PAD4 is an Arabidopsis EDS1-family, lipase-like immune signaling regulator. It forms EDS1-PAD4 complexes in nucleus and cytoplasm, amplifies salicylic-acid-associated defense programs, and contributes to systemic acquired resistance, antibacterial defense, TIR-NLR signaling, and selected aphid, hypoxia, and leaf-abscission outputs. Despite AB-hydrolase/lipase-like domains, direct lipase activity is not established; current mechanistic evidence favors a pseudoenzymatic adaptor/scaffold role in immune signaling.
| GO Term | Evidence | Action | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001666 response to hypoxia | IMP PMID:18055613 Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in Arabidopsis is controlled... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 is genetically required for hypoxia-induced lysigenous aerenchyma and associated ROS signaling in the cited study. Reason: This is a real PAD4-dependent stress/developmental output, but it is downstream of the EDS1/PAD4 immune-redox signaling module rather than PAD4's core conserved role. |
| GO:0002213 defense response to insect | IMP PMID:17725549 Phloem-based resistance to green peach aphid is controlled b... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 contributes to Arabidopsis defense against the green peach aphid and limits phloem feeding or aphid population growth. Reason: The aphid-defense branch is experimentally supported and biologically important, but it is a specialized immune output rather than the central EDS1-PAD4 defense-signaling function. |
| GO:0009625 response to insect | IMP PMID:16299172 Premature leaf senescence modulated by the Arabidopsis PHYTO... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 contributes to Arabidopsis defense against the green peach aphid and limits phloem feeding or aphid population growth. Reason: The aphid-defense branch is experimentally supported and biologically important, but it is a specialized immune output rather than the central EDS1-PAD4 defense-signaling function. |
| GO:0009627 systemic acquired resistance | IEP PMID:17419843 Pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition rather tha... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 is a major positive regulator of salicylic-acid-associated systemic acquired resistance and defense amplification. Reason: PAD4 was cloned and characterized as required for SA accumulation/signaling and systemic resistance outputs, and later work places it in the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling branch. |
| GO:0009862 systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway | TAS PMID:10557364 Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 encodes a lipase-like gene that is... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 is a major positive regulator of salicylic-acid-associated systemic acquired resistance and defense amplification. Reason: PAD4 was cloned and characterized as required for SA accumulation/signaling and systemic resistance outputs, and later work places it in the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling branch. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10557364 PAD4 participates in a positive regulatory loop that increases SA levels, thereby activating SA-dependent defense responses |
| GO:0009862 systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway | IMP PMID:11574472 Direct interaction between the Arabidopsis disease resistanc... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 is a major positive regulator of salicylic-acid-associated systemic acquired resistance and defense amplification. Reason: PAD4 was cloned and characterized as required for SA accumulation/signaling and systemic resistance outputs, and later work places it in the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling branch. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11574472 EDS1 and PAD4 are both required for accumulation of the plant defence-potentiating molecule, salicylic acid |
| GO:0010150 leaf senescence | IMP PMID:16299172 Premature leaf senescence modulated by the Arabidopsis PHYTO... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 modulates premature leaf senescence induced by aphid feeding. Reason: This senescence annotation is supported in the aphid-defense context, but senescence is a downstream defense strategy rather than the core molecular role of PAD4. |
| GO:0010310 regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process | IMP PMID:18055613 Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in Arabidopsis is controlled... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 is genetically required for hypoxia-induced lysigenous aerenchyma and associated ROS signaling in the cited study. Reason: This is a real PAD4-dependent stress/developmental output, but it is downstream of the EDS1/PAD4 immune-redox signaling module rather than PAD4's core conserved role. |
| GO:0010618 aerenchyma formation | IMP PMID:18055613 Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in Arabidopsis is controlled... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 is genetically required for hypoxia-induced lysigenous aerenchyma and associated ROS signaling in the cited study. Reason: This is a real PAD4-dependent stress/developmental output, but it is downstream of the EDS1/PAD4 immune-redox signaling module rather than PAD4's core conserved role. |
| GO:0031348 negative regulation of defense response | IMP PMID:16732289 Conserved requirement for a plant host cell protein in powde... | REMOVE | Summary: The cached text for the cited powdery-mildew MLO paper does not provide PAD4-specific support for negative regulation of defense response. Reason: PAD4 is predominantly a positive immune regulator; this citation does not substantiate PAD4 as a negative regulator of defense response. |
