Source: https://flybase.org/reports/FBgn0001208
Retrieved 2026-09-08
FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Hn Tools Tools Overview & Help Query by symbols/IDs Batch Download Sequence Downloader ID Validator Feature Mapper Search/Browse Portals QuickSearch Vocabularies QueryBuilder CytoSearch Sequenced Species Interactions Browser ImageBrowse Genomics Tools BLAST Fly BLAST @ Alliance JBrowse CytoSearch Feature Mapper Chromosome Maps Synteny Table Coordinates Converter Sequence Downloader modENCODE RNA-Seq Overview RNA-Seq Similarity RNA-Seq Profile RNA-Seq By Region JBrowse Submit Data Fast-Track Your Paper Submit Personal Communication Feedback on Gene Snapshots Downloads Overview Current Release Archived Data Map Conversion Releases (FTP) Links External Resources Model Organisms (MODs) Alliance of Genome Resources BeeBase DictyBase EcoCyc Gramene MGI PomBase Pseudobase RGD SGD TAIR VectorBase WormBase Xenbase ZFIN Stock Collections Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC) FlyORF Korea Drosophila Resource Center (KDRC) Kyoto Stock Center NIG-FLY Tsinghua Fly Center (THFC) Vienna Drosophila Resource Center (VDRC) BDGP DGRC DRSC/TRiP DIS by issue FlyBook FlyExpress Interactive Fly Virtual Fly Brain FlyCyc Community Fast-Track Your Paper FlyBase Community Advisory Group Fly Lab List Recent Papers With Technical Advances Gene Snapshots FlyBase Forum Newsletter FlySlack Community Mastodon Bluesky X (formerly Twitter) Fly Board NIH Funding About Release Notes New In This Release Release Schedule FlyBase Positions Citing FlyBase FlyBase Licensing FlyBase Consortium FlyBase Publications FlyBase Presentations Grants Supporting FlyBase Help Contact FlyBase FlyBase Wiki: Help Index Tool help Report help FlyBase FAQ Info for Authors Author guidelines Citing FlyBase Fast-Track Your Paper Help Gene Snapshots Personal communications Linking to/from FlyBase Nomenclature Curation documentation Controlled Vocabularies in FlyBase Gene Model Annotation Gene Ontology (GO) Annotation Nontraditional alleles Vectors & Constructs New to Flies? Video Tutorials Programmatic Access to FlyBase: APIs, etc. Developmental Dysregulation and Cancer Kathy Matthews BDSC Endowment Using AI to get FlyBase data FlyBase in AWS Open Data Previous Next FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026 Sign In Tools Tools Overview & Help Query by symbols/IDs Batch Download Sequence Downloader ID Validator Feature Mapper Search/Browse Portals QuickSearch Vocabularies QueryBuilder CytoSearch Sequenced Species Interactions Browser ImageBrowse Genomics Tools BLAST Fly BLAST @ Alliance JBrowse CytoSearch Feature Mapper Chromosome Maps Synteny Table Coordinates Converter Sequence Downloader modENCODE RNA-Seq Overview RNA-Seq Similarity RNA-Seq Profile RNA-Seq By Region JBrowse Submit Data Fast-Track Your Paper Submit Personal Communication Feedback on Gene Snapshots Downloads Overview Current Release Archived Data Map Conversion Releases (FTP) Links External Resources Model Organisms (MODs) Alliance of Genome Resources BeeBase DictyBase EcoCyc Gramene MGI PomBase Pseudobase RGD SGD TAIR VectorBase WormBase Xenbase ZFIN Stock Collections Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC) FlyORF Korea Drosophila Resource Center (KDRC) Kyoto Stock Center NIG-FLY Tsinghua Fly Center (THFC) Vienna Drosophila Resource Center (VDRC) BDGP DGRC DRSC/TRiP DIS by issue FlyBook FlyExpress Interactive Fly Virtual Fly Brain FlyCyc Community Fast-Track Your Paper FlyBase Community Advisory Group Fly Lab List Recent Papers With Technical Advances Gene Snapshots FlyBase Forum Newsletter FlySlack Community Mastodon Bluesky X (formerly Twitter) Fly Board NIH Funding About Release Notes New In This Release Release Schedule FlyBase Positions Citing FlyBase FlyBase Licensing FlyBase Consortium FlyBase Publications FlyBase Presentations Grants Supporting FlyBase Help Contact FlyBase FlyBase Wiki: Help Index Tool help Report help FlyBase FAQ Info for Authors Author guidelines Citing FlyBase Fast-Track Your Paper Help Gene Snapshots Personal communications Linking to/from FlyBase Nomenclature Curation documentation Controlled Vocabularies in FlyBase Gene Model Annotation Gene Ontology (GO) Annotation Nontraditional alleles Vectors & Constructs New to Flies? Video Tutorials Programmatic Access to FlyBase: APIs, etc. Developmental Dysregulation and Cancer Kathy Matthews BDSC Endowment Using AI to get FlyBase data FlyBase in AWS Open Data Previous Next FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026 Gene: Dmel\Hn J2G Search Go Open Close General Information Symbol Dmel\ Hn Species D. melanogaster Name Henna Annotation Symbol CG7399 Feature Type protein_coding_gene FlyBase ID FBgn0001208 Gene Model Status Current Stock Availability 20 publicly available Enzyme Name (EC) phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase
            ( 1.14.16.1 ) tryptophan 5-monooxygenase
            ( 1.14.16.4 ) Gene Summary Henna ( Hn ) encodes a tryptophan phenylalanine hydroxylase. It is a dual function enzyme: it hydroxylates both phenylalanine to generate tyrosine, as well as tryptophan to generate the precursor for peripheral (non-neuronal) serotonin. It is also involved in pteridine synthesis.

          [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
        
              ( FlyBase Gene Snapshot ) All Summaries Gene Snapshot Alliance Auto summary Gene Group Red Book Interactive Fly Also Known As DTPH, Tph, Pah, phenylalanine hydroxylase, Trh Key Links Genomic Location Cytogenetic map 66A12-66A12 Sequence location 3L:7,760,453..7,763,166 [+] Recombination map (full details) 3-21 RefSeq locus NT_037436 REGION: 7760453..7763166 Sequence Gene region Extended Gene region CDS Introns Exons Transcripts Translations 5' UTR 3' UTR Get Sequence Get Decorated FASTA Genomic Maps JBrowse Other Genome Views The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase. NCBI UCSC Ensembl PopFly Function Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms) Molecular Function (5 terms) Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms) CV Term Evidence References enables phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity inferred from direct assay ( Coleman and Neckameyer,  2004 , Bel et al.,  1992 , Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) inferred from mutant phenotype ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 , Silva et al.,  1992 ) enables tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity inferred from direct assay ( Coleman and Neckameyer,  2004 , Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) inferred from mutant phenotype ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms) CV Term Evidence References enables iron ion binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001273 , InterPro:IPR018301 , InterPro:IPR036951 ( InterPro Project Members,  2004- ) enables monooxygenase activity inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001273 , InterPro:IPR018301 , InterPro:IPR036951 ( InterPro Project Members,  2004- ) enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR019774 ( InterPro Project Members,  2004- ) inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR019773 , InterPro:IPR019774 ( InterPro Project Members,  2004- ) enables phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000895564 ( GO Reference Genome Project,  2011- ) inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005961 ( InterPro Project Members,  2004- ) enables tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002607638 ( GO Reference Genome Project,  2011- ) Biological Process (8 terms) Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms) CV Term Evidence References involved_in dopamine biosynthetic process inferred from expression pattern ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) involved_in eye pigment biosynthetic process inferred from direct assay ( Bel et al.,  1992 ) acts_upstream_of germ-band extension inferred from mutant phenotype ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) involved_in L-phenylalanine catabolic process inferred from mutant phenotype ( Silva et al.,  1992 ) inferred from expression pattern ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) involved_in L-tyrosine biosynthetic process inferred from mutant phenotype ( Silva et al.,  1992 ) involved_in long-term memory inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Ddc ; FB:FBgn0000422 ( Chen et al.,  2012 ) involved_in serotonin biosynthetic process inferred from mutant phenotype ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms) CV Term Evidence References involved_in aromatic amino acid metabolic process inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001273 , InterPro:IPR018301 , InterPro:IPR036951 ( InterPro Project Members,  2004- ) involved_in dopamine biosynthetic process inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002607638 ( GO Reference Genome Project,  2011- ) involved_in L-phenylalanine catabolic process inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000895564 ( GO Reference Genome