# Pair analysis: gad1a / gad1b (run 2026-09-28) ## 0. Ensembl Compara homologies gad1a: ENSDARG00000093411 chr9:3621968-3653271 danio_rerio within_species_paralog ENSDARG00000027419 node=Clupeocephala lepisosteus_oculatus ortholog_one2many ENSLOCG00000007840 node=Neopterygii homo_sapiens ortholog_one2many ENSG00000128683 node=Gnathostomata oryzias_latipes ortholog_one2one ENSORLG00000017268 node=Clupeocephala gad1b: ENSDARG00000027419 chr6:3827751-3863452 danio_rerio within_species_paralog ENSDARG00000093411 node=Clupeocephala lepisosteus_oculatus ortholog_one2many ENSLOCG00000007840 node=Neopterygii homo_sapiens ortholog_one2many ENSG00000128683 node=Gnathostomata gar orthologs (union): ['ENSLOCG00000007840'] ## 1. Sequence lengths and pairwise identities length gad1a: 591 aa length gad1b: 587 aa length GAD1: 594 aa length GAD2: 585 aa length gar_ENSLOCG00000007840: 592 aa length medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a): 596 aa identity gad1a vs gad1b: 86.3% over 592 columns identity gad1a vs GAD1: 80.0% over 596 columns identity gad1a vs GAD2: 63.4% over 595 columns identity gad1a vs gar_ENSLOCG00000007840: 85.5% over 594 columns identity gad1a vs medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a): 85.6% over 596 columns identity gad1b vs GAD1: 82.7% over 596 columns identity gad1b vs GAD2: 64.1% over 594 columns identity gad1b vs gar_ENSLOCG00000007840: 87.8% over 592 columns identity gad1b vs medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a): 85.4% over 596 columns identity GAD1 vs GAD2: 64.3% over 594 columns identity GAD1 vs gar_ENSLOCG00000007840: 87.8% over 597 columns identity GAD1 vs medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a): 83.2% over 597 columns identity GAD2 vs gar_ENSLOCG00000007840: 66.2% over 595 columns identity GAD2 vs medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a): 63.4% over 596 columns identity gar_ENSLOCG00000007840 vs medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a): 86.8% over 597 columns ## 2. Regions and point features of the human ortholog Region: Disordered [1-23]: gad1a 14/23 identical (60.9%; aligned 21); gad1b 14/23 identical (60.9%; aligned 19); gar_ENSLOCG00000007840 15/23 identical (65.2%; aligned 18); medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a) 15/23 identical (65.2%; aligned 23) N-terminal region (human 1-95) [1-95]: gad1a 56/95 identical (58.9%; aligned 90); gad1b 62/95 identical (65.3%; aligned 86); gar_ENSLOCG00000007840 76/95 identical (80.0%; aligned 90); medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a) 69/95 identical (72.6%; aligned 94) catalytic body (human 96-594) [96-594]: gad1a 421/499 identical (84.4%; aligned 499); gad1b 431/499 identical (86.4%; aligned 499); gar_ENSLOCG00000007840 448/499 identical (89.8%; aligned 499); medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a) 428/499 identical (85.8%; aligned 499) Binding site 190-192 (4-aminobutanoate) human=QLS: gad1a=QLS; gad1b=QLS; gar_ENSLOCG00000007840=QLS; medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a)=QLS Binding site 567-567 (4-aminobutanoate) human=R: gad1a=R; gad1b=R; gar_ENSLOCG00000007840=R; medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a)=R Modified residue 78-78 (Phosphoserine) human=S: gad1a=T (DIFFERENT); gad1b=S; gar_ENSLOCG00000007840=S; medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a)=S Modified residue 405-405 (N6-(pyridoxal phosphate)lysine) human=K: gad1a=K; gad1b=K; gar_ENSLOCG00000007840=K; medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a)=K aligned segment around PLP lysine K405 [395-415] human=RANSVTWNPHKMMGVLLQCSA: gad1a=RANSVTWNPHKMMGVPLQCSA; gad1b=RANSVTWNPHKMMGVPLQCSA; gar_ENSLOCG00000007840=RANSVTWNPHKMMGVLLQCSA; medaka_ENSORLG00000017268(orth of gad1a)=RANSVTWNPHKMMGVPLQCSA C-terminal 10 residues gad1a: DEIERLGQDL C-terminal 10 residues gad1b: DEIERLGQDL C-terminal 10 residues GAD1: EEIERLGQDL C-terminal 10 residues gar_ENSLOCG00000007840: DEIERLGQDL ## 2b. Point features across all Ensembl translations of each zebrafish copy gad1a ENSDART00000140425 (591 aa): C-term RLGQDL; differing point features: ['Modified residue 78 S->T'] gad1a ENSDART00000025332 (595 aa, canonical): C-term RLGQDL; differing point features: ['Modified residue 78 S->T'] gad1b ENSDART00000122348 (613 aa, canonical): C-term RLGQDL; differing point features: none gad1b ENSDART00000185273 (566 aa): C-term RLGQDL; differing point features: none gad1b ENSDART00000179091 (587 aa): C-term RLGQDL; differing point features: none gad1b ENSDART00000003008 (587 aa): C-term RLGQDL; differing point features: none ## 3. Tajima-style relative-rate test (outgroup = gar) gar protein length 592; positions aligned in both copies: 584 changes unique to gad1a (m1): 37; unique to gad1b (m2): 23; chi2 (1 df) = 3.27 (not significant at 0.05) ## 4. Whole-embryo time course, E-ERAD-475 (TPM, median of replicates) | stage | gad1a | gad1b | |---|---|---| | zygote | 0 | 0 | | cleavage 2-cell | 5 | 0 | | blastula 128-cell | 0 | 0 | | blastula 1k-cell | 1 | 0 | | blastula dome | 0 | 0 | | gastrula 50%-epiboly | 0 | 0.2 | | gastrula shield | 0 | 0 | | gastrula 75%-epiboly | 0 | 0 | | segmentation 1-4 somites | 0 | 0 | | segmentation 14-19 somites | 0 | 0 | | segmentation 20-25 somites | 0.4 | 0.6 | | pharyngula prim-5 | 0.7 | 3 | | pharyngula prim-15 | 0.4 | 6 | | pharyngula prim-25 | 2 | 11 | | hatching long-pec | 2 | 17 | | larval protruding mouth | 3 | 55 | | larval day 4 | 4 | 69 | | larval day 5 | 4 | 84 | ## 5. Bgee expressed calls per anatomical entity (expression score 0-100; only 'expressed' calls) ### gad1a: 8 calls - brain: 68.6 (gold; RNA-Seq) - liver: 63.0 (gold; RNA-Seq) - early embryo: 60.0 (gold; RNA-Seq) - blastula: 35.5 (gold; RNA-Seq) - gastrula: 31.2 (silver; RNA-Seq) - larva: 31.0 (gold; RNA-Seq) - head: 27.2 (silver; RNA-Seq) - bone element: 24.0 (silver; RNA-Seq) ### gad1b: 88 calls - ventral part of telencephalon: 96.4 (gold; in situ hybridization) - nucleus of brain: 96.2 (gold; in situ hybridization) - telencephalic nucleus: 95.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - diencephalic nucleus: 94.4 (gold; in situ hybridization) - ventral thalamus: 93.8 (gold; in situ hybridization) - larva: 91.3 (gold; Affymetrix,RNA-Seq) - pretectal region: 88.9 (gold; in situ hybridization) - preglomerular nucleus: 87.5 (gold; in situ hybridization) - GABAergic neuron: 87.5 (gold; in situ hybridization) - retina: 87.1 (gold; Affymetrix,EST,RNA-Seq) - pallium: 84.6 (gold; in situ hybridization) - medial pallium: 83.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - periventricular pretectal nucleus: 83.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - nucleus of the tract of the postoptic commissure: 83.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - dorsal entopeduncular nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio): 83.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - interneuron: 83.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - CNS neuron (sensu Vertebrata): 83.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - spinal cord interneuron: 81.2 (gold; in situ hybridization) - VeLD (Danio): 80.