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Question

Gene Research for Functional Annotation

⚠️ CRITICAL: Gene/Protein Identification Context

BEFORE YOU BEGIN RESEARCH: You MUST verify you are researching the CORRECT gene/protein. Gene symbols can be ambiguous, especially for less well-characterized genes from non-model organisms.

Target Gene/Protein Identity (from UniProt):

• UniProt Accession: P40869
• Protein Description: RecName: Full=Stage V sporulation protein AD;
• Gene Information: Name=spoVAD; OrderedLocusNames=BSU23410;
• Organism (full): Bacillus subtilis (strain 168).
• Protein Family: Not specified in UniProt
• Key Domains: SpoVAD. (IPR010894); SpoVAD_sf. (IPR038369); Thiolase-like. (IPR016039); SpoVAD (PF07451)

MANDATORY VERIFICATION STEPS:

1. Check if the gene symbol "spoVAD" matches the protein description above
2. Verify the organism is correct: Bacillus subtilis (strain 168).
3. Check if protein family/domains align with what you find in literature
4. If you find literature for a DIFFERENT gene with the same or similar symbol, STOP

If Gene Symbol is Ambiguous or You Cannot Find Relevant Literature:

DO NOT PROCEED WITH RESEARCH ON A DIFFERENT GENE. Instead:
- State clearly: "The gene symbol 'spoVAD' is ambiguous or literature is limited for this specific protein"
- Explain what you found (e.g., "Found extensive literature on a different gene with the same symbol in a different organism")
- Describe the protein based ONLY on the UniProt information provided above
- Suggest that the protein function can be inferred from domain/family information

Research Target:

Please provide a comprehensive research report on the gene spoVAD (gene ID: spoVAD, UniProt: P40869) in BACSU.

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Output

Question: You are an expert researcher providing comprehensive, well-cited information.

Provide detailed information focusing on:
1. Key concepts and definitions with current understanding
2. Recent developments and latest research (prioritize 2023-2024 sources)
3. Current applications and real-world implementations
4. Expert opinions and analysis from authoritative sources
5. Relevant statistics and data from recent studies

Format as a comprehensive research report with proper citations. Include URLs and publication dates where available.
Always prioritize recent, authoritative sources and provide specific citations for all major claims.

Gene Research for Functional Annotation

⚠️ CRITICAL: Gene/Protein Identification Context

BEFORE YOU BEGIN RESEARCH: You MUST verify you are researching the CORRECT gene/protein. Gene symbols can be ambiguous, especially for less well-characterized genes from non-model organisms.

Target Gene/Protein Identity (from UniProt):

• UniProt Accession: P40869
• Protein Description: RecName: Full=Stage V sporulation protein AD;
• Gene Information: Name=spoVAD; OrderedLocusNames=BSU23410;
• Organism (full): Bacillus subtilis (strain 168).
• Protein Family: Not specified in UniProt
• Key Domains: SpoVAD. (IPR010894); SpoVAD_sf. (IPR038369); Thiolase-like. (IPR016039); SpoVAD (PF07451)

MANDATORY VERIFICATION STEPS:

1. Check if the gene symbol "spoVAD" matches the protein description above
2. Verify the organism is correct: Bacillus subtilis (strain 168).
3. Check if protein family/domains align with what you find in literature
4. If you find literature for a DIFFERENT gene with the same or similar symbol, STOP

If Gene Symbol is Ambiguous or You Cannot Find Relevant Literature:

DO NOT PROCEED WITH RESEARCH ON A DIFFERENT GENE. Instead:
- State clearly: "The gene symbol 'spoVAD' is ambiguous or literature is limited for this specific protein"
- Explain what you found (e.g., "Found extensive literature on a different gene with the same symbol in a different organism")
- Describe the protein based ONLY on the UniProt information provided above
- Suggest that the protein function can be inferred from domain/family information

Research Target:

Please provide a comprehensive research report on the gene spoVAD (gene ID: spoVAD, UniProt: P40869) in BACSU.

