JACKDAW (JKD; INDETERMINATE DOMAIN 10, IDD10) is a nuclear BIRD/IDD-family C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor of Arabidopsis that acts in the root meristem ground tissue and quiescent centre. Its four N-terminal zinc fingers have separable roles: ZF1-ZF3 bind the IDD consensus DNA motif while ZF3-ZF4 form the docking surface for the GRAS-domain SHORT-ROOT (SHR)-SCARECROW (SCR) heterodimer, so that JKD provides the sequence-specific DNA contact for the SHR-SCR coregulator complex. JKD is expressed independently of SHR, helps retain mobile SHR in the nucleus of the endodermis/QC layer (confining SHR action to a single cell layer), and activates SCR and MAGPIE transcription with SHR-SCR. Together with other BIRD proteins (BLJ, MGP, NUC) it is required for the formative asymmetric division of the cortex/endodermis initial daughter, for stabilizing the stele/ground-tissue boundary and for ground-tissue identity. JKD acting in the cortex also influences position-dependent hair/non-hair patterning of the overlying epidermis non-cell-autonomously, and like other IDDs it can bind DELLA and SCL3 coregulators at gibberellin-responsive promoters.
| GO Term | Evidence | Action | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0003677 DNA binding | IDA PMID:28211915 Structure of the SHR-SCR heterodimer bound to the BIRD/IDD t... | MODIFY | Summary: JKD zinc fingers ZF1-ZF4 bind DNA in EMSA; ZF1-ZF3 provide DNA contact in the JKD-SHR-SCR complex. Reason: DNA binding is directly shown by EMSA of JKD ZF1-4 on the IDD consensus motif, which on its own is sequence-specific binding. The cis-regulatory-region claim rests on yeast one-hybrid binding of JKD to the SCR and MGP promoters, and on in vivo ChIP-seq occupancy of target promoters. Together these justify transcription cis-regulatory region binding over generic DNA binding. Proposed replacements: transcription cis-regulatory region binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:28211915 Our electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed DNA binding of MGP ZF1-4 and JKD ZF1-4 were virtually unchanged in the presence or absence of the SHR-SCR complex PMID:28211915 the ZF1-ZF2-ZF3 of JKD in the JKD-SHR-SCR complex is involved in DNA binding PMID:28211915 JKD and MGP bind the consensus DNA sequence PMID:21935722 Yeast one-hybrid analysis showed that JKD binds to the SCR and MGP promoter sequences |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: Phylogenetic inference of DNA-binding transcription factor activity for the BIRD/IDD clade. Reason: JKD has the conserved IDD zinc-finger domain; the IBD node is consistent with JKD-specific experimental evidence (DNA binding, reporter activation of SCR/MGP promoters). Supporting Evidence: PMID:21935722 Transient expression of LUC reporter genes with the proximal sequences upstream from the ATG codon of SCR and MGP in protoplasts were activated by JKD PMID:28211915 the ZF1-ZF2-ZF3 of JKD in the JKD-SHR-SCR complex is involved in DNA binding |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | IDA PMID:24821766 DELLA protein functions as a transcriptional activator throu... | ACCEPT | Summary: IDDs, including AtIDD10/JKD, bind the SCL3 promoter and transactivate an SCL3-promoter reporter with DELLA. Reason: Direct evidence of promoter binding plus transactivation supports DNA-binding transcription factor activity. Supporting Evidence: PMID:24821766 we identified five members of indeterminate domain (IDD) protein family which bind physically to both DELLA and the promoter sequence of the GA-positive regulator SCARECROW-LIKE 3 (SCL3) PMID:24821766 a luciferase reporter controlled by the SCL3 promoter was additively transactivated by REPRESSOR of ga1-3 (RGA) and IDDs |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | IDA PMID:26494755 Transcriptional control of tissue formation throughout root ... | ACCEPT | Summary: ChIP-seq identification of JKD direct targets and network reconstruction in the ground tissue. Reason: In vivo promoter occupancy plus target regulation supports TF activity; this is the core function of JKD. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 Among the BIRDs, we focused on BLJ and JKD because they have a specific role in ground tissue establishment and identified their direct targets through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by sequencing PMID:26494755 These results indicate that BLJ, JKD, and SCR are essential for SHR to carry out ground tissue patterning |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | ISS PMID:11118137 Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative a... | ACCEPT | Summary: Sequence-similarity inference from the genome-wide TF family catalogue. Reason: The function is correct for JKD and is independently established by direct experimental evidence (see the IDA rows). PMID:11118137 is a genome-wide transcription factor catalogue. Only its abstract is cached and it does not mention JKD, so the curator's ISS call is accepted on deference to the uncached full text. Support for the function itself comes from the JKD-specific