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - preoptic area: 77.8 (gold; in situ hybridization) - ventral tegmental nucleus: 75.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - posterior nucleus of thalamus: 75.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - medial preglomerular nucleus: 75.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - tertiary gustatory nucleus: 75.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - dorsal nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio): 75.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - central nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio): 75.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - medial zone of hypothalamus: 75.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - periventricular grey zone: 75.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - hypothalamic nucleus: 75.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - median tuberal portion: 73.1 (gold; in situ hybridization) - cerebral hemisphere: 71.9 (gold; in situ hybridization) - olfactory bulb: 71.4 (gold; in situ hybridization) - hindbrain: 69.5 (gold; in situ hybridization) - white matter: 69.2 (gold; in situ hybridization) - ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus: 66.7 (gold; in situ hybridization) - suprachiasmatic nucleus: 66.7 (gold; in situ hybridization) - lateral pallium: 66.7 (gold; in situ hybridization) - central pretectal nucleus: 66.7 (gold; in situ hybridization) - caudal zone of dorsal telencephalon (Danio): 66.7 (gold; in situ hybridization) - corpus cerebelli: 66.7 (gold; in situ hybridization) - valvula cerebelli: 66.7 (gold; in situ hybridization) - brain white matter: 66.7 (gold; in situ hybridization) - neural tube: 64.4 (gold; in situ hybridization) - diencephalic white matter: 63.6 (gold; in situ hybridization) - midbrain basal plate: 63.6 (gold; in situ hybridization) - inferior lobe: 62.5 (gold; in situ hybridization) - central caudal thalamic nucleus: 62.5 (gold; in situ hybridization) - dorsal periventricular hypothalamus: 62.5 (gold; in situ hybridization) - magnocellular preoptic nucleus: 62.5 (gold; in situ hybridization) - periventricular nucleus of caudal tuberculum: 62.5 (gold; in situ hybridization) - nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus synencephalon: 62.5 (gold; in situ hybridization) - medulla oblongata: 61.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - locus ceruleus: 61.1 (gold; in situ hybridization) - caudal tuberal nucleus: 60.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - parvocellular preoptic nucleus: 60.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - Purkinje cell: 58.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - Kolmer-Agduhr neuron: 58.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - caudal periventricular hypothalamus: 58.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - ventral zone: 58.3 (gold; in situ hybridization) - lateral floor plate: 56.2 (gold; in situ hybridization) - presumptive hindbrain: 55.1 (gold; in situ hybridization) - rhombomere: 55.