Project,  2011- ) inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005961 ( InterPro Project Members,  2004- ) involved_in L-tyrosine biosynthetic process inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000895564 ( GO Reference Genome Project,  2011- ) Cellular Component (1 term) Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms) Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term) CV Term Evidence References located_in cytosol inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P04176 ( Gene Ontology Curators,  2002- ) Gene Group (FlyBase) MONOOXYGENASES, REDUCED PTERIDINE AS ONE DONOR Pathway (FlyBase) L-PHENYLALANINE AND L-TYROSINE METABOLISM SEROTONIN AND MELATONIN BIOSYNTHESIS Protein Family ( UniProt ) Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid  hydroxylase family.
                    ( P17276 ) Protein Signatures ( InterPro ) ACT domain ACT-like domain Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, C-terminal Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, iron/copper binding site Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase superfamily Aromatic amino acid monoxygenase, C-terminal domain superfamily Eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, catalytic domain Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, tetrameric form Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase-like Catalytic Activity ( EC / Rhea ) phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine
            ( 1.14.16.1 ) RHEA 20273 : tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8- tetrahydrobiopterin
            ( 1.14.16.4 ) RHEA 16709 : Summaries Gene Snapshot Henna ( Hn ) encodes a tryptophan phenylalanine hydroxylase. It is a dual function enzyme: it hydroxylates both phenylalanine to generate tyrosine, as well as tryptophan to generate the precursor for peripheral (non-neuronal) serotonin. It is also involved in pteridine synthesis.

          [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] Automated Description (Alliance of Genome Resources) (Alliance, FBgn0001208 ) Automatically Generated Summary (FlyBase) Gene Group (FlyBase) MONOOXYGENASES, REDUCED PTERIDINE AS ONE DONOR - Monooxygenases, reduced pteridine as one donor include, dehydrogenases that catalyze an oxidation-reduction reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced pteridine and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. Pathway (FlyBase) L-PHENYLALANINE AND L-TYROSINE METABOLISM - L-tyrosine is synthesized in the cytosol via the hydroxylation of the essential amino-acid L-phenylalanine. Besides its role in protein synthesis, L-tyrosine is a precursor for monoamine neurotransmitters L-dopamine, octopamine and tyramine, and for melanin and other cuticle pigments. L-tyrosine catabolism occurs in the cytosol and produces acetoacetate, a ketone body and fumarate, which can be further catabolized through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (Adapted from FBrf0247596 , FBrf0224779 and FBrf0255924 .) SEROTONIN AND MELATONIN BIOSYNTHESIS - Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that controls various behavioral processes, including circadian rhythms, sleep, mating behavior, learning, and aggression through its binding to the G-coupled serotonin receptors. It is primarily synthesized in the cytosol of serotonergic neurons from L-tryptophan and then loaded into synaptic vesicles. The first step is catalyzed by Trhn in neuronal tissues and by Hn in non-neuronal tissues. Serotonin is also the precursor of another monoamine neurotransmitter, melatonin, which regulates the photoperiod synchronization of physiological events by binding to melatonin receptors and may also act as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant. (Adapted from FBrf0255924 .) Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992) Hn:  Henna A recessive eye color mutant, amorphic alleles of 
            which show slight dominance.  The first allele described, 
            being associated with a deficiency, was homozygous lethal, and 
            therefore only the slight dominant phenotype of homogenously 
            dark, dull brown eye color could be scored; thus the dominant 
            symbol Hn was applied.  All subsequent alleles homozygous 
            viable, exhibiting dark brown sepia-like or clot-like eyecolor 
            in homozygous flies.  Red pteridine eye pigments, drosopterins, reduced and sepiapterin accumulates; sepiapterin reductase levels reduced (Barthelmess and Robertson, 1970, Genet. 
