complexes
5. Annotation-risk assessment
6. Key literature

Use citations for all substantive claims.

Gene Research Report for GO Annotation Review: HKT1 (AtHKT1;1) in Arabidopsis thaliana (UniProt Q84TI7)

1. Executive summary

HKT1 (AtHKT1;1) encodes a plasma-membrane Na(+)-selective transporter that functions predominantly in root vascular (stelar/xylem-parenchyma) cells to control long-distance Na(+) distribution and protect shoots from Na(+) over-accumulation during salinity stress. In vivo electrophysiology in native cells supports passive, channel-like Na(+) conductance with strong Na(+) preference over K(+), aligning with salt-tolerance phenotypes of hkt1 loss-of-function mutants (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2, hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 5-6).

Two major 2024 advances refine regulation and developmental context for GO review. First, SOS3/CBL4 was identified as a Ca(\2+)-sensor “switch” that promotes proteasome-dependent HKT1;1 degradation under salt/Ca(\2+) signals, inversely coordinating HKT1;1 with SOS1 localization and thereby shifting net Na(+) partitioning (PNAS, published 2024-02; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320657121) (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 5-6, gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 6-7, gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof media c615254c). Second, during seed germination, CaCl2-mediated salt tolerance depends on HKT1;1 and involves radicle-focused expression and a negative regulator PP2C49, linking HKT1;1 to ion homeostasis and germination success under salt (Plant Physiology, published 2024-12; https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad651) (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 2-3, chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 5-7).

No evidence in the retrieved Arabidopsis literature supports HKT1;1 roles in apoptosis, developmental cell death programs, neuronal functions, inflammatory signaling, pyroptosis, synaptic remodeling, or nuclear/cytosolic signaling complexes; these appear to be non-applicable cross-domain concepts for this plant ion transporter (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2, chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 3-5).

2. Molecular function

2.1 Key concepts and definitions (GO-relevant)

• HKT family: Plant high-affinity K(+) transporter family proteins are integral membrane proteins mediating monovalent cation transport; in Arabidopsis, AtHKT1;1 is the single HKT1-like member and is best supported as Na(+)-selective in planta (pardo2011na+andk+ pages 9-11, xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2).
• “Transporter vs channel-like” behavior: Patch-clamp data in native cells can show that a transporter behaves as a passive conductance; for HKT1;1, reversal potentials shifting with Na(+) gradients in a Nernstian manner supports passive Na(+) transport (“channel-like”) in root stelar cells (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2).

2.2 Best-supported biochemical activity and substrate specificity

In vivo electrophysiology (native Arabidopsis cells): AtHKT1;1-dependent currents were detected in GFP-labeled root stelar protoplasts in wild type but were absent in athkt1;1 mutants, providing direct evidence that AtHKT1;1 mediates these currents. The currents were carried by Na(+), showed little voltage dependence, and exhibited Nernstian shifts in reversal potential with altered NaCl gradients, consistent with passive Na(+) conductance. Importantly, K(+) currents were indistinguishable between WT and athkt1;1, supporting Na(+)-over-K(+) selectivity (PLoS ONE; published 2011-09; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024725) (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2).

Heterologous expression context: HKT1;1 was initially characterized via expression in Xenopus oocytes/yeast, generally supporting Na(+) transport. However, reports of Na(+)/K(+) symport can vary by heterologous system and ionic conditions; therefore, for GO MF in Arabidopsis, the in vivo stelar-cell electrophysiology provides the most directly transferable substrate-specific evidence (waters2013planthighaffinitypotassium pages 3-5, xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2).

2.3 Activation/maturation and processing

No evidence in the retrieved sources indicates that HKT1;1 requires proteolytic processing or a cleavage-based maturation mechanism for activity. Instead, the best-supported “maturation-like” control is post-translational regulation of abundance/stability (Section 4) rather than proteolytic activation (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 5-6, gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 1-2).