evidence cited. Supporting Evidence: PMID:21935722 Transient expression of LUC reporter genes with the proximal sequences upstream from the ATG codon of SCR and MGP in protoplasts were activated by JKD |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:17785527 Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit ... | MODIFY | Summary: Y2H interaction of JKD with MAGPIE (AT1G03840). Reason: Protein binding is uninformative. MGP is itself a DNA-binding BIRD/IDD transcription factor; the interaction is better captured as DNA-binding transcription factor binding. Hirano et al. later showed that JKD and MGP compete for the same SHR-SCR groove, so the JKD-MGP interaction may be indirect or weak in vivo; kept as non-core. Proposed replacements: DNA-binding transcription factor binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:17785527 JACKDAW and MAGPIE regulate tissue boundaries and asymmetric cell division and can control SHORT-ROOT and SCARECROW activity in a transcriptional and protein interaction network PMID:28211915 suggesting that the binding of JKD and MGP is exclusive |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:17785527 Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit ... | MODIFY | Summary: Y2H interaction of JKD with SCARECROW (AT3G54220). Reason: SCR is a GRAS-domain transcription coregulator that docks (as SHR-SCR) on the JKD zinc fingers; transcription coregulator binding describes the function. Proposed replacements: transcription coregulator binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:28211915 SHR-SCR function as transcription cofactors by binding to the third and fourth ZFs, (ZF3-ZF4) of JKD PMID:17785527 JACKDAW and MAGPIE regulate tissue boundaries and asymmetric cell division and can control SHORT-ROOT and SCARECROW activity in a transcriptional and protein interaction network |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:17785527 Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit ... | MODIFY | Summary: Y2H interaction of JKD with SHORT-ROOT (AT4G37650). Reason: SHR is a GRAS-domain transcription coregulator; its alpha/beta core forms the BIRD-binding groove that recognises JKD ZF3-ZF4. Transcription coregulator binding is the informative term. Proposed replacements: transcription coregulator binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:28211915 SHR-SCR function as transcription cofactors by binding to the third and fourth ZFs, (ZF3-ZF4) of JKD PMID:28211915 relatively high affinity of the SHR-SCR complex to MGP ZF3-ZF4 (the KD value of 36 nM) and JKD ZF3-ZF4 (124 nM) |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:17785527 Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit ... | MODIFY | Summary: Y2H interaction of JKD with MAGPIE (UniProtKB:Q9ZWA6); duplicate of the AGI-coded row. Reason: As for the AGI-coded JKD-MGP row; replace protein binding with DNA-binding transcription factor binding. Proposed replacements: DNA-binding transcription factor binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:17785527 JACKDAW and MAGPIE regulate tissue boundaries and asymmetric cell division and can control SHORT-ROOT and SCARECROW activity in a transcriptional and protein interaction network |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:24821766 DELLA protein functions as a transcriptional activator throu... | MODIFY | Summary: Interaction of AtIDD10/JKD with SCL3 (UniProtKB:Q9LPR8), a GRAS coregulator in GA signalling. Reason: SCL3 is a GRAS coregulator using IDDs as DNA-binding scaffolds; transcription coregulator binding. Proposed replacements: transcription coregulator binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:24821766 These results suggest that the coregulators DELLA and SCL3, using IDDs as transcriptional scaffolds for DNA binding, antagonistically regulate the expression of their downstream targets to control the GA signaling pathway |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:24821766 DELLA protein functions as a transcriptional activator throu... | MODIFY | Summary: Interaction of AtIDD10/JKD with the DELLA protein RGA (UniProtKB:Q9SLH3). Reason: DELLA acts as a coactivator recruited to DNA via IDDs; transcription coregulator binding is informative. Proposed replacements: transcription coregulator binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:24821766 we identified five members of indeterminate domain (IDD) protein family which bind physically to both DELLA and the promoter sequence of the GA-positive regulator SCARECROW-LIKE 3 (SCL3) PMID:24821766 These results suggest that the coregulators DELLA and SCL3, using IDDs as transcriptional scaffolds for DNA binding, antagonistically regulate the expression of their downstream targets to control the GA signaling pathway |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:28211915 Structure of the SHR-SCR heterodimer bound to the BIRD/IDD t... | MODIFY | Summary: In vitro (ITC/structure) binding of JKD ZF3-ZF4 to SCR within the SHR-SCR heterodimer (UniProtKB:Q9M384). Reason: Structural and biochemical data define this as coregulator