            Res. 15:  65-86).  Eye color of Hnr and Hnr3 autonomous in 
            transplants of optic disk into wild-type hosts (Beadle and 
            Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21:  230).  Larval Malpighian tubes 
            bright yellow as in wild type (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 
            22:  587-611).  RK1 or 2 as homozygote. Gene Model and Products Number of Transcripts 4 Number of Unique Polypeptides 3 Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\ Hn for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form Protein Domains (via Pfam) Isoform displayed: Pfam protein domains InterPro name classification start end Protein Domains (via SMART) Isoform displayed: SMART protein domains InterPro name classification start end Structure Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold )  
                    ( AlphaFold entry P17276 ) If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser. Model Confidence: Very high (pLDDT > 90) Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70) Low (70 > pLDDT > 50) Very low (pLDDT < 50) AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100.
                          Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation. Experimentally Determined Structures Crossreferences Comments on Gene Model Gene model reviewed during 5.47 Transcript Data Annotated Transcripts Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Assoc. CDS (aa) Hn-RA FBtr0076811 NM_079239 1625 452 Hn-RB FBtr0100225 NM_001014573 1617 447 Hn-RC FBtr0334645 NM_001274613 1527 452 Hn-RD FBtr0334646 NM_001274614 1821 178 Additional Transcript Data and Comments Reported size (kB) 1.75 (northern blot) ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) 1.5 (northern blot) ( Morales et al.,  1990 ) Comments External Data Crossreferences Polypeptide Data Annotated Polypeptides Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI UniProt RefSeq ID GenBank Hn-PA FBpp0076523 51.7 452 5.66 P17276 NP_523963 AAF50517 Hn-PB FBpp0099602 51.0 447 5.49 Q59E23 NP_001014573 AAX52756 Hn-PC FBpp0306707 51.7 452 5.66 P17276 NP_001261542 AGB94237 Hn-PD FBpp0306708 20.1 178 4.34 E8NH57 NP_001261543 AGB94238 Polypeptides with Identical Sequences The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other. 452 aa isoforms: Hn-PA , Hn-PC Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments Reported size (kDa) 453 (aa); 50 (kD observed) ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) 50-52 (kD observed); 50-52 (kD) ( Silva et al.,  1992 ) 453 (aa) ( Morales et al.,  1990 ) Comments External Data Crossreferences InterPro -
                  A database of protein families, domains and functional sites Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase ACT domain Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, tetrameric form Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, iron/copper binding site Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase-like Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, C-terminal Aromatic amino acid monoxygenase, C-terminal domain superfamily Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase superfamily Eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, catalytic domain ACT-like domain Linkouts Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records AA699278 AE014296 / AAF50517 AE014296 / AAX52756 AE014296 / AGB94237 AE014296 / AGB94238 AI063555 AI063586 AI107978 AI108447 AI109820 AI109989 AI113982 AI133893 AI134026 AI238840 AI239057 AI295826 AI297210 AI297644 AI387432 AI388654 AI388896 AI403214 AI403807 AI513105 AI517831 AJ001717 AJ001718 / CAA04950 AJ001719 / CAB51600 AJ001719 / CAB51601 AJ001720 AJ001721 AJ001722 / CAB51599 AJ001723 / CAB51597 AW941467 AY069306 / AAL39451 BI564671 BI572784 BI572984 BI588096 BI623233 BI629389 BT125933 CO180117 CO180217 CO184314 CO193095 CO281786 CO283065 CO287536 CO292899 EC058565 EC073757 EC085235 EC214948 EC222153 EC224135 EC249489 EL880958 EU362615 EU370098 GH954902 GH955908 GH957031 GH965096 GH971581 GH972936 GH981661 GH983212 M32802 / AAA69513 M81833 X98116 / CAA66797 X98116 / CAA66798 UniProt P17276 Q59E23 E8NH57 M9PBV1 Mapped Features Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping
                        Dmel\Hn
                        using the Feature Mapper tool. Feature Mapper External Data Crossreferences Eukaryotic Promoter Database -
                  A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms. Hn_1 Hn_2 Linkouts Expression Data Testis-specificity index The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al. , 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues.
                Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias). -0.77 Transcript Expression in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 13 -- 16 embryonic/larval fat body ( Fisher et al.,  2012 ) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage -- larval stage ( Morales et al.,  1990 ) embryonic stage 1 -- 11 organism • yolk granule ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) Comment: reference states 0-6 hr AEL ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) larval stage embryonic/larval fat body ( Morales et al.,  1990 ) third instar larval stage embryonic/larval fat body ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) mouthpart ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) third instar larval cuticle ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) adult stage adult head ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) Additional Descriptive Data The Hn transcript is present in the adult head and body, and in early embryos. The transcript localizes to the fat body in third instar larval sections, and is also detected in the mouthparts and cuticle. Embryonic Hn transcript is ubiquitous, and appears to be concentrated in yolk granules. ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) Hn transcript is detected at low levels in 0-12 hr embryos and at high levels in 12-24 hr embryos and in larval stages. Hn transcript is expressed at high levels in the larval fat body. ( Morales et al.,  1990 ) Marker for Subcellular Localization CV Term Polypeptide Expression No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference third instar larval stage embryonic/larval fat body ( Silva et al.,  1992 ) pupal stage ( Silva et al.,  1992 ) adult stage head ( Silva et al.,  1992 ) immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 1 -- 4 organism | ubiquitous ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) embryonic stage 16 -- 17 embryonic/larval fat body ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) neuroblast | subset ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) larval stage neuron of abdominal neuromere | dorso-lateral | segmentally repeated ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) larval ventral nerve cord | restricted | segmentally repeated ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) neuron of larval ventral nerve cord | medial | segmentally repeated ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) neuron of larval ventral nerve cord | segmentally repeated | ventro-lateral ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) wandering third instar larval stage dopaminergic neuron ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) mass spectroscopy Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage adult head • membrane ( Aradska et al.,  2015 ) day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male spermatozoon ( Wasbrough et al.,  2010 ) western blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 1 -- 6 organism ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) embryonic stage 1 -- 11 organism • yolk granule ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) embryonic stage 13 -- 16 organism ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) larval stage larval brain | restricted ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) central nervous system | restricted ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) larval stage -- pupal stage ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) second instar larval stage organism ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) pupal stage organism ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) adult stage adult head ( Qi et al.,  2016 , Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) hemocyte ( Qi et al.,  2016 ) organism ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) Additional Descriptive Data Hn is expressed ubiquitously in early embryos. It is expressed in cells surrounding invaginating tissues in 2--6-hour embryos. Later it is expressed in fat body and in a subset of neuroblasts. Expression is restricted to dopaminergic neurons. ( Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) The Hn protein is present in larval and pupal stages, as well as in the adult head. A 50 kD Hn protein is detected starting in 12-18 hr embryos, and persists through pupal and larval stages, and in adult heads. An additional 45 kD protein is detected in early embryos and in female abdomens. Immunolocalization to central nervous systems dissected from different larval stages stains distinct neurons in the ventral ganglia and brain lobes. Pairs of ventral lateral neurons staining with Hn protein match the position of serotonin-pos tive neurons. The position of dorsolateral neurons in the abdominal neuromeres and medial unpaired neurons staining with Hn match the position of catecholamine-positive neurons. In 0-6 hr embryos, Hn protein is detected in yolk granules. ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) An antibody against monkey liver phenylalanine hydroxylase cross reacts with a Drosophila protein present in samples from third instar larvae to adult. The strongest signal was seen at pupation with a secondary peak at the end of the pupal stage. Levels quickly decrease in the adult. The protein was also studied in isolated tissues and was detected in 3rd instar larval fat body and in the adult head. Reduced enzyme activity and CRM are observed in Hn(r) and Hn(r3) mutants. ( Silva et al.,  1992 ) Hn protein is detected from late third instar larval to early adult stages, with highest levels at pupariation and a smaller peak at the end of the pupal stage. In dissected third instar larval tissue, only the fat body showed expression of Hn protein. In young adult flies, expression was detected in the head. ( Silva et al.,  1992 ) Marker for Subcellular Localization CV Term Evidence References Expression Deduced from Reporters Reporter: P{Hn.493-Gal4} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage neuron | subset of adult brain ( Chen et al.,  2012 ) neuron of the dorsal anterior lateral group of the protocerebrum Comment: medium expression ( Chen et al.,  2012 ) eye Comment: faint expression ( Chen et al.,  2012 ) mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell Comment: strong expression ( Chen et al.,  2012 ) Reporter: P{Hn.819-Gal4} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage serotonergic neuron | subset ( Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center,  2017 ) Reporter: P{Hn.996-Gal4} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage neuron | subset of adult brain ( Chen et al.,  2012 ) neuron of the dorsal anterior lateral group of the protocerebrum Comment: faint expression ( Chen et al.,  2012 ) eye Comment: medium expression ( Chen et al.,  2012 ) ellipsoid body Comment: strong expression ( Chen et al.,  2012 ) Reporter: P{Hn-GAL4.K} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage serotonergic neuron ( Albin et al.,  2015 ) High-Throughput Expression Data Associated Tools JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals View Dmel\ Hn in JBrowse RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\ Hn View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\ Hn Bulk Downloads RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes Reference See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes. Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis Hn External Data and Images Linkouts BDGP expression data -
                  Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis FBgn0001208 DRscDB -
                  A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species 38871/tissue=All EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas -
                  Single cell expression across species FBgn0001208 FlyAtlas -
                  Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array FBgn0001208 FlyAtlas2 -
                  A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data FBgn0001208 Fly-FISH -
                  A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns CG7399 Flygut -
                  An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut FBgn0001208 Images FlyExpress -
                  Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) Show all FlyExpress processed images for
                  Dmel\Hn Stages(s) 13-16 FlyBase Wiki Image Based Resources Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations Classical and Insertion Alleles
            ( 19 ) For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show Pre-selected data Choose specific data Other relevant insertions Transgenic Constructs