3. Biological process roles

3.1 Core salt-tolerance mechanism: long-distance Na(+) distribution

Shoot protection via xylem Na(+) retrieval/unloading: Loss-of-function studies synthesized in Plant, Cell & Environment review evidence indicate that AtHKT1;1 plays a direct role in excluding Na(+) from xylem vessels (often described as retrieval/unloading of Na(+) from xylem sap into adjacent parenchyma), thereby preventing toxic Na(+) accumulation in aerial tissues under salinity. Under salinity, athkt1;1 null alleles show elevated Na(+) in shoots and xylem sap, and a markedly reduced shoot K(+)/Na(+) ratio; the review reports quantitative ion-ratio data (Table 1) contrasting WT versus athkt1;1 (Plant, Cell & Environment; published 2010-04; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02056.x) (hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 5-6, hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 2-3).

Mechanistic framing for GO: The most strongly supported BP annotations are therefore those tied to Na(+) homeostasis and long-distance Na(+) transport (vascular Na(+) distribution, shoot Na(+) exclusion), rather than broad, non-mechanistic “salt tolerance” descriptors alone (hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 5-6, xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2).

3.2 Phloem recirculation model: supported but more contentious

Multiple reviews summarize a phloem Na(+) recirculation model (shoot-to-root return of Na(+) via phloem loading/unloading) as part of HKT1-type function, but also note controversy and emphasize xylem retrieval as the most consistently supported core mechanism. For GO BP review, this suggests cautious phrasing and careful evidence weighting when considering phloem-specific BP annotations (waters2013planthighaffinitypotassium pages 3-5, hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 2-3).

3.3 Context-specific 2024 development: germination-stage salt tolerance

Chandran et al. (Plant Physiology; published 2024-12; https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad651) provide strong evidence that HKT1;1 contributes to seed germination under salt stress in a Ca(\2+)-dependent manner. Key statistics from germination assays include:
* On 150 mM NaCl, WT germination 68.2 ± 2.8% vs hkt1 33.7 ± 7.3%; on 200 mM NaCl, WT 2.6 ± 0.5% vs hkt1 1.3 ± 0.5%.
* Adding 10 mM CaCl2 increased WT germination to 85 ± 3.8% (150 mM NaCl) and 27 ± 7% (200 mM NaCl) but did not rescue hkt1 lines comparably, supporting a functional requirement for HKT1;1 in the Ca(\2+)-mediated germination response (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 2-3).
* Ion-content (ionomics) during germination: under NaCl+CaCl2, WT contained 1.99 ± 0.12 µg Na(+)/seedling vs hkt1 3.1 ± 0.11 µg, and WT contained 1.04 ± 0.17 µg K(+)/seedling vs hkt1 0.42 ± 0.12 µg, implying HKT1;1 helps maintain Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis during germination under combined stress (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 3-5).

For GO, this supports a developmental-stage/context-specific BP annotation (“seed germination under salt stress” or “salt stress response during germination”), but it should not displace vascular Na(+) redistribution as the gene’s primary well-established role across life stages (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 1-2, hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 5-6).

4. Cellular localization and complexes

4.1 Subcellular localization (best-supported)

Across in vivo functional data and summarized localization work, AtHKT1;1 is supported as a plasma membrane protein active in root stelar/vascular cells (often described as xylem-parenchyma associated). The electrophysiology was explicitly performed in root stelar cells, directly tying function to this cellular context (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2).

4.2 Protein–protein interactions and regulatory “complex” context (2024)

Gámez-Arjona et al. (PNAS; published 2024-02; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320657121) provide evidence that SOS3/CBL4 physically interacts with HKT1;1 and coordinates HKT1;1 turnover with SOS1 localization:
* Physical interaction: SOS3–HKT1;1 interaction was supported by BiFC mapping (Figure 5) and co-immunoprecipitation (Figure 6A), and a mutant SOS3-1 failed to bind HKT1;1 (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 4-5, gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof media c615254c).
* Functional relationship: In Xenopus oocytes, HKT1;1 yielded robust Na(+)-dependent currents, and co-expression of SOS3 did not change these currents, supporting regulation mainly via abundance/localization rather than direct gating modulation in this assay context (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 5-6).