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - rhombomere 2: 54.1 (gold; in situ hybridization) - bone element: 54.1 (gold; RNA-Seq) - ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - parvocellular superficial pretectal nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - paracommissural periventricular pretectal nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - lateral preglomerular nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - lateral nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio): 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - central zone of dorsal telencephalon (Danio): 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - supracommissural nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio): 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - postcommissural nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio): 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - mammillary body: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - anterior nuclear group: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - rostral parvocellular preoptic nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - ventromedial thalamic nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - central nucleus inferior lobe: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - rostral preglomerular nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - ventral nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio): 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - lateral hypothalamic nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - periventricular nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - diffuse nuclei: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - caudal parvocellular preoptic nucleus: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - paraventricular organ: 50.0 (gold; in situ hybridization) - gonad: 39.7 (silver; RNA-Seq) - testis: 39.1 (gold; RNA-Seq) - head kidney: 33.8 (silver; RNA-Seq) ### gar ENSLOCG00000007840: 8 calls - brain: 96.2 (gold; RNA-Seq) - camera-type eye: 96.0 (gold; RNA-Seq) - larva: 78.6 (gold; RNA-Seq) - bone element: 58.9 (gold; RNA-Seq) - ovary: 57.5 (gold; RNA-Seq) - muscle tissue: 37.5 (silver; RNA-Seq) - embryo: 31.3 (gold; RNA-Seq) - testis: 25.3 (silver; RNA-Seq) entities called for gad1a only: ['blastula', 'brain', 'early embryo', 'gastrula', 'head', 'liver'] entities called for gad1b only: ['CNS neuron (sensu Vertebrata)', 'GABAergic neuron', 'Kolmer-Agduhr neuron', 'Purkinje cell', 'VeLD (Danio)', 'anterior nuclear group', 'brain white matter', 'caudal parvocellular preoptic nucleus', 'caudal periventricular hypothalamus', 'caudal tuberal nucleus', 'caudal zone of dorsal telencephalon (Danio)', 'central caudal thalamic nucleus', 'central nucleus inferior lobe', 'central nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio)', 'central pretectal nucleus', 'central zone of dorsal telencephalon (Danio)', 'cerebral hemisphere', 'corpus cerebelli', 'diencephalic nucleus', 'diencephalic white matter', 'diffuse nuclei', 'dorsal entopeduncular nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio)', 'dorsal nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio)', 'dorsal periventricular hypothalamus', 'gonad', 'head kidney', 'hindbrain', 'hypothalamic nucleus', 'inferior lobe', 'interneuron', 'lateral floor plate', 'lateral hypothalamic nucleus', 'lateral nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio)', 'lateral pallium', 'lateral preglomerular nucleus', 'locus ceruleus', 'magnocellular preoptic nucleus', 'magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus', 'mammillary body', 'medial pallium', 'medial preglomerular nucleus', 'medial zone of hypothalamus', 'median tuberal portion', 'medulla oblongata', 'midbrain basal plate', 'neural tube', 'nucleus of brain', 'nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus synencephalon', 'nucleus of the tract of the postoptic commissure', 'olfactory bulb', 'pallium', 'paracommissural periventricular pretectal nucleus', 'paraventricular organ', 'parvocellular preoptic nucleus', 'parvocellular