            ( 12 ) For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show Pre-selected data Choose specific data Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Hn Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Hn Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications)
              ( 9 ) Inferred from experimentation
                  ( 9 ) Gene disrupted in Df(3L)BSC459 ( Christensen et al.,  2008.4.15 ) Df(3L)HnD-1 ( Allada et al.,  1998 , Grasso et al.,  1996 ) Df(3L)HnD-2 ( Allada et al.,  1998 , Grasso et al.,  1996 ) Df(3L)Hn ( Lewis,  1956 ) Df(3L)RM5-2 ( Allada et al.,  1998 , Grasso et al.,  1996 ) Df(3L)RM5-3 ( Grasso et al.,  1996 ) Gene not disrupted in Df(3L)RM1-13 ( Grasso et al.,  1996 ) Df(3L)RM2-2 ( Grasso et al.,  1996 ) Df(3L)RM5-1 ( Grasso et al.,  1996 ) Inferred from location
                  ( 7 ) Export to HitList Df(3L)BSC375 Df(3L)BSC388 Df(3L)BSC459 Df(3L)BSC631 Df(3L)BSC807 Df(3L)pbl-X1 Dp(3;2)GV-CH321-13O02 Variants Variant Molecular Consequences Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants Phenotypes For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol. Lethality Allele lethal | recessive Hn 1 partially lethal - majority die , with Scer\GAL4 da.G32 Hn RNAi.Sym.UAS partially lethal - majority live | nutrition conditional Hn TKO.GS00942 viable Hn rI viable , with Dcr-2 UAS.cDa , Scer\GAL4 elav.PLu Hn GD12227 viable , with Scer\GAL4 Mef2.PR Hn GD12227 viable , with Scer\GAL4 pnr-MD237 Hn GD12227 viable , with Scer\GAL4 tin.CΔ4 Hn GD12227 Other Phenotypes Allele abnormal developmental rate Hn TKO.GS00942 abnormal eye color Hn 53k Hn P Hn r2 Hn r3 Hn r53j Hn r Hn rI Hn rN abnormal eye color (with Hn bp ) Hn r3 abnormal eye color (with Hn r3 ) Hn bp abnormal eye color | recessive Hn bp abnormal eye color | semidominant Hn 1 abnormal feeding behavior | larval stage , with Scer\GAL4 da.G32 Hn RNAi.Sym.UAS abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage , with Scer\GAL4 da.G32 Hn RNAi.Sym.UAS some die during embryonic stage , with Scer\GAL4 da.G32 Hn RNAi.Sym.UAS visible | recessive Hn r3MN Phenotype manifest in Allele eye Hn 1 Hn bp eye (with Hn bp ) Hn r3 eye (with Hn r3 ) Hn bp pigment cell Hn 1 Hn 53k Hn P Hn r2 Hn r3 Hn r53j Hn r Hn rI Hn rN Orthologs Downloads Download All DIOPT Orthologs Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1) Species\Gene Symbol Score Best Score Best Reverse Score Source Compara Domainoid eggNOG Hieranoid Homologene Inparanoid OMA OrthoDB OrthoFinder OrthoInspector orthoMCL Panther Phylome SonicParanoid Alignment Complementation? Transgene? Homo sapiens (Human) (4) Hsap\PAH 13 of 14 Yes Yes Hsap\TPH1 5 of 14 No No 1 Hsap\TPH2 5 of 14 No No Hsap\TH 3 of 14 No No Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1) Species\Gene Symbol Score Best Score Best Reverse Score Source Compara Domainoid eggNOG Hieranoid Homologene Inparanoid OMA OrthoDB OrthoFinder OrthoInspector orthoMCL Panther Phylome SonicParanoid Alignment Complementation? Transgene? Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4) Rnor\Pah 13 of 14 Yes Yes Rnor\Tph1 5 of 14 No No Rnor\Tph2 5 of 14 No No Rnor\Th 3 of 14 No No Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4) Mmus\Pah 13 of 14 Yes Yes Mmus\Tph1 5 of 14 No No Mmus\Tph2 5 of 14 No No Mmus\Th 3 of 14 No No Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (8) Xtro\tph2 3 of 13 Yes No Xtro\fbxw8 1 of 13 No No Xtro\klf17 1 of 13 No Yes Xtro\pah 1 of 13 No Yes Xtro\rasgrp3 1 of 13 No Yes Xtro\th2 1 of 13 No No Xtro\th 1 of 13 No No Xtro\tph1 1 of 13 No No Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (6) Drer\pah 13 of 14 Yes Yes Drer\tph1a 5 of 14 No No Drer\tph1b 5 of 14 No No Drer\tph2 5 of 14 No No Drer\th2 3 of 14 No No Drer\th 3 of 14 No No Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3) Cele\pah-1 12 of 14 Yes Yes Cele\tph-1 4 of 14 No No Cele\cat-2 2 of 14 No No Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3) Agam\AgaP_AGAP005712 10 of 12 Yes Yes Agam\AgaP_AGAP006020 4 of 12 No No Agam\AgaP_AGAP006023 2 of 12 No No Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0) Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0) Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0) Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB) Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Hn .