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Plan and verification
- Identity and symbol: The target is Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) Stage V sporulation protein AD, encoded by spoVAD, UniProt P40869. Literature consistently places SpoVAD as a component of the SpoVA operon/protein machinery in B. subtilis spores; no conflicting gene symbol usage was found in other organisms for this context (spoVAD refers to the SpoVA family protein AD in spore formation/germination). Domain assignments align with reports that SpoVAD is a member of the SpoVAD family and part of the SpoVA complex; recent reviews describe a thiolase-like fold and a plug-like role for SpoVAD in the Ca-DPA channel (see “Function and mechanism”) (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8).

1) Key concepts and definitions
- SpoVA operon and machinery: The spoVA operon encodes multiple proteins (commonly annotated SpoVAA–SpoVAF) that assemble in the spore inner membrane (IM) to mediate transport of Ca2+-dipicolinic acid (Ca-DPA), a hallmark molecule of spore cores. SpoVA proteins are responsible for uptake of Ca-DPA during sporulation and for Ca-DPA release during germination (i.e., exit from dormancy) (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 1-3).
- SpoVAD: SpoVAD is a required subunit of the SpoVA transport machinery. Together with SpoVAC and SpoVAEb, SpoVAD forms the minimal Ca-DPA transport complex needed for efficient DPA flux. SpoVAD is proposed to function as a cytoplasm-facing “plug-like” regulator of the membrane channel formed by SpoVAC and SpoVAEb (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2, eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2).
- Germinant receptors (GerA family) as ion channels: In 2023, germinant receptors were demonstrated to be nutrient-gated ion channels whose opening initiates ion efflux that triggers downstream Ca-DPA release via SpoVA (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12).
- Auxiliary ion channel SpoVAF/FigP: In 2024, a distinct oligomeric ion channel composed of SpoVAF and FigP (YqhR) was discovered that amplifies germinant-receptor-initiated ion release, promoting rapid germination (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16, eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2).

2) Molecular function, structure, localization, pathway role
- Molecular function and substrate: SpoVAD participates in Ca-DPA transport as part of the SpoVA complex. The minimal functional module is SpoVAC (membrane), SpoVAEb (membrane), and SpoVAD (cytoplasmic regulator/plug), enabling Ca-DPA uptake during sporulation and its rapid export during germination (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2, eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2, zhang2025recentprogressin pages 1-3).
- Structural/biophysical inference: Recent syntheses describe SpoVAD as possessing a thiolase-like fold and acting as a “plug” controlling the SpoVA channel composed by SpoVAC and SpoVAEb; this conceptual model explains regulated Ca-DPA accumulation and release across the IM (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8).
- Localization: SpoVA proteins, including SpoVAD, are localized to the spore inner membrane. Prior work localized SpoVAD to the spore IM in B. subtilis; biochemical fractionation indicated SpoVAD can be detected in membrane and soluble fractions, consistent with peripheral/weak membrane association of the cytoplasmic “plug” (reviewed and cited in recent literature). Ortholog evidence from B. cereus spore IM proteomics also detected SpoVAD in IM-enriched fractions, supporting conserved IM association of SpoVAD-family proteins (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16, gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5).
- Pathway integration during germination: Nutrient-gated GerA ion channels open upon germinant binding, releasing cations that stimulate SpoVA-mediated Ca-DPA export. The SpoVAF/FigP channel functions as an amplifier, further increasing ion efflux to expedite germination. Downstream Ca-DPA release via SpoVA (requiring SpoVAD) is the central biochemical event that dehydrates/rehydrates the spore core and transitions the spore to outgrowth (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16, eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2, zhang2025recentprogressin pages 1-3).