superficial pretectal nucleus', 'periventricular grey zone', 'periventricular nucleus', 'periventricular nucleus of caudal tuberculum', 'periventricular pretectal nucleus', 'postcommissural nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio)', 'posterior nucleus of thalamus', 'preglomerular nucleus', 'preoptic area', 'presumptive hindbrain', 'pretectal region', 'retina', 'rhombomere', 'rhombomere 2', 'rostral parvocellular preoptic nucleus', 'rostral preglomerular nucleus', 'spinal cord interneuron', 'suprachiasmatic nucleus', 'supracommissural nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio)', 'telencephalic nucleus', 'tertiary gustatory nucleus', 'testis', 'valvula cerebelli', 'ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus', 'ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus', 'ventral nucleus of ventral telencephalon (Danio)', 'ventral part of telencephalon', 'ventral tegmental nucleus', 'ventral thalamus', 'ventral zone', 'ventromedial thalamic nucleus', 'white matter'] entities called for both (2); score gad1a - gad1b: - bone element: 24.0 vs 54.1 (diff -30.2) - larva: 31.0 vs 91.3 (diff -60.3) ## 6. ZFIN curated wild-type expression (wildtype-expression_fish.txt) ### gad1a: 17 records, 7 anatomy terms, publications: ['ZDB-PUB-160728-22', 'ZDB-PUB-210513-8', 'ZDB-PUB-211019-2', 'ZDB-PUB-220701-2'] - ZDB-PUB-160728-22: brain - ZDB-PUB-210513-8: whole organism - ZDB-PUB-211019-2: caudal tuberculum; medulla oblongata; preoptic area; thalamus; ventral telencephalon; whole organism - ZDB-PUB-220701-2: caudal tuberculum; medulla oblongata; preoptic area; thalamus; ventral telencephalon; whole organism ### gad1b: 247 records, 109 anatomy terms, publications: ['ZDB-PUB-020306-7', 'ZDB-PUB-040719-3', 'ZDB-PUB-040907-1', 'ZDB-PUB-060105-16', 'ZDB-PUB-060719-12', 'ZDB-PUB-061108-27', 'ZDB-PUB-070330-44', 'ZDB-PUB-071023-9', 'ZDB-PUB-080124-16', 'ZDB-PUB-080825-21', 'ZDB-PUB-080902-32', 'ZDB-PUB-090422-9', 'ZDB-PUB-090526-33', 'ZDB-PUB-090629-29', 'ZDB-PUB-090814-14', 'ZDB-PUB-091215-50', 'ZDB-PUB-100719-30', 'ZDB-PUB-100730-10', 'ZDB-PUB-101018-27', 'ZDB-PUB-120105-73', 'ZDB-PUB-120702-56', 'ZDB-PUB-121121-12', 'ZDB-PUB-130211-5', 'ZDB-PUB-130709-32', 'ZDB-PUB-140224-47', 'ZDB-PUB-140517-1', 'ZDB-PUB-140615-1', 'ZDB-PUB-140722-14', 'ZDB-PUB-140826-18', 'ZDB-PUB-141024-8', 'ZDB-PUB-141031-2', 'ZDB-PUB-141126-4', 'ZDB-PUB-141204-10', 'ZDB-PUB-150610-4', 'ZDB-PUB-160213-15', 'ZDB-PUB-160222-2', 'ZDB-PUB-160728-22', 'ZDB-PUB-160913-14', 'ZDB-PUB-170428-4', 'ZDB-PUB-170627-12', 'ZDB-PUB-170805-2', 'ZDB-PUB-171107-11', 'ZDB-PUB-171113-12', 'ZDB-PUB-171204-35', 'ZDB-PUB-180118-14', 'ZDB-PUB-180714-6', 'ZDB-PUB-190215-5', 'ZDB-PUB-190216-4', 'ZDB-PUB-190912-6', 'ZDB-PUB-200226-7', 'ZDB-PUB-200403-144', 'ZDB-PUB-200526-5', 'ZDB-PUB-200601-3', 'ZDB-PUB-200708-23', 'ZDB-PUB-201021-11', 'ZDB-PUB-210513-8', 'ZDB-PUB-211019-2', 'ZDB-PUB-220701-2', 'ZDB-PUB-221220-11', 'ZDB-PUB-231003-57', 'ZDB-PUB-240209-9', 'ZDB-PUB-240222-6', 'ZDB-PUB-241014-1', 'ZDB-PUB-250123-8', 'ZDB-PUB-250411-5', 'ZDB-PUB-251007-11', 'ZDB-PUB-251016-25', 'ZDB-PUB-260313-17', 'ZDB-PUB-980624-10'] - ZDB-PUB-020306-7: unspecified - ZDB-PUB-040719-3: unspecified - ZDB-PUB-040907-1: basal plate midbrain region; central nervous system; diencephalon; hindbrain; neural tube; neuron; spinal cord; tegmentum; telencephalon - ZDB-PUB-060105-16: retina - ZDB-PUB-060719-12: olfactory bulb; telencephalon - ZDB-PUB-061108-27: hindbrain; midbrain - ZDB-PUB-070330-44: spinal cord - ZDB-PUB-071023-9: caudal periventricular hypothalamus; caudal tuberculum; central caudal thalamic