WRINKLED1 (WRI1; ASML1) is an AP2/EREB-family transcription factor of Arabidopsis with two tandem AP2 DNA-binding domains and a nuclear localization signal. It is the master positive regulator of seed oil biosynthesis. In the nucleus it binds the AW-box cis-element in target promoters and transcriptionally activates suites of late glycolytic and fatty acid biosynthetic genes, thereby directing carbon flux toward fatty acid synthesis and downstream triacylglycerol accumulation. Loss of WRI1 reduces seed oil by roughly 80% (the wrinkled-seed phenotype), and its activity is integrated with sugar status through SnRK1/KIN10-dependent regulation and additional modulators (14-3-3 proteins, bZIP52) within the LEC1/LEC2/FUS3 seed-maturation network.
| GO Term | Evidence | Action | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0006355 regulation of DNA-templated transcription | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: Correct core biological process. WRI1 is a transcription factor that regulates transcription of its target genes; supported experimentally below. |
| GO:0003677 DNA binding | IEA GO_REF:0000120 | ACCEPT | Summary: Correct core molecular function, also experimentally supported (IDA below). WRI1 binds the AW-box promoter element via its AP2 domains. |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: Correct core molecular function. WRI1 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcriptional activator; supported by ISS from family analysis below. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IEA GO_REF:0000044 | ACCEPT | Summary: Correct core localization. WRI1 has a nuclear localization signal and acts as a nuclear transcription factor. |
| GO:0006355 regulation of DNA-templated transcription | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: Correct core biological process, consistent with the IBA annotation and WRI1's transcriptional-activator role. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | ISM GO_REF:0000122 | ACCEPT | Summary: Computational (AtSubP) prediction that is, in this case, correct and corroborated by curator inference (IC) and the protein's nuclear localization signal. Accepted as the core localization. |
| GO:0019900 kinase binding | IPI PMID:28314829 Phosphorylation of WRINKLED1 by KIN10 Results in Its Proteas... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: Reflects the regulatory interaction with the SnRK1/KIN10 kinase, which controls WRI1 protein stability in response to sugar status. A genuine regulatory interaction but not the core transcription-factor function; retained as non-core. [PMID:28314829] Supporting Evidence: PMID:28314829 KIN10 negatively regulates WRI1 protein levels by phosphorylating it at two previously unidentified KIN10 target sites, each associated with one of the two AP2 DNA binding domains of WRI1. |
| GO:0019432 triglyceride biosynthetic process | IMP PMID:23922666 Wrinkled1, a ubiquitous regulator in oil accumulating tissue... | ACCEPT | Summary: Core biological process (as an upstream regulator). WRI1 drives the transcriptional program for oil (TAG) accumulation; it is a ubiquitous regulator of oil-accumulating tissues. [PMID:23922666] Supporting Evidence: PMID:23922666 WRINKLED1, a ubiquitous regulator in oil-accumulating tissues from Arabidopsis embryos to oil palm mesocarp |
| GO:1901959 positive regulation of cutin biosynthetic process | IGI PMID:23243127 WRINKLED transcription factors orchestrate tissue-specific r... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: A tissue-specific secondary regulatory role of the WRI1 clade in fatty acid/cutin biosynthesis, distinct from the central seed-oil program. Retained as non-core. [PMID:23243127] Supporting Evidence: PMID:23243127 WRINKLED transcription factors orchestrate tissue-specific regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis |
| GO:0003677 DNA binding | IDA PMID:19719479 Role of WRINKLED1 in the transcriptional regulation of glyco... | ACCEPT | Summary: Core molecular function with direct experimental support. WRI1 directly binds promoters of glycolytic and fatty acid biosynthetic genes (AW-box). [PMID:19719479] Supporting Evidence: PMID:19719479 Role of WRINKLED1 in the transcriptional regulation of glycolytic and fatty acid biosynthetic genes |