docking on the TF; transcription coregulator binding. Proposed replacements: transcription coregulator binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:28211915 SHR-SCR function as transcription cofactors by binding to the third and fourth ZFs, (ZF3-ZF4) of JKD |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:28211915 Structure of the SHR-SCR heterodimer bound to the BIRD/IDD t... | MODIFY | Summary: In vitro binding of JKD ZF3-ZF4 to the SHR BIRD-binding groove (UniProtKB:Q9SZF7). Reason: Core interaction; transcription coregulator binding. Proposed replacements: transcription coregulator binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:28211915 SHR-SCR function as transcription cofactors by binding to the third and fourth ZFs, (ZF3-ZF4) of JKD PMID:28211915 relatively high affinity of the SHR-SCR complex to MGP ZF3-ZF4 (the KD value of 36 nM) and JKD ZF3-ZF4 (124 nM) |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:28746306 In vivo FRET-FLIM reveals cell-type-specific protein interac... | MODIFY | Summary: In vivo FRET-FLIM interaction of JKD with SCR (AT3G54220) in root cells. Reason: Same SHR-SCR-JKD complex detected in planta; transcription coregulator binding. Proposed replacements: transcription coregulator binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:28746306 three fully functional fluorescently tagged cell fate regulators establish cell-type-specific interactions at endogenous expression levels and can form higher order complexes |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:28746306 In vivo FRET-FLIM reveals cell-type-specific protein interac... | MODIFY | Summary: In vivo FRET-FLIM interaction of JKD with SHR (AT4G37650) in root cells. Reason: Same SHR-SCR-JKD complex detected in planta; transcription coregulator binding. Proposed replacements: transcription coregulator binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:28746306 three fully functional fluorescently tagged cell fate regulators establish cell-type-specific interactions at endogenous expression levels and can form higher order complexes |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | EXP PMID:17785527 Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit ... | ACCEPT | Summary: Nuclear localization of JKD fusion protein. Reason: JKD is a nuclear transcription factor that retains SHR in the nucleus. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 SCARECROW (SCR) and the C2H2 transcription factor JACKDAW (JKD) sequester it in the nucleus PMID:25829440 constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6 |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: Phylogenetic inference of nuclear activity for the IDD clade. Reason: Consistent with experimental data. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 SCARECROW (SCR) and the C2H2 transcription factor JACKDAW (JKD) sequester it in the nucleus PMID:25829440 constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6 |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IDA PMID:24821766 DELLA protein functions as a transcriptional activator throu... | ACCEPT | Summary: Nuclear localization of AtIDD10 observed in the DELLA/IDD study. Reason: Consistent with JKD function as a DNA-binding TF; the cached text is partial but the result agrees with other studies. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 SCARECROW (SCR) and the C2H2 transcription factor JACKDAW (JKD) sequester it in the nucleus PMID:25829440 constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6 |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IDA PMID:25829440 Arabidopsis BIRD Zinc Finger Proteins Jointly Stabilize Tiss... | ACCEPT | Summary: Nuclear JKD retains SHR via nuclear retention. Reason: Direct localization evidence consistent with function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25829440 constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6 |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IDA PMID:26494755 Transcriptional control of tissue formation throughout root ... | ACCEPT | Summary: JKD sequesters SHR in the nucleus. Reason: Consistent with function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 SCARECROW (SCR) and the C2H2 transcription factor JACKDAW (JKD) sequester it in the nucleus |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IEA GO_REF:0000044 | ACCEPT | Summary: UniProt subcellular location mapping (nucleus). Reason: Corroborated experimentally. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 SCARECROW (SCR) and the C2H2 transcription factor JACKDAW (JKD) sequester it in the nucleus PMID:25829440 constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6 |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | ISM GO_REF:0000122 | ACCEPT | Summary: AtSubP sequence-based nuclear prediction. Reason: Corroborated experimentally. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 SCARECROW (SCR) and the C2H2 transcription factor JACKDAW (JKD) sequester it in the nucleus PMID:25829440 constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6 |