For GO CC, this supports inclusion of plasma membrane and potentially a qualified statement regarding operation within a SOS pathway regulatory module, but the evidence is strongest for a regulatory interaction rather than a stable multi-protein transporter “complex” with a defined stoichiometry (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 6-7, gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 4-5).

5. Regulation, activation, and stability (2023–2024 emphasis)

5.1 SOS3/CBL4-dependent proteasome-mediated degradation of HKT1;1 (major 2024 advance)

Gámez-Arjona et al. show that salt and Ca(\2+) signals trigger HKT1;1 protein degradation and that this requires SOS3/CBL4:
* In planta, 100 mM NaCl and 3 mM CaCl2 treatments reduced HKT1;1 abundance in HKT1 fusion lines, and HKT1:GFP was reported to gradually disappear over ~24 h under salt stress (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 5-6).
* The decline was proteasome-dependent, as it was prevented by MG132 (50 µM), a 26S proteasome inhibitor (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 5-6, gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof media c615254c).
* Genetic evidence: salt-induced HKT1;1 degradation occurred in sos1-1 and sos2-2 backgrounds but was blocked in sos3-1, indicating SOS3 is necessary for this post-translational regulation (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 5-6).

This set of findings strongly supports GO annotations describing negative regulation of HKT1;1 protein stability/abundance during salt stress and provides a concrete mechanistic basis to separate “activation” concepts from “turnover” concepts (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 5-6, gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 1-2).

5.2 PP2C49 as a negative regulator in germination-stage salt tolerance (2024)

Chandran et al. support a pathway where PP2C49 negatively regulates HKT1;1, and Ca(\2+) improves germination partly by downregulating PP2C49:
* On 200 mM NaCl, pp2c49 mutants germinated substantially better than WT (WT 2.6 ± 0.5% vs pp2c49 alleles ~26.75–41.5%, depending on allele), consistent with PP2C49 acting as a negative regulator in this context (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 5-7).
* pp2c49-1 seedlings accumulated less Na(+) under NaCl (1.77 ± 0.3 µg vs WT 2.34 ± 0.28 µg) and maintained higher K(+) (1.6 ± 0.27 µg vs WT 0.55 ± 0.07 µg) (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 5-7).

For GO review, PP2C49-related regulation is best treated as context-specific (germination/early seedling) unless corroborated across additional tissues/stages (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 1-2).

6. Annotation-risk assessment (core vs over-extended)

Two evidence-derived tables summarizing recommended annotation strength and risks are provided below.

Table: This table summarizes the strongest GO-relevant evidence for Arabidopsis HKT1;1 across molecular function, biological process, cellular component, and regulation. It separates core annotations from context-specific regulatory findings useful for annotation review.

Table: This table summarizes the evidence strength and curation risks for likely GO annotations of Arabidopsis HKT1;1. It distinguishes strongly supported core functions from context-specific, controversial, or unsupported annotations to help prevent over-extension during review.

6.1 Core function vs pleiotropy

• Core function: Na(+) transmembrane transport (Na(+)-selective conductance) operating in vascular/stelar/xylem-parenchyma contexts to regulate Na(+) distribution and prevent shoot Na(+) toxicity during salinity (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2, hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 5-6).
• Secondary/indirect effects: Altered K(+) status (shoot/root K(+), K(+)/Na(+) ratio) is best interpreted as a downstream consequence of disrupted Na(+) homeostasis and electrical/physiological coupling, rather than direct K(+) transport by AtHKT1;1 (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2, hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 5-6).
• Context-specific roles: Germination-stage salt tolerance with Ca(\2+) modulation and PP2C49 regulation is strongly supported experimentally but should be curated as developmental-stage specific rather than generalized to whole-plant primary function (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 2-3, chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 5-7).