nucleus; hindbrain; hypothalamus; optic tectum; periventricular grey zone; rhombomere 2; spinal cord interneuron; telencephalon - ZDB-PUB-080124-16: dorsal telencephalon; hypothalamus; preoptic area; ventral telencephalon; ventral thalamus - ZDB-PUB-080825-21: VeLD - ZDB-PUB-080902-32: spinal cord; spinal cord interneuron - ZDB-PUB-090422-9: brain; cerebellum; corpus cerebelli > Purkinje cell; granular layer corpus cerebelli > Golgi cell; granular layer corpus cerebelli > presynaptic active zone; molecular layer corpus cerebelli > presynaptic active zone; molecular layer corpus cerebelli > stellate interneuron - ZDB-PUB-090526-33: olfactory bulb > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-090629-29: hindbrain - ZDB-PUB-090814-14: caudal parvocellular preoptic nucleus; caudal thalamic nucleus; caudal tuberal nucleus; central nucleus inferior lobe; central nucleus of ventral telencephalon; central pretectal nucleus; corpus mamillare; diencephalic white matter; diffuse nucleus inferior lobe; dorsal entopeduncular nucleus of ventral telencephalon; dorsal nucleus of ventral telencephalon; dorsal periventricular hypothalamus; intermediate thalamic nucleus; lateral hypothalamic nucleus; lateral nucleus of ventral telencephalon; lateral preglomerular nucleus; magnocellular preoptic nucleus; magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus; medial preglomerular nucleus; nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus synencephalon; paracommissural nucleus; paraventricular organ; parvocellular superficial pretectal nucleus; periventricular nucleus; periventricular nucleus of caudal tuberculum; postcommissural nucleus of ventral telencephalon; preoptic area; pretectal periventricular nucleus > dorsal side; rostral parvocellular preoptic nucleus; rostral preglomerular nucleus; rostral tegmental nucleus; rostral thalamic nucleus; suprachiasmatic nucleus; supracommissural nucleus of ventral telencephalon; tertiary gustatory nucleus; ventral nucleus of ventral telencephalon; ventral telencephalon; ventrolateral thalamic nucleus; ventromedial thalamic nucleus - ZDB-PUB-091215-50: brain > glutamatergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-100719-30: VeLD; lateral floor plate > Kolmer-Agduhr neuron; spinal cord > Kolmer-Agduhr neuron; spinal cord > interneuron - ZDB-PUB-100730-10: diencephalon; telencephalon; ventral thalamus - ZDB-PUB-101018-27: forebrain > ventral region; whole organism - ZDB-PUB-120105-73: dorsal thalamus > GABAergic neuron; dorsal thalamus > anterior region - ZDB-PUB-120702-56: ventral thalamus - ZDB-PUB-121121-12: VeLD - ZDB-PUB-130211-5: nucleus of the tract of the postoptic commissure > GABAergic neuron; ventral telencephalon > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-130709-32: hypothalamus; telencephalon; ventral thalamus - ZDB-PUB-140224-47: locus coeruleus; olfactory bulb > dopaminergic neuron; preoptic area > dopaminergic neuron; pretectum > dopaminergic neuron; ventral telencephalon > dopaminergic neuron; ventral thalamus > dopaminergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-140517-1: Kolmer-Agduhr neuron; spinal cord > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-140615-1: forebrain; hindbrain - ZDB-PUB-140722-14: thalamus > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-140826-18: caudal zone of dorsal telencephalon; central zone of dorsal telencephalon; lateral zone of dorsal telencephalon; medial zone of dorsal telencephalon; ventral telencephalon - ZDB-PUB-141024-8: whole organism - ZDB-PUB-141031-2: GABAergic neuron; nucleus of the tract of the postoptic