| GO:0006355 regulation of DNA-templated transcription | IEA GO_REF:0000117 | ACCEPT | Summary: ARBA electronic inference of regulation of transcription. Reason: Correct general process for a sequence-specific transcription factor. Supporting Evidence: PMID:21935722 Our findings suggest that JKD directly regulates SCR and MGP expression in cooperation with SHR, SCR and MGP |
| GO:0006355 regulation of DNA-templated transcription | TAS PMID:11118137 Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative a... | ACCEPT | Summary: Traceable author statement from the genome-wide TF survey. Reason: Correct though general; JKD regulates SCR and MGP transcription. The source (PMID:11118137) is a genome-wide transcription factor catalogue whose cached abstract does not mention JKD, so the TAS is accepted on deference. The JKD-specific support is cited below. Supporting Evidence: PMID:21935722 Our findings suggest that JKD directly regulates SCR and MGP expression in cooperation with SHR, SCR and MGP |
| GO:0008356 asymmetric cell division | IMP PMID:26494755 Transcriptional control of tissue formation throughout root ... | ACCEPT | Summary: BIRD mutant combinations including jkd fail to make the formative asymmetric divisions of the ground tissue. Reason: JKD directly regulates SHR-SCR targets (SCR, CYCD6;1) whose products drive the CEI-daughter asymmetric division; the acts_upstream_of_or_within qualifier is appropriate. Core developmental role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 JKD and BALD-IBIS regulate SHR movement by promoting its nuclear retention, and cooperatively with MAGPIE (MGP) and NUTCRACKER (NUC) are required for the formative divisions that pattern the ground tissue into cortex and endodermis PMID:25829440 BIRD proteins promote formative divisions and tissue specification in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem ground tissue by tethering and regulating transcriptional competence of SHORT-ROOT complexes |
| GO:0010075 regulation of meristem growth | IMP PMID:17785527 Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit ... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: jkd mutants show root meristem defects (QC/stem cell maintenance) in Welch et al. Reason: Meristem size/growth phenotypes are a downstream consequence of disturbed SHR-SCR range of action rather than JKD-specific activity; acceptable as a phenotype-level annotation. PMID:17785527 is abstract-only in the cache, and the abstract does not describe the jkd meristem phenotype. The curator's IMP is accepted on deference to the uncached full text. |
| GO:0010075 regulation of meristem growth | IMP PMID:25829440 Arabidopsis BIRD Zinc Finger Proteins Jointly Stabilize Tiss... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: BIRD mutant combinations affect meristem maintenance and ground tissue formation. Reason: Downstream phenotype of BIRD/SHR network disruption; abstract-only cache. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25829440 BIRD proteins promote formative divisions and tissue specification in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem ground tissue by tethering and regulating transcriptional competence of SHORT-ROOT complexes |
| GO:0034504 protein localization to nucleus | IMP PMID:25829440 Arabidopsis BIRD Zinc Finger Proteins Jointly Stabilize Tiss... | ACCEPT | Summary: BIRD proteins including JKD are required to retain SHR in the nucleus and confine its spread. Reason: Mechanistically JKD binds SHR via its zinc fingers and keeps it nuclear; this is a defining JKD role. GO:0051457 maintenance of protein location in nucleus would be more precise but the existing term is correct. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25829440 constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6 PMID:26494755 JKD and BALD-IBIS regulate SHR movement by promoting its nuclear retention, and cooperatively with MAGPIE (MGP) and NUTCRACKER (NUC) are required for the formative divisions that pattern the ground tissue into cortex and endodermis |
| GO:0042803 protein homodimerization activity | IPI PMID:17785527 Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit ... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: Y2H self-interaction of JKD. Reason: The curator records JKD self-interaction (IPI). PMID:17785527 is abstract-only in the cache, and the abstract does not mention self-interaction, so the call is accepted on deference to the uncached full text. Kept as non-core because no functional significance of JKD homodimerization in planta has been shown. |
| GO:0043565 sequence-specific DNA binding | IDA PMID:24821766 DELLA protein functions as a transcriptional activator throu... | MODIFY | Summary: AtIDD10 binds the SCL3 promoter sequence. Reason: Binding is sequence-specific (IDD consensus motif) and is shown at a target promoter (SCL3), so the more specific transcription cis-regulatory region binding (a descendant of sequence-specific DNA binding) applies. This matches the replacement proposed for the generic DNA binding row, and avoids carrying an ancestor alongside it. Proposed replacements: transcription cis-regulatory region binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:24821766 we identified five members of indeterminate domain (IDD) protein family which bind physically to both DELLA and the promoter sequence of the GA-positive regulator SCARECROW-LIKE 3 (SCL3) PMID:28211915 JKD and MGP bind the consensus DNA sequence |