6.2 Explicit exclusion of non-relevant processes

Across the retrieved Arabidopsis-focused sources, there is no support for HKT1;1 annotations related to apoptosis, pyroptosis, neuronal/synaptic remodeling, or inflammatory signaling, nor for localization to nucleus or cytosolic signaling complexes. These concepts are inconsistent with the experimentally supported identity of HKT1;1 as a plasma-membrane Na(+) transporter in vascular tissues (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2, chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 3-5).

7. Key literature (prioritized and annotated)

1. Gámez-Arjona F. et al. (2024-02). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). “Inverse regulation of SOS1 and HKT1 protein localization and stability by SOS3/CBL4 in Arabidopsis thaliana.” https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320657121. Key contribution: SOS3-dependent, proteasome-mediated HKT1;1 degradation and inverse coordination with SOS1 localization; provides direct interaction evidence (BiFC/co-IP) and stability assays (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 5-6, gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 6-7, gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof media c615254c).
2. Chandran A.E.J. et al. (2024-12). Plant Physiology. “Calcium regulation of the Arabidopsis Na+/K+ transporter HKT1;1 improves seed germination under salt stress.” https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad651. Key contribution: Ca(\2+)-dependent germination salt tolerance requires HKT1;1; radicle-focused expression and PP2C49 regulation; quantitative germination and ionomics statistics (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 2-3, chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 5-7).
3. Xue S. et al. (2011-09). PLoS ONE. “AtHKT1;1 Mediates Nernstian Sodium Channel Transport Properties in Arabidopsis Root Stelar Cells.” https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024725. Key contribution: In vivo electrophysiology demonstrating Na(+)-selective, channel-like conductance in native stelar cells and absence of these currents in mutants (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2).
4. Hauser F. & Horie T. (2010-04). Plant, Cell & Environment. “A conserved primary salt tolerance mechanism mediated by HKT transporters…” https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02056.x. Key contribution: Synthesizes mutant physiology and heterologous selectivity evidence; frames HKT1;1 as a conserved mechanism preventing shoot Na(+) over-accumulation (hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 5-6, hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 2-3).

Notes on evidence limitations

This report is constrained to the papers successfully retrieved in-tool. Several classic primary papers on Arabidopsis HKT1;1 (e.g., xylem unloading genetics/localization studies often cited from mid-2000s) were not directly obtainable here, so GO reviewers may wish to consult those originals for additional localization granularity (e.g., immunolocalization and tissue-specific promoter data) beyond what is summarized in the available reviews (hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 2-3, waters2013planthighaffinitypotassium pages 3-5).

References

1. (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 1-2): Shaowu Xue, Xuan Yao, Wei Luo, Deepa Jha, Mark Tester, Tomoaki Horie, and Julian I. Schroeder. Athkt1;1 mediates nernstian sodium channel transport properties in arabidopsis root stelar cells. PLoS ONE, 6:e24725, Sep 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024725, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024725. This article has 84 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

2. (hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 5-6): Felix Hauser and Tomoaki Horie. A conserved primary salt tolerance mechanism mediated by hkt transporters: a mechanism for sodium exclusion and maintenance of high k(+)/na(+) ratio in leaves during salinity stress. Plant, cell & environment, 33 4:552-65, Apr 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02056.x, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02056.x. This article has 677 citations.