commissure; ventral telencephalon - ZDB-PUB-141126-4: GABAergic neuron; caudal periventricular hypothalamus; hypothalamus; magnocellular preoptic nucleus; periventricular nucleus of caudal tuberculum; preoptic area - ZDB-PUB-141204-10: GABAergic neuron; diencephalon > ventricular zone; periventricular grey zone - ZDB-PUB-150610-4: spinal cord > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-160213-15: GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-160222-2: spinal cord > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-160728-22: brainstem; cerebellum; diencephalon; eye; optic tectum; telencephalon - ZDB-PUB-160913-14: Purkinje cell - ZDB-PUB-170428-4: nucleus of the tract of the postoptic commissure > GABAergic neuron; ventral telencephalon > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-170627-12: telencephalon > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-170805-2: whole organism - ZDB-PUB-171107-11: optic tectum > neuron - ZDB-PUB-171113-12: hindbrain; hindbrain nucleus; midbrain; olfactory bulb - ZDB-PUB-171204-35: hindbrain; spinal cord - ZDB-PUB-180118-14: central nucleus of ventral telencephalon; dorsal nucleus of ventral telencephalon - ZDB-PUB-180714-6: central nervous system - ZDB-PUB-190215-5: Kolmer-Agduhr neuron; VeLD - ZDB-PUB-190216-4: retina - ZDB-PUB-190912-6: GABAergic neuron; hindbrain; medulla oblongata; midbrain > ventral region; ventral telencephalon; ventral thalamus - ZDB-PUB-200226-7: brain - ZDB-PUB-200403-144: GABAergic neuron; diencephalon; forebrain; hindbrain; hypothalamus; midbrain > ventral region; optic tectum; ventral telencephalon - ZDB-PUB-200526-5: whole organism - ZDB-PUB-200601-3: forebrain; whole organism - ZDB-PUB-200708-23: brain; whole organism - ZDB-PUB-201021-11: spinal cord > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-210513-8: whole organism - ZDB-PUB-211019-2: whole organism - ZDB-PUB-220701-2: whole organism - ZDB-PUB-221220-11: GABAergic neuron; whole organism - ZDB-PUB-231003-57: diencephalon; ventral telencephalon - ZDB-PUB-240209-9: cerebellum - ZDB-PUB-240222-6: ventral telencephalon; ventral thalamus - ZDB-PUB-241014-1: brain - ZDB-PUB-250123-8: Kolmer-Agduhr neuron; primary motor neuron - ZDB-PUB-250411-5: head - ZDB-PUB-251007-11: whole organism - ZDB-PUB-251016-25: brain > GABAergic neuron - ZDB-PUB-260313-17: forebrain; hindbrain; midbrain; optic tectum - ZDB-PUB-980624-10: unspecified terms for gad1a only: ['thalamus'] terms for gad1b only: ['GABAergic neuron', 'Kolmer-Agduhr neuron', 'Purkinje cell', 'VeLD', 'basal plate midbrain region', 'brain > GABAergic neuron', 'brain > glutamatergic neuron', 'brainstem', 'caudal parvocellular preoptic nucleus', 'caudal periventricular hypothalamus', 'caudal thalamic nucleus', 'caudal tuberal nucleus', 'caudal zone of dorsal telencephalon', 'central caudal thalamic nucleus', 'central nervous system', 'central nucleus inferior lobe', 'central nucleus of ventral telencephalon', 'central pretectal nucleus', 'central zone of dorsal telencephalon', 'cerebellum', 'corpus cerebelli > Purkinje cell', 'corpus mamillare', 'diencephalic white matter', 'diencephalon', 'diencephalon > ventricular zone', 'diffuse nucleus inferior lobe', 'dorsal entopeduncular nucleus of ventral telencephalon', 'dorsal nucleus of ventral telencephalon', 'dorsal periventricular hypothalamus', 'dorsal telencephalon', 'dorsal thalamus > GABAergic neuron', 'dorsal thalamus > anterior region', 'eye', 'forebrain', 'forebrain > ventral region', 'granular layer corpus cerebelli > Golgi cell', 'granular layer corpus cerebelli > presynaptic active zone', 