| GO:0006629 lipid metabolic process | IMP PMID:19755540 Analysis of metabolic flux phenotypes for two Arabidopsis mu... | ACCEPT | Summary: Correct but general. WRI1 mutants show severe impairment of seed storage lipid synthesis; the specific role is regulation of lipid/fatty acid biosynthesis captured by more specific terms. [PMID:19755540] Supporting Evidence: PMID:19755540 Analysis of metabolic flux phenotypes for two Arabidopsis mutants with severe impairment in seed storage lipid synthesis. |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | ISS PMID:15500472 WRINKLED1 encodes an AP2/EREB domain protein involved in the... | ACCEPT | Summary: Core molecular function. WRI1 was identified as an AP2/EREB-domain transcription factor controlling storage-compound biosynthesis. [PMID:15500472] Supporting Evidence: PMID:15500472 WRINKLED1 encodes an AP2/EREB domain protein involved in the control of storage compound biosynthesis |
| GO:0006109 regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process | IMP PMID:9733529 wrinkled1: A novel, low-seed-oil mutant of Arabidopsis with ... | ACCEPT | Summary: Core regulatory role. The original wri1 mutant showed disrupted carbohydrate metabolism in developing seeds, reflecting WRI1's control of the glycolytic program that supplies precursors for oil synthesis. [PMID:9733529] Supporting Evidence: PMID:9733529 A novel mutant locus, wrinkled1 (wri1), which maps to the bottom of chromosome 3 and causes an 80% reduction in seed oil content, was identified. |
| GO:0006110 regulation of glycolytic process | IMP PMID:16553903 A spatiotemporal analysis of enzymatic activities associated... | ACCEPT | Summary: Core biological process. WRI1 activates late-glycolytic genes to channel carbon toward acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis; the wri1 embryo shows altered carbon-metabolism enzyme activities. [PMID:16553903] Supporting Evidence: PMID:16553903 A spatiotemporal analysis of enzymatic activities associated with carbon metabolism in wild-type and mutant embryos of Arabidopsis using in situ histochemistry. |
| GO:0008610 lipid biosynthetic process | IMP PMID:9733529 wrinkled1: A novel, low-seed-oil mutant of Arabidopsis with ... | ACCEPT | Summary: Core biological process. WRI1 is required for seed lipid (oil) biosynthesis; the wri1 mutant has strongly reduced seed oil. [PMID:9733529] Supporting Evidence: PMID:9733529 A novel mutant locus, wrinkled1 (wri1), which maps to the bottom of chromosome 3 and causes an 80% reduction in seed oil content, was identified. |
| GO:0009744 response to sucrose | IEP PMID:15753106 ACTIVATOR of Spomin::LUC1/WRINKLED1 of Arabidopsis thaliana ... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: WRI1 transactivates sugar-inducible promoters and its activity is linked to sugar status, but this expression-based association is non-core relative to its transcription-factor function. Retained as non-core. [PMID:15753106] Supporting Evidence: PMID:15753106 ACTIVATOR of Spomin::LUC1/WRINKLED1 of Arabidopsis thaliana transactivates sugar-inducible promoters. |
| GO:0019432 triglyceride biosynthetic process | IMP PMID:15500472 WRINKLED1 encodes an AP2/EREB domain protein involved in the... | ACCEPT | Summary: Core biological process (as upstream regulator). WRI1 controls storage-oil (TAG) biosynthesis; the wri1 mutant has the low-oil wrinkled-seed phenotype. [PMID:15500472] Supporting Evidence: PMID:15500472 WRINKLED1 encodes an AP2/EREB domain protein involved in the control of storage compound biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | ISS PMID:11118137 Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative a... | ACCEPT | Summary: Core molecular function (sequence/family support). WRI1 is classified as a DNA-binding transcription factor in genome-wide TF analyses. [PMID:11118137] Supporting Evidence: PMID:11118137 Arabidopsis dedicates over 5% of its genome to code for more than 1500 transcription factors, about 45% of which are from families specific to plants. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IC PMID:10948255 AINTEGUMENTA promotes petal identity and acts as a negative ... | ACCEPT | Summary: Core localization, inferred by the curator (IC). WRI1 is a nuclear AP2 transcription factor with a nuclear localization signal; the cited paper concerns the related AP2 factor AINTEGUMENTA and is used as family-analogy support for nuclear localization. Accepted, as nuclear localization is well established for WRI1's function. [PMID:10948255] Supporting Evidence: file:ARATH/WRI1/WRI1-deep-research-falcon.md WRI1 is a nuclear transcription factor with a nuclear localization signal |
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