3) Genetic and phenotypic evidence
- Minimal SpoVA complex requirement: Genetic analyses summarized in recent reviews and primary literature indicate SpoVAC, SpoVAEb, and SpoVAD are required for Ca-DPA transport. Disruptions in any of these subunits impair Ca-DPA export during germination and/or import during sporulation, yielding severe germination defects (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2, eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2, zhang2025recentprogressin pages 1-3).
- spoVAD mutants: Loss of spoVAD (or the minimal module partners) prevents normal Ca-DPA export and thereby blocks or severely delays germination, phenocopying a SpoVA-null phenotype. Across Bacillota, heterologous spoVA loci can complement a B. subtilis ΔspoVA background to restore DPA release, underscoring conserved function of the SpoVA machinery that includes SpoVAD (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2). Additional SpoVA genes (e.g., spoVAA, spoVAB) influence timing and control of germination; their deletions can cause premature germination, further indicating subunit-specific regulatory roles within the operon (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8).
- Abundance/localization profiling: Proteomic studies of spore membranes report SpoVA subunits, including a SpoVAD ortholog, enriched in IM fractions of dormant spores, consistent with their transport role. In B. subtilis, SpoVAD has been detected in both soluble and membrane fractions in biochemical assays, aligning with a model of peripheral/plug-like association with the membrane channel (gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5, zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8).

4) Recent developments and latest research (2023–2024 emphasis)
- GerA receptors are nutrient-gated ion channels: Gao et al. 2023 (Science) provided direct functional evidence that germinant receptors form ion channels whose opening initiates ion efflux and triggers Ca-DPA release via SpoVA. This reframes the initiation of germination as an ion-channel-driven process that interfaces with SpoVA (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12). URL: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg9829
- SpoVAF/FigP channel discovery: Gao et al. 2024 (Genes & Dev.) identified an auxiliary SpoVAF/FigP oligomeric ion channel that amplifies the GerA-driven ion release. This work explicitly situates SpoVA (SpoVAC, SpoVAEb, SpoVAD) as the downstream Ca-DPA transporter, integrating two ion channel systems with the SpoVA transport step (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2). URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351353.123
- Expert perspective: Eichenberger 2024 (Genes & Dev. Outlook) synthesizes a “two ion channels plus SpoVA” model: initial ion efflux via GerA, amplification via SpoVAF/FigP, followed by Ca-DPA export via the SpoVA complex (requiring SpoVAD), explaining the speed and robustness of germination (eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2). URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351554.124
- Comprehensive review: Zhang et al. 2025 (J. Bacteriology) consolidates subunit roles across SpoVA, highlighting SpoVAD’s plug-like function in a minimal SpoVA channel (VAC/VAEb/VAD), subunit-specific mutant phenotypes, and dynamic IM organization relevant for signal transmission (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8). URL: https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00285-24

5) Current applications and real-world implementations
- Food safety and sterilization: Mechanistic insights into GerA ion channels, SpoVAF/FigP amplification, and SpoVA-mediated Ca-DPA export inform strategies to control spore-formers in food and healthcare. Recognizing that early ion release and Ca-DPA efflux are limiting steps suggests interventions that either hyper-activate germination (germinate-to-eradicate) or block these channels/transporters to prevent germination under processing conditions (eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2). The membrane proteome of food-borne Bacillus cereus identifies SpoVA proteins including SpoVAD orthologs in spore IM, supporting translational relevance to food pathogens (gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5). URLs: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351554.124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212475
- Antispores and decontamination: The 2023–2024 discoveries provide channel targets (GerA, SpoVAF/FigP) and the SpoVA transport step (SpoVAD-containing module) for rational design of small molecules, peptides, or process parameters that modulate ion flux and Ca-DPA release to sensitize spores to biocides or heat (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16, eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2). URLs: above.

6) Expert opinions and analysis
- Dual-ion-channel model: The Outlook by Eichenberger emphasizes that two ion channels cooperate to generate the ion flux needed to trigger SpoVA-dependent Ca-DPA release. The analysis explicitly highlights SpoVAC/SpoVAEb/SpoVAD as the DPA export machinery, clarifying the sequence and interdependence of events in early germination (eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2). URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351554.124
- Conserved SpoVA function across Bacillota: Cross-species complementation and proteomic detection underscore conservation of SpoVA-mediated Ca-DPA transport, and thus the centrality of SpoVAD in germination control across spore-forming bacteria (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12, gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5). URLS: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg9829; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212475