| GO:0042742 defense response to bacterium | IMP PMID:9136026 Phytoalexin-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis reveal that PAD... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 positively regulates antibacterial defense, especially against Pseudomonas-associated disease contexts. Reason: Defense response to bacterium is a central biological process output of the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling module. |
| GO:0050829 defense response to Gram-negative bacterium | IMP PMID:29253890 Leaf shedding as an anti-bacterial defense in Arabidopsis ca... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 positively regulates antibacterial defense, especially against Pseudomonas-associated disease contexts. Reason: Defense response to bacterium is a central biological process output of the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling module. Supporting Evidence: PMID:29253890 pad4, eds1, and pad4 sag101 (SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE 101) mutants also had quantitatively impaired abscission |
| GO:0051707 response to other organism | IEP PMID:16531493 Salicylic acid-independent ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 ... | MODIFY | Summary: The cited expression-genomics study supports PAD4-dependent defense signaling after pathogen challenge, not a generic response to other organism. Reason: Replace the broad response-to-organism term with antibacterial defense regulation, which better captures PAD4 function. Proposed replacements: positive regulation of defense response to bacterium |
| GO:0060866 leaf abscission | IMP PMID:29253890 Leaf shedding as an anti-bacterial defense in Arabidopsis ca... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 is required for normal pathogen-triggered cauline leaf abscission in a bacterial defense context. Reason: The leaf-abscission phenotype is a tissue-level immune output mediated through salicylic-acid defense signaling, not a direct molecular function of PAD4. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:11574472 Direct interaction between the Arabidopsis disease resistanc... | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: PAD4 physically interacts with EDS1 in immune signaling contexts, but generic protein binding does not describe the functional role. Reason: The informative curation is EDS1 disease-resistance complex membership and signaling adaptor activity; protein binding alone is too generic for a core annotation. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:16040633 Arabidopsis SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE101 stabilizes and sig... | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: PAD4 physically interacts with EDS1 in immune signaling contexts, but generic protein binding does not describe the functional role. Reason: The informative curation is EDS1 disease-resistance complex membership and signaling adaptor activity; protein binding alone is too generic for a core annotation. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:21434927 Different roles of Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 (EDS1) b... | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: PAD4 physically interacts with EDS1 in immune signaling contexts, but generic protein binding does not describe the functional role. Reason: The informative curation is EDS1 disease-resistance complex membership and signaling adaptor activity; protein binding alone is too generic for a core annotation. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:23275581 Natural variation in small molecule-induced TIR-NB-LRR signa... | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: PAD4 physically interacts with VICTR/TIR-NLR immune components in immune signaling contexts, but generic protein binding does not describe the functional role. Reason: The informative curation is EDS1 disease-resistance complex membership and signaling adaptor activity; protein binding alone is too generic for a core annotation. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:28555890 The dual role of LESION SIMULATING DISEASE 1 as a condition-... | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: This source is a broad LSD1 interaction/scaffold study with a GOA/IntAct PAD4-EDS1 IPI row, but generic protein binding does not describe PAD4's functional role. Reason: The informative curation is EDS1 disease-resistance complex membership and signaling adaptor activity; protein binding alone is too generic for a core annotation. |
| GO:0016298 lipase activity | ISS PMID:10557364 Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 encodes a lipase-like gene that is... | REMOVE | Summary: PAD4 was initially annotated as lipase-like from sequence similarity, but no direct PAD4 lipase activity has been demonstrated. Reason: The cited paper describes predicted similarity to triacylglycerol lipases and explicitly leaves substrate/activity uncertain; later evidence favors pseudoenzymatic immune signaling. |
| GO:0006629 lipid metabolic process | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | REMOVE | Summary: The InterPro lipid metabolic process transfer follows from a lipase-like domain but is not supported by PAD4 biology. Reason: PAD4 is an EDS1-family immune signaling protein; no direct lipid metabolic process or lipid substrate is established. |
