id: P05058
gene_symbol: knt
product_type: PROTEIN
status: DRAFT
taxon:
  id: NCBITaxon:1409
  label: Bacillus sp
description: knt encodes an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase in Bacillus sp. UniProt/CARD identify this entry as an aminoglycoside-modifying resistance enzyme that inactivates aminoglycoside antibiotics by adenylylation/nucleotidyl transfer. UniProt names the protein 'Aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (4')' (accession P05058).
existing_annotations:
- term:
    id: GO:0016779
    label: nucleotidyltransferase activity
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: The existing MF term is directionally correct but less informative than the family-specific AMR activity aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: Replace the broad or over-specific electronic term 'nucleotidyltransferase activity' with aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity based on UniProt/CARD determinant identity and the curated ARO->GO mapping.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0034068
      label: aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:genes/BACSP/knt/knt-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: 'CC   -!- FUNCTION: Inactivates aminoglycoside antibiotics such as kanamycin by

        CC       catalyzing the transfer of a nucleotidyl group from nucleoside

        CC       triphosphates such as (d)ATP to the 4''-hydroxyl group of the'
- term:
    id: GO:0046677
    label: response to antibiotic
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: The gene product is an antimicrobial-resistance determinant, so the antibiotic-response annotation is retained.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The CARD/ARO determinant identity supports an antibiotic-resistance biological role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:genes/BACSP/knt/knt-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: 'CC   -!- FUNCTION: Inactivates aminoglycoside antibiotics such as kanamycin by

        CC       catalyzing the transfer of a nucleotidyl group from nucleoside

        CC       triphosphates such as (d)ATP to the 4''-hydroxyl group of the'
- term:
    id: GO:0034068
    label: aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity
  evidence_type: RCA
  original_reference_id: file:projects/ANTIMICROBIAL_RESISTANCE/aro2go.sssom.yaml
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: 'NEW candidate annotation from the curated ARO->GO mapping: aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity.'
    action: NEW
    reason: The UniProt record cross-references a CARD/ARO AMR determinant, and the curated ARO->GO mapping projects the family-specific molecular function aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity. This focused draft accepts the candidate as a curator lead for this AMR determinant.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - file:projects/ANTIMICROBIAL_RESISTANCE/data/candidate_new_annotations.tsv
    - file:genes/BACSP/knt/knt-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:projects/ANTIMICROBIAL_RESISTANCE/data/candidate_new_annotations.tsv
      supporting_text: "P05058\tARO:3002623\tARO:3000218\tnarrower\tRO:0002327\tGO:0034068\taminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity"
    - reference_id: file:genes/BACSP/knt/knt-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: 'CC   -!- FUNCTION: Inactivates aminoglycoside antibiotics such as kanamycin by

        CC       catalyzing the transfer of a nucleotidyl group from nucleoside

        CC       triphosphates such as (d)ATP to the 4''-hydroxyl group of the'
references:
- id: GO_REF:0000002
  title: Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
  findings: []
- id: file:genes/BACSP/knt/knt-uniprot.txt
  title: UniProt flat file for knt (P05058)
  findings:
  - statement: UniProt/CARD identity and protein naming for knt.
    supporting_text: 'CC   -!- FUNCTION: Inactivates aminoglycoside antibiotics such as kanamycin by

      CC       catalyzing the transfer of a nucleotidyl group from nucleoside

      CC       triphosphates such as (d)ATP to the 4''-hydroxyl group of the'
- id: file:projects/ANTIMICROBIAL_RESISTANCE/aro2go.sssom.yaml
  title: Curated ARO to GO mapping set for AMR gene families
  findings:
  - statement: Manual ARO-to-GO mappings used to identify focused AMR annotation gains.
    supporting_text: 'mapping_set_title: ARO to GO mapping (AMR gene families and resistance mechanisms)'
- id: file:projects/ANTIMICROBIAL_RESISTANCE/data/candidate_new_annotations.tsv
  title: Annotation-gain candidates from ARO to GO mappings
  findings:
  - statement: Candidate GO annotations projected from the ARO-to-GO mapping set.
    supporting_text: Candidate GO annotations that UniProtKB entries with a CARD cross-reference would gain from the
core_functions:
- description: knt covalently modifies aminoglycoside antibiotics by nucleotidyl transfer, reducing drug activity and contributing to antibiotic resistance.
  molecular_function:
    id: GO:0034068
    label: aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity
  directly_involved_in:
  - id: GO:0046677
    label: response to antibiotic
  supported_by:
  - reference_id: file:genes/BACSP/knt/knt-uniprot.txt
    supporting_text: 'CC   -!- FUNCTION: Inactivates aminoglycoside antibiotics such as kanamycin by

      CC       catalyzing the transfer of a nucleotidyl group from nucleoside

      CC       triphosphates such as (d)ATP to the 4''-hydroxyl group of the'
suggested_questions:
- question: Is the ARO-derived aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity annotation sufficiently specific for knt, or is a narrower substrate/site-specific GO term warranted?
  experts: []
suggested_experiments:
- description: Biochemically assay purified knt against representative antibiotic substrates for the inferred AMR family and measure loss of drug activity or target modification.
  experiment_type: in vitro enzyme assay