7) Relevant statistics and data points
- Functional sufficiency: Heterologous spoVA loci from Bacillus cereus and Clostridioides difficile restored DPA release in B. subtilis ΔspoVA backgrounds, demonstrating that the SpoVA machinery (including SpoVAD) is sufficient to mediate Ca-DPA export when paired with nutrient-gated ion-channel activation (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12). URL: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg9829
- Minimal complex requirement: Genetic and physiological assays summarized in 2024–2025 publications identify SpoVAC, SpoVAEb, and SpoVAD as required for Ca-DPA transport; loss-of-function in any component disrupts DPA export during germination (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2, eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2, zhang2025recentprogressin pages 1-3). URLs: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351353.123; https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351554.124
- Localization datasets: Spore IM proteomes detect SpoVAD orthologs in IM-enriched fractions of B. cereus spores, and B. subtilis biochemical fractionation has detected SpoVAD across membrane/soluble fractions, consistent with a peripheral/plug model at the IM (gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5, zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8). URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212475

8) Summary of the current understanding for SpoVAD (B. subtilis 168)
- Primary role: Essential subunit of the SpoVA Ca-DPA transport machinery; with SpoVAC and SpoVAEb constitutes the minimal channel for Ca-DPA flux (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2, eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2, zhang2025recentprogressin pages 1-3).
- Substrate specificity: Ca-DPA is the physiological cargo; SpoVAD regulates its transport as the cytoplasmic plug of the SpoVA channel (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2).
- Localization: Spore inner membrane-associated, likely peripherally/cytoplasm-facing in the complex; detected in IM fractions and sometimes also in soluble fractions consistent with a peripheral association (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16, gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5, zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8).
- Pathway context: Downstream of nutrient-gated ion release via GerA and amplification via SpoVAF/FigP channels; SpoVAD’s complex executes Ca-DPA export that drives core rehydration and germination progression (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16, eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2).
- Mutant phenotypes: spoVAD loss blocks or severely impairs Ca-DPA export and germination; broader spoVA operon perturbations demonstrate subunit-specific control including premature germination when spoVAA/spoVAB are deleted (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12, gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2, zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8).

Key recent sources table
| Year | Citation (first author et al., journal) | Focus | Key findings (1–2 claims) | URL / DOI |
|------|-----------------------------------------|-------|---------------------------|-----------|
| 2023 | Gao et al., Science | GerA germinant receptors as nutrient-gated ion channels | GerA receptors form oligomeric nutrient-gated ion channels whose ion release initiates DPA/Ca2+ mobilization from spores; SpoVA required downstream for DPA export (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12) | https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg9829 |
| 2024 | Gao et al., Genes & Development | SpoVAF/FigP ion channel and SpoVA machinery | SpoVAF with FigP assembles an auxiliary oligomeric ion channel that amplifies germinant-triggered ion release; SpoVAC, SpoVAEb and SpoVAD comprise a minimal Ca-DPA transport module (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16) | https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351353.123 |
| 2024 | Eichenberger, Genes & Development (Outlook) | Dual-channel model commentary | Interprets evidence that two ion-channel systems (Ger family and SpoVAF/FigP) cooperate with SpoVA (SpoVAC, SpoVAEb, SpoVAD) to control rapid Ca-DPA release in germination (eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2) | https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351554.124 |
| 2025 | Zhang et al., Journal of Bacteriology (review) | Comprehensive review of germination proteins | Summarizes SpoVA operon (spoVAA–spoVAF) localization to inner membrane, minimal channel composition (SpoVAC + SpoVAEb + SpoVAD) and model of SpoVAD as a cytoplasmic "plug" regulating Ca-DPA accumulation/release (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8) | https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00285-24 |
| 2022 | Wen et al., Scientific Reports | SpoVAEa organization and dynamics | Shows SpoVAEa localizes to a dynamic spot in the spore inner membrane and may transduce signals from germinosome to SpoVA channel during germination (reviewed/referenced in Zhang) (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8) | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09147-3 |
| 2014 | Chen et al., PLoS ONE | SpoVAD membrane association assays | Detected SpoVAD in both soluble and membrane fractions, indicating weak membrane association or peripheral localization in spore preparations (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8) | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095781 |
| 2021 | Gao et al., Int J Mol Sci | Spore inner membrane proteomics (B. cereus) | Proteomics detected SpoVAD in spore inner-membrane-enriched fractions, supporting IM association and presence in DPA-transport related machinery (gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5) | https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212475 |
| 2017 | Butler et al., Frontiers in Microbiology | spoVA2 locus and heat resistance in Clostridium | Identification of a second spoVA operon (spoVA2) associated with enhanced DPA import and exceptional spore heat resistance in C. sporogenes PA 3679, highlighting spoVA copy-number effects on DPA handling (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8) | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00545 |