| GO:0009617 response to bacterium | IDA PMID:10557364 Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 encodes a lipase-like gene that is... | MODIFY | Summary: The cited PAD4 cloning paper supports antibacterial defense regulation, but response to bacterium is broader than the curated PAD4 role. Reason: Use a defense-response term that captures PAD4 as a positive immune regulator rather than a generic response term. Proposed replacements: positive regulation of defense response to bacterium |
| GO:0009625 response to insect | IDA PMID:21426427 TREHALOSE PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE11-dependent trehalose metabolis... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 contributes to Arabidopsis defense against the green peach aphid and limits phloem feeding or aphid population growth. Reason: The aphid-defense branch is experimentally supported and biologically important, but it is a specialized immune output rather than the central EDS1-PAD4 defense-signaling function. |
| GO:0009626 plant-type hypersensitive response | IMP PMID:16040633 Arabidopsis SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE101 stabilizes and sig... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 contributes to some TIR-NLR/EDS1-dependent hypersensitive-response and cell-death outputs. Reason: Hypersensitive response is a pathway output of immune signaling; PAD4 is not the dedicated cell-death effector and contemporary models separate the EDS1-PAD4 branch from the EDS1-SAG101-NRG1 cell-death branch. |
| GO:0009626 plant-type hypersensitive response | IMP PMID:19616764 Regulation of cell death and innate immunity by two receptor... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 contributes to some TIR-NLR/EDS1-dependent hypersensitive-response and cell-death outputs. Reason: Hypersensitive response is a pathway output of immune signaling; PAD4 is not the dedicated cell-death effector and contemporary models separate the EDS1-PAD4 branch from the EDS1-SAG101-NRG1 cell-death branch. |
| GO:0009626 plant-type hypersensitive response | NAS PMID:22072959 SAG101 forms a ternary complex with EDS1 and PAD4 and is req... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 contributes to some TIR-NLR/EDS1-dependent hypersensitive-response and cell-death outputs. Reason: Hypersensitive response is a pathway output of immune signaling; PAD4 is not the dedicated cell-death effector and contemporary models separate the EDS1-PAD4 branch from the EDS1-SAG101-NRG1 cell-death branch. |
| GO:0009751 response to salicylic acid | IDA PMID:10557364 Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 encodes a lipase-like gene that is... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 acts upstream of salicylic-acid accumulation and salicylic-acid-mediated defense signaling. Reason: SA amplification and SA-mediated defense regulation are central outputs of PAD4 immune signaling. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10557364 Treatment with SA induced expression of PAD4 mRNA |
| GO:0009862 systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway | IMP PMID:10796016 Arabidopsis thaliana EDS4 contributes to salicylic acid (SA)... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 is a major positive regulator of salicylic-acid-associated systemic acquired resistance and defense amplification. Reason: PAD4 was cloned and characterized as required for SA accumulation/signaling and systemic resistance outputs, and later work places it in the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling branch. |
| GO:0009862 systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway | NAS PMID:22072959 SAG101 forms a ternary complex with EDS1 and PAD4 and is req... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 is a major positive regulator of salicylic-acid-associated systemic acquired resistance and defense amplification. Reason: PAD4 was cloned and characterized as required for SA accumulation/signaling and systemic resistance outputs, and later work places it in the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling branch. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22072959 Besides EDS1 and SA, HRT-mediated resistance also requires PAD4 and EDS5 |
| GO:0010105 negative regulation of ethylene-activated signaling pathway | IGI PMID:16813576 Arabidopsis MAP kinase 4 regulates salicylic acid- and jasmo... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 participates in defense hormone cross-talk involving SA, jasmonic acid, and ethylene pathways. Reason: Hormone cross-regulation is a downstream regulatory output of PAD4/EDS1 signaling rather than PAD4's core molecular role. |
| GO:0010225 response to UV-C | IMP PMID:11826312 EDS5, an essential component of salicylic acid-dependent sig... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 is required for EDS5 induction after UV-C exposure in the cited defense-signaling study. Reason: This abiotic stress annotation reflects shared defense/SA signaling circuitry and is not the central PAD4 immune-complex function. |
| GO:0042742 defense response to bacterium | IMP PMID:11826312 EDS5, an essential component of salicylic acid-dependent sig... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 positively regulates antibacterial defense, especially against Pseudomonas-associated disease contexts. Reason: Defense response to bacterium is a central biological process output of the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling module. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11826312 the transcript accumulation of EDS5 after exposure to UV-C light and certain pathogens depends on PAD4, EDS1, and NDR1 |