3. (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 5-6): Francisco Gámez-Arjona, Hee Jin Park, Elena García, Rashid Aman, Irene Villalta, Natalia Raddatz, Raul Carranco, Akhtar Ali, Zahir Ali, Shah Zareen, Anna De Luca, Eduardo O. Leidi, Miguel Daniel-Mozo, Zheng-Yi Xu, Armando Albert, Woe-Yeon Kim, Jose M. Pardo, Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez, Dae-Jin Yun, and Francisco J. Quintero. Inverse regulation of sos1 and hkt1 protein localization and stability by sos3/cbl4 in arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320657121, doi:10.1073/pnas.2320657121. This article has 45 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

4. (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 6-7): Francisco Gámez-Arjona, Hee Jin Park, Elena García, Rashid Aman, Irene Villalta, Natalia Raddatz, Raul Carranco, Akhtar Ali, Zahir Ali, Shah Zareen, Anna De Luca, Eduardo O. Leidi, Miguel Daniel-Mozo, Zheng-Yi Xu, Armando Albert, Woe-Yeon Kim, Jose M. Pardo, Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez, Dae-Jin Yun, and Francisco J. Quintero. Inverse regulation of sos1 and hkt1 protein localization and stability by sos3/cbl4 in arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320657121, doi:10.1073/pnas.2320657121. This article has 45 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

5. (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof media c615254c): Francisco Gámez-Arjona, Hee Jin Park, Elena García, Rashid Aman, Irene Villalta, Natalia Raddatz, Raul Carranco, Akhtar Ali, Zahir Ali, Shah Zareen, Anna De Luca, Eduardo O. Leidi, Miguel Daniel-Mozo, Zheng-Yi Xu, Armando Albert, Woe-Yeon Kim, Jose M. Pardo, Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez, Dae-Jin Yun, and Francisco J. Quintero. Inverse regulation of sos1 and hkt1 protein localization and stability by sos3/cbl4 in arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320657121, doi:10.1073/pnas.2320657121. This article has 45 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

6. (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 2-3): Ancy E J Chandran, Aliza Finkler, Tom Aharon Hait, Yvonne Kiere, Sivan David, Metsada Pasmanik-Chor, and Doron Shkolnik. Calcium regulation of the arabidopsis na+/k+ transporter hkt1;1 improves seed germination under salt stress. Plant Physiology, 194:1834-1852, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad651, doi:10.1093/plphys/kiad651. This article has 21 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

7. (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 5-7): Ancy E J Chandran, Aliza Finkler, Tom Aharon Hait, Yvonne Kiere, Sivan David, Metsada Pasmanik-Chor, and Doron Shkolnik. Calcium regulation of the arabidopsis na+/k+ transporter hkt1;1 improves seed germination under salt stress. Plant Physiology, 194:1834-1852, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad651, doi:10.1093/plphys/kiad651. This article has 21 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

8. (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 3-5): Ancy E J Chandran, Aliza Finkler, Tom Aharon Hait, Yvonne Kiere, Sivan David, Metsada Pasmanik-Chor, and Doron Shkolnik. Calcium regulation of the arabidopsis na+/k+ transporter hkt1;1 improves seed germination under salt stress. Plant Physiology, 194:1834-1852, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad651, doi:10.1093/plphys/kiad651. This article has 21 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

9. (pardo2011na+andk+ pages 9-11): José M. Pardo and Francisco Rubio. Na+ and k+ transporters in plant signaling. ArXiv, pages 65-98, Sep 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14369-4_3, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14369-4_3. This article has 75 citations.

10. (waters2013planthighaffinitypotassium pages 3-5): Shane Waters, Matthew Gilliham, and Maria Hrmova. Plant high-affinity potassium (hkt) transporters involved in salinity tolerance: structural insights to probe differences in ion selectivity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14:7660-7680, Apr 2013. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047660, doi:10.3390/ijms14047660. This article has 161 citations.

11. (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 1-2): Francisco Gámez-Arjona, Hee Jin Park, Elena García, Rashid Aman, Irene Villalta, Natalia Raddatz, Raul Carranco, Akhtar Ali, Zahir Ali, Shah Zareen, Anna De Luca, Eduardo O. Leidi, Miguel Daniel-Mozo, Zheng-Yi Xu, Armando Albert, Woe-Yeon Kim, Jose M. Pardo, Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez, Dae-Jin Yun, and Francisco J. Quintero. Inverse regulation of sos1 and hkt1 protein localization and stability by sos3/cbl4 in arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320657121, doi:10.1073/pnas.2320657121. This article has 45 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

12. (hauser2010aconservedprimary pages 2-3): Felix Hauser and Tomoaki Horie. A conserved primary salt tolerance mechanism mediated by hkt transporters: a mechanism for sodium exclusion and maintenance of high k(+)/na(+) ratio in leaves during salinity stress. Plant, cell & environment, 33 4:552-65, Apr 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02056.x, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02056.x. This article has 677 citations.