'head', 'hindbrain', 'hindbrain nucleus', 'hypothalamus', 'intermediate thalamic nucleus', 'lateral floor plate > Kolmer-Agduhr neuron', 'lateral hypothalamic nucleus', 'lateral nucleus of ventral telencephalon', 'lateral preglomerular nucleus', 'lateral zone of dorsal telencephalon', 'locus coeruleus', 'magnocellular preoptic nucleus', 'magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus', 'medial preglomerular nucleus', 'medial zone of dorsal telencephalon', 'midbrain', 'midbrain > ventral region', 'molecular layer corpus cerebelli > presynaptic active zone', 'molecular layer corpus cerebelli > stellate interneuron', 'neural tube', 'neuron', 'nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus synencephalon', 'nucleus of the tract of the postoptic commissure', 'nucleus of the tract of the postoptic commissure > GABAergic neuron', 'olfactory bulb', 'olfactory bulb > GABAergic neuron', 'olfactory bulb > dopaminergic neuron', 'optic tectum', 'optic tectum > neuron', 'paracommissural nucleus', 'paraventricular organ', 'parvocellular superficial pretectal nucleus', 'periventricular grey zone', 'periventricular nucleus', 'periventricular nucleus of caudal tuberculum', 'postcommissural nucleus of ventral telencephalon', 'preoptic area > dopaminergic neuron', 'pretectal periventricular nucleus > dorsal side', 'pretectum > dopaminergic neuron', 'primary motor neuron', 'retina', 'rhombomere 2', 'rostral parvocellular preoptic nucleus', 'rostral preglomerular nucleus', 'rostral tegmental nucleus', 'rostral thalamic nucleus', 'spinal cord', 'spinal cord > GABAergic neuron', 'spinal cord > Kolmer-Agduhr neuron', 'spinal cord > interneuron', 'spinal cord interneuron', 'suprachiasmatic nucleus', 'supracommissural nucleus of ventral telencephalon', 'tegmentum', 'telencephalon', 'telencephalon > GABAergic neuron', 'tertiary gustatory nucleus', 'thalamus > GABAergic neuron', 'unspecified', 'ventral nucleus of ventral telencephalon', 'ventral telencephalon > GABAergic neuron', 'ventral telencephalon > dopaminergic neuron', 'ventral thalamus', 'ventral thalamus > dopaminergic neuron', 'ventrolateral thalamic nucleus', 'ventromedial thalamic nucleus'] terms for both: ['brain', 'caudal tuberculum', 'medulla oblongata', 'preoptic area', 'ventral telencephalon', 'whole organism'] ## 7. Local synteny between the two copies (Ensembl REST) gad1a chr9:3621968 +/- 1.5 Mb: 38 other protein-coding genes (0 homology queries failed); 12 have a teleost-level (Clupeocephala/Osteoglossocephalai/Teleostei) zebrafish paralogue; 2 such pairs have their partner within 1.5 Mb of gad1b: - dync1i2a -> dync1i2b (chr6:3934738) - tlk1a -> tlk1b (chr6:3878492) 8 have their partner anywhere on chr6 (chromosome of gad1b, 1014 protein-coding genes): - kalrna -> kalrnb (chr6:9289802) - rprma -> rprmb (chr6:13333133) - gpr155a -> gpr155b (chr6:10758181) - sp3a -> sp3b (chr6:10721765) - rapgef4a -> rapgef4b (chr6:6850821) - dync1i2a -> dync1i2b (chr6:3934738) - tlk1a -> tlk1b (chr6:3878492) - mylka -> mylkb (chr6:13458257) gad1b chr6:3827751 +/- 1.5 Mb: 34 other protein-coding genes (0 homology queries failed); 7 have a teleost-level (Clupeocephala/Osteoglossocephalai/Teleostei) zebrafish paralogue; 2 such pairs have their partner within 1.5 Mb of gad1a: - tlk1b -> tlk1a (chr9:3548529) - dync1i2b -> dync1i2a (chr9:3170101) 5 have their partner anywhere on chr9 (chromosome of gad1a, 873 protein-coding genes): - tlk1b -> tlk1a (chr9:3548529) - sema5bb -> sema5ba (chr9:37481434) - klhl41b -> klhl41a (chr9:48270379) - col28a2b -> col28a2a (chr9:48297412) - dync1i2b -> dync1i2a (chr9:3170101)