| GO:0045893 positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription | IDA PMID:24821766 DELLA protein functions as a transcriptional activator throu... | ACCEPT | Summary: IDDs transactivate SCL3-promoter reporter additively with RGA. Reason: JKD also activates SCR and MGP promoter reporters; positive regulation of transcription is supported. Supporting Evidence: PMID:24821766 a luciferase reporter controlled by the SCL3 promoter was additively transactivated by REPRESSOR of ga1-3 (RGA) and IDDs PMID:21935722 Transient expression of LUC reporter genes with the proximal sequences upstream from the ATG codon of SCR and MGP in protoplasts were activated by JKD |
| GO:0048364 root development | IGI PMID:26494755 Transcriptional control of tissue formation throughout root ... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: blj jkd scr / BIRD combinations lose ground tissue. Reason: Correct but very broad; the specific role is root radial (ground tissue) patterning. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 In both jkd scr and blj jkd scr, ground tissue marker expression was reduced, and a number of blj jkd scr roots lacked the entire ground tissue |
| GO:0048364 root development | IMP PMID:17785527 Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit ... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: jkd root phenotypes. Reason: Correct but very broad; root radial pattern formation captures the core role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:17785527 JACKDAW and MAGPIE regulate tissue boundaries and asymmetric cell division and can control SHORT-ROOT and SCARECROW activity in a transcriptional and protein interaction network |
| GO:0051302 regulation of cell division | IMP PMID:17785527 Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit ... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: jkd mutants show extra/misplaced formative divisions. Reason: Correct; the more specific asymmetric cell division annotation captures the core role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:17785527 JACKDAW and MAGPIE regulate tissue boundaries and asymmetric cell division and can control SHORT-ROOT and SCARECROW activity in a transcriptional and protein interaction network PMID:24821766 lack of AtIDD10 causes a defect in DELLA-mediated feedback, thus resulting in increased cell division |
| GO:0090558 plant epidermis development | IMP PMID:20356954 JACKDAW controls epidermal patterning in the Arabidopsis roo... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: JKD in the cortex non-cell-autonomously controls epidermal hair/non-hair patterning. Reason: Genuine, experimentally supported but secondary to the ground-tissue role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:20356954 JKD controls position-dependent signals that regulate epidermal-cell-type patterning PMID:20356954 Tissue-specific induction experiments indicate non-cell-autonomous action of JKD from the underlying cortex cell layer to specify epidermal cell fate |
| GO:0090057 root radial pattern formation | IMP PMID:26494755 Transcriptional control of tissue formation throughout root ... | NEW | Summary: JKD (with BLJ and SCR) is required for ground tissue establishment and SHR-dependent radial patterning. Reason: JKD itself performs a step of the process: as the DNA-binding subunit of the SHR-SCR-JKD complex it activates SCR/MGP and retains SHR, which defines the endodermis/cortex layers. Comparator check: SHR and SCR carry radial pattern formation annotations; JKD performs a molecular step in the same complex. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26494755 These results indicate that BLJ, JKD, and SCR are essential for SHR to carry out ground tissue patterning PMID:26494755 In both jkd scr and blj jkd scr, ground tissue marker expression was reduced, and a number of blj jkd scr roots lacked the entire ground tissue PMID:17785527 JACKDAW and MAGPIE genes, which encode members of a plant-specific family of zinc finger proteins, act in a SHR-dependent feed-forward loop to regulate the range of action of SHORT-ROOT and SCARECROW |
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Download this section (compressed HTML)Q: How do JKD and MGP, which bind the SHR groove mutually exclusively, partition SHR-SCR complexes between endodermis and cortex, and does this explain the cell-type-specific complex conformations seen by FRET-FLIM?
Q: What is the non-cell-autonomous signal by which cortical JKD patterns hair and non-hair epidermal cells?
Experiment: Express JKD carrying ZF4 mutations that abolish SHR-SCR binding but preserve DNA binding in jkd blj backgrounds to separate the SHR-retention and transcriptional functions in vivo.
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