13. (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 1-2): Ancy E J Chandran, Aliza Finkler, Tom Aharon Hait, Yvonne Kiere, Sivan David, Metsada Pasmanik-Chor, and Doron Shkolnik. Calcium regulation of the arabidopsis na+/k+ transporter hkt1;1 improves seed germination under salt stress. Plant Physiology, 194:1834-1852, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad651, doi:10.1093/plphys/kiad651. This article has 21 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

14. (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 4-5): Francisco Gámez-Arjona, Hee Jin Park, Elena García, Rashid Aman, Irene Villalta, Natalia Raddatz, Raul Carranco, Akhtar Ali, Zahir Ali, Shah Zareen, Anna De Luca, Eduardo O. Leidi, Miguel Daniel-Mozo, Zheng-Yi Xu, Armando Albert, Woe-Yeon Kim, Jose M. Pardo, Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez, Dae-Jin Yun, and Francisco J. Quintero. Inverse regulation of sos1 and hkt1 protein localization and stability by sos3/cbl4 in arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320657121, doi:10.1073/pnas.2320657121. This article has 45 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

15. (xue2011athkt1;1mediatesnernstian pages 8-9): Shaowu Xue, Xuan Yao, Wei Luo, Deepa Jha, Mark Tester, Tomoaki Horie, and Julian I. Schroeder. Athkt1;1 mediates nernstian sodium channel transport properties in arabidopsis root stelar cells. PLoS ONE, 6:e24725, Sep 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024725, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024725. This article has 84 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

16. (waters2013planthighaffinitypotassium pages 5-7): Shane Waters, Matthew Gilliham, and Maria Hrmova. Plant high-affinity potassium (hkt) transporters involved in salinity tolerance: structural insights to probe differences in ion selectivity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14:7660-7680, Apr 2013. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047660, doi:10.3390/ijms14047660. This article has 161 citations.

17. (gamezarjona2024inverseregulationof pages 2-3): Francisco Gámez-Arjona, Hee Jin Park, Elena García, Rashid Aman, Irene Villalta, Natalia Raddatz, Raul Carranco, Akhtar Ali, Zahir Ali, Shah Zareen, Anna De Luca, Eduardo O. Leidi, Miguel Daniel-Mozo, Zheng-Yi Xu, Armando Albert, Woe-Yeon Kim, Jose M. Pardo, Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez, Dae-Jin Yun, and Francisco J. Quintero. Inverse regulation of sos1 and hkt1 protein localization and stability by sos3/cbl4 in arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320657121, doi:10.1073/pnas.2320657121. This article has 45 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

18. (chandran2024calciumregulationof pages 12-13): Ancy E J Chandran, Aliza Finkler, Tom Aharon Hait, Yvonne Kiere, Sivan David, Metsada Pasmanik-Chor, and Doron Shkolnik. Calcium regulation of the arabidopsis na+/k+ transporter hkt1;1 improves seed germination under salt stress. Plant Physiology, 194:1834-1852, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad651, doi:10.1093/plphys/kiad651. This article has 21 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

19. (waters2013planthighaffinitypotassium pages 15-18): Shane Waters, Matthew Gilliham, and Maria Hrmova. Plant high-affinity potassium (hkt) transporters involved in salinity tolerance: structural insights to probe differences in ion selectivity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14:7660-7680, Apr 2013. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047660, doi:10.3390/ijms14047660. This article has 161 citations.