| GO:0071327 cellular response to trehalose stimulus | IDA PMID:21426427 TREHALOSE PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE11-dependent trehalose metabolis... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: Trehalose metabolism regulates PAD4 expression during aphid defense. Reason: This is a stimulus-response context feeding into the PAD4 aphid-defense branch, not the core EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling function. |
| GO:0080142 regulation of salicylic acid biosynthetic process | IMP PMID:9634589 PAD4 functions upstream from salicylic acid to control defen... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 acts upstream of salicylic-acid accumulation and salicylic-acid-mediated defense signaling. Reason: SA amplification and SA-mediated defense regulation are central outputs of PAD4 immune signaling. |
| GO:0080151 positive regulation of salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway | IGI PMID:16813576 Arabidopsis MAP kinase 4 regulates salicylic acid- and jasmo... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 acts upstream of salicylic-acid accumulation and salicylic-acid-mediated defense signaling. Reason: SA amplification and SA-mediated defense regulation are central outputs of PAD4 immune signaling. |
| GO:1900367 positive regulation of defense response to insect | IMP PMID:16299172 Premature leaf senescence modulated by the Arabidopsis PHYTO... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 contributes to Arabidopsis defense against the green peach aphid and limits phloem feeding or aphid population growth. Reason: The aphid-defense branch is experimentally supported and biologically important, but it is a specialized immune output rather than the central EDS1-PAD4 defense-signaling function. |
| GO:1900426 positive regulation of defense response to bacterium | IMP PMID:10557364 Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 encodes a lipase-like gene that is... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 positively regulates antibacterial defense, especially against Pseudomonas-associated disease contexts. Reason: Defense response to bacterium is a central biological process output of the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling module. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10557364 PAD4 participates in a positive regulatory loop that increases SA levels, thereby activating SA-dependent defense responses |
| GO:1900426 positive regulation of defense response to bacterium | IMP PMID:9634589 PAD4 functions upstream from salicylic acid to control defen... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 positively regulates antibacterial defense, especially against Pseudomonas-associated disease contexts. Reason: Defense response to bacterium is a central biological process output of the EDS1-PAD4 immune signaling module. |
| GO:1901183 positive regulation of camalexin biosynthetic process | IMP PMID:10557364 Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 encodes a lipase-like gene that is... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 positively regulates camalexin accumulation after pathogen infection. Reason: Camalexin biosynthesis is a supported defense output, but PAD4 is not itself a camalexin biosynthetic enzyme. |
| GO:2000022 regulation of jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway | IGI PMID:16813576 Arabidopsis MAP kinase 4 regulates salicylic acid- and jasmo... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PAD4 participates in defense hormone cross-talk involving SA, jasmonic acid, and ethylene pathways. Reason: Hormone cross-regulation is a downstream regulatory output of PAD4/EDS1 signaling rather than PAD4's core molecular role. |
| GO:2000031 regulation of salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway | IMP PMID:10796016 Arabidopsis thaliana EDS4 contributes to salicylic acid (SA)... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 acts upstream of salicylic-acid accumulation and salicylic-acid-mediated defense signaling. Reason: SA amplification and SA-mediated defense regulation are central outputs of PAD4 immune signaling. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IEA GO_REF:0000044 | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4-containing EDS1 complexes are supported in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Reason: Subcellular localization is experimentally supported for EDS1-PAD4 complexes and is consistent with nucleo-cytoplasmic immune signal relay. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | ISM GO_REF:0000122 | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4-containing EDS1 complexes are supported in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Reason: Subcellular localization is experimentally supported for EDS1-PAD4 complexes and is consistent with nucleo-cytoplasmic immune signal relay. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IDA PMID:16040633 Arabidopsis SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE101 stabilizes and sig... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4-containing EDS1 complexes are supported in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Reason: Subcellular localization is experimentally supported for EDS1-PAD4 complexes and is consistent with nucleo-cytoplasmic immune signal relay. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16040633 EDS1 and PAD4 localized to the cytosol and nucleus, whereas SAG101 was detected only in the nuclear compartment |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IDA PMID:22072959 SAG101 forms a ternary complex with EDS1 and PAD4 and is req... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4-containing EDS1 complexes are supported in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Reason: Subcellular localization is experimentally supported for EDS1-PAD4 complexes and is consistent with nucleo-cytoplasmic immune signal relay. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22072959 EDS1 and PAD4 are present in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas SAG101 preferentially localizes to the nucleus |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | NAS PMID:22072959 SAG101 forms a ternary complex with EDS1 and PAD4 and is req... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4-containing EDS1 complexes are supported in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Reason: Subcellular localization is experimentally supported for EDS1-PAD4 complexes and is consistent with nucleo-cytoplasmic immune signal relay. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22072959 EDS1 and PAD4 are present in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas SAG101 preferentially localizes to the nucleus |
| GO:0005737 cytoplasm | IEA GO_REF:0000044 | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4-containing EDS1 complexes are supported in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Reason: Subcellular localization is experimentally supported for EDS1-PAD4 complexes and is consistent with nucleo-cytoplasmic immune signal relay. |
| GO:0005737 cytoplasm | IDA PMID:16040633 Arabidopsis SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE101 stabilizes and sig... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4-containing EDS1 complexes are supported in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Reason: Subcellular localization is experimentally supported for EDS1-PAD4 complexes and is consistent with nucleo-cytoplasmic immune signal relay. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16040633 EDS1 and PAD4 localized to the cytosol and nucleus, whereas SAG101 was detected only in the nuclear compartment |
| GO:0005829 cytosol | IDA PMID:16040633 Arabidopsis SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE101 stabilizes and sig... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4-containing EDS1 complexes are supported in the cytosol/cytoplasmic fraction. Reason: Subcellular localization is experimentally supported for EDS1-PAD4 complexes and is consistent with nucleo-cytoplasmic immune signal relay. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16040633 EDS1 and PAD4 localized to the cytosol and nucleus, whereas SAG101 was detected only in the nuclear compartment |
| GO:0106093 EDS1 disease-resistance complex | IDA PMID:11574472 Direct interaction between the Arabidopsis disease resistanc... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 is a component of the EDS1 disease-resistance complex. Reason: EDS1-PAD4 complex membership is the best-supported cellular component annotation for PAD4 and reflects its core immune signaling role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11574472 Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that EDS1 and PAD4 proteins interact in healthy and pathogen-challenged plant cells |
| GO:0106093 EDS1 disease-resistance complex | NAS PMID:22072959 SAG101 forms a ternary complex with EDS1 and PAD4 and is req... | ACCEPT | Summary: PAD4 is a component of the EDS1 disease-resistance complex. Reason: EDS1-PAD4 complex membership is the best-supported cellular component annotation for PAD4 and reflects its core immune signaling role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22072959 SAG101 forms a ternary complex with EDS1 and PAD4 and is required for resistance signaling against turnip crinkle virus |
| GO:0035591 signaling adaptor activity | IC file:ARATH/PAD4/PAD4-deep-research-falcon.md | NEW | Summary: PAD4 functions as a ligand-responsive EDS1-family immune signaling adaptor/scaffold rather than as a demonstrated lipase. Reason: Existing GOA rows capture EDS1 complex membership and defense outputs but not PAD4's current mechanistic role in ligand-responsive immune signal relay to ADR1-family helper NLRs. Supporting Evidence: file:ARATH/PAD4/PAD4-deep-research-falcon.md PAD4 forms an EDS1-PAD4 heterodimer that serves as a ligand-enabled receptor/scaffold for ADR1 file:ARATH/PAD4/PAD4-deep-research-falcon.md EDS1–PAD4–ADR1 heterotrimer bound to **pRib-ADP** PMID:11574472 EDS1 and PAD4 proteins interact in healthy and pathogen-challenged plant cells PMID:16040633 dynamic interactions of EDS1 and its signaling partners in multiple cell compartments are important for plant defense signal relay PMID:22072959 Co-IP of EDS1-90-MYC and PAD4-MYC with EDS1-80-FLAG |
Loading supporting content…
Download this section (compressed HTML)Q: Should GO add a more specific molecular function term for ligand-responsive EDS1-family immune adaptor activity, distinct from generic protein-containing complex binding?
Q: Should older PAD4 lipase-activity annotations be retired or replaced systematically for EDS1-family proteins unless direct hydrolase activity is demonstrated?
Experiment: Reconstitute Arabidopsis EDS1-PAD4 with candidate TIR-derived nucleotide ligands and ADR1-family helper NLRs to quantify PAD4-dependent complex assembly and signaling output.
Experiment: Test purified PAD4 and EDS1-PAD4 complexes against lipid and ester substrates alongside catalytic-site mutants to determine whether any physiologically relevant hydrolase activity exists.
Loading supporting content…
Download this section (compressed HTML)Loading supporting content…
Download this section (compressed HTML)