Table: Compact table summarizing major recent and foundational papers on SpoVAD/SpoVA, their roles in Ca‑DPA transport and germination-channel models, with concise findings and DOIs for follow-up. Citations reference extracted context (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8, gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5).

Notes on gene symbol ambiguity check
- The symbol spoVAD in Bacillus subtilis strain 168 unambiguously refers to Stage V sporulation protein AD; literature and domain assignments match the UniProt entry provided. No conflicting gene with the same symbol in other organisms was used for this report (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8).

References

1. (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8): Tianyu Zhang, Ziqi Gong, Bing Zhou, Lei Rao, and Xiaojun Liao. Recent progress in proteins regulating the germination of bacillus subtilis spores. Journal of Bacteriology, Feb 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00285-24, doi:10.1128/jb.00285-24. This article has 10 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

2. (zhang2025recentprogressin pages 1-3): Tianyu Zhang, Ziqi Gong, Bing Zhou, Lei Rao, and Xiaojun Liao. Recent progress in proteins regulating the germination of bacillus subtilis spores. Journal of Bacteriology, Feb 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00285-24, doi:10.1128/jb.00285-24. This article has 10 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

3. (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2): Yongqiang Gao, Jeremy D. Amon, Anna P. Brogan, Lior Artzi, Fernando H. Ramírez-Guadiana, Joshua C. Cofsky, Andrew C. Kruse, and David Z. Rudner. Spovaf and figp assemble into oligomeric ion channels that enhance spore germination. Genes & Development, 38:31-45, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351353.123, doi:10.1101/gad.351353.123. This article has 14 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

4. (eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2): Patrick Eichenberger. Spore germination: two ion channels are better than one. Genes & Development, 38:1-3, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351554.124, doi:10.1101/gad.351554.124. This article has 2 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

5. (gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12): Yongqiang Gao, Jeremy D. Amon, Lior Artzi, Fernando H. Ramírez-Guadiana, Kelly P. Brock, Joshua C. Cofsky, Deborah S. Marks, Andrew C. Kruse, and David Z. Rudner. Bacterial spore germination receptors are nutrient-gated ion channels. Science, 380:387-391, Apr 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg9829, doi:10.1126/science.adg9829. This article has 73 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

6. (gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16): Yongqiang Gao, Jeremy D. Amon, Anna P. Brogan, Lior Artzi, Fernando H. Ramírez-Guadiana, Joshua C. Cofsky, Andrew C. Kruse, and David Z. Rudner. Spovaf and figp assemble into oligomeric ion channels that enhance spore germination. Genes & Development, 38:31-45, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351353.123, doi:10.1101/gad.351353.123. This article has 14 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

7. (gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5): Xiaowei Gao, Bhagyashree N. Swarge, Henk L. Dekker, Winfried Roseboom, Stanley Brul, and Gertjan Kramer. The membrane proteome of spores and vegetative cells of the food-borne pathogen bacillus cereus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22:12475, Nov 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212475, doi:10.3390/ijms222212475. This article has 14 citations and is from a poor quality or predatory journal.

Citations

1. zhang2025recentprogressin pages 6-8
2. zhang2025recentprogressin pages 1-3
3. gao2023bacterialsporegermination pages 9-12
4. eichenberger2024sporegerminationtwo pages 1-2
5. gao2021themembraneproteome pages 3-5
6. gao2024spovafandfigp pages 15-16
7. gao2024spovafandfigp pages 1-2
8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg9829
9. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351353.123
10. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351554.124
11. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00285-24
12. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351554.124;
13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212475
14. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg9829;
15. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351353.123;
16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09147-3
17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095781
18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00545
19. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00285-24,
20. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351353.123,
21. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.351554.124,
22. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg9829,
23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212475,