              Refer to their site for version information. Paralogs Downloads Download All DIOPT Paralogs Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1) Gene Symbol Score Source Compara Domainoid eggNOG Homologene Inparanoid OMA OrthoDB OrthoFinder OrthoInspector orthoMCL Panther Phylome SonicParanoid Alignment Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2) Trhn 6 of 13 ple 5 of 13 Human Disease Associations FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 ) Allele Disease Evidence References Hn TKO.GS00942 model of phenylketonuria CEA ( Martelli et al.,  2024 ) Potential Models Based on Orthology
            ( 1 ) Human Ortholog Disease Evidence References PAH; phenylalanine hydroxylase model of phenylketonuria IEA ( FlyBase,  2019- ) Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 ) Allele Disease Interaction References Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM) Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown. Homo sapiens (Human) Gene name Score OMIM OMIM Phenotype DO term Complementation? Transgene? PAH; phenylalanine hydroxylase 13 of 14 612349 PHENYLKETONURIA; PKU phenylketonuria TPH1; tryptophan hydroxylase 1 5 of 14 191060 TPH2; tryptophan hydroxylase 2 5 of 14 607478 ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 7; ADHD7 MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; MDD major depressive disorder TH; tyrosine hydroxylase 3 of 14 191290 SEGAWA SYNDROME, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE autosomal recessive Segawa syndrome Functional Complementation Data Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data
                  obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the
                  literature. Interactions Summary of Physical Interactions Interaction Browsers View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link) Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details protein-protein Physical Interaction Assay References Hn - osk anti tag coimmunoprecipitation , Identification by mass spectrometry ( Hurd et al.,  2016 ) Summary of Genetic Interactions Interaction Browsers Starting gene(s) Interaction type Interacting gene(s) Reference Starting gene(s) Interaction type Interacting gene(s) Reference External Data Linkouts BioGRID -
                  A database of protein and genetic interactions. 64301 DroID -
                  A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. FBgn0001208 MIST (protein-protein) -
                  An integrated Molecular Interaction Database 38871 Pathways Signaling Pathways (FlyBase) Metabolic Pathways FlyBase L-PHENYLALANINE AND L-TYROSINE METABOLISM SEROTONIN AND MELATONIN BIOSYNTHESIS External Links FlyCyc Pathways -
                  Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel L-tyrosine biosynthesis IV serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis I KEGG Metabolic Pathways -
                  A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks. Biosynthesis of amino acids Folate biosynthesis Metabolic pathways Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis Phenylalanine metabolism Reactome Metabolic Pathways -
                  An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database. Phenylalanine metabolism External Data Linkouts KEGG Pathways -
                  A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks. Biosynthesis of amino acids Folate biosynthesis Metabolic pathways Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis Phenylalanine metabolism Reactome -
                  An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Phenylalanine metabolism Class of Gene nuclear_gene protein_coding_gene Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data Chromosome (arm) 3L Recombination map 3-21 Cytogenetic map 66A12-66A12 Sequence location 3L:7,760,453..7,763,166 [+] FlyBase Computed Cytological Location Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 66A12-66A12 Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)07217 08223 & P{EP}Rac2 EP3118 and P{lacW}Nmt j1C7 Experimentally Determined Cytological Location Cytogenetic map Notes References 66A-66A ( Silva,  1997.10.7 ) 66A11-66A12 (determined by in situ hybridisation) ( Cuenca et al.,  1998 ) 66A-66A (determined by in situ hybridisation) ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) Experimentally Determined Recombination Data Location 3-21 ( FlyBase,  2016 ) 3-17.8 ( Comeron et al.,  2012 ) 3-23.0 Left of (cM) Right of (cM) Notes Stocks and Reagents Stocks (20) Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene Bloomington 519 Hn r3 sr 1 522 jv 1 Hn r hry 1 29540 y 1 v 1 ; P{TRiP.JF02261}attP2 68077 y 1 sc * v 1 sev 21 ; P{TOE.GS00468}attP40 76493 y 1 sc * v 1 sev 21 ; P{TKO.GS00942}attP40 FlyORF F002869 M{UAS-Hn.ORF.3xHA.GW}ZH-86Fb Kyoto 105959 Hn r3 sr 1 105961 jv 1 Hn r hry 1 NIG-Fly 7399R-3 P{NIG.7399R}3 VDRC v110511 P{KK108166}VIE-260B v35240 w 1118 ; P{GD12227}v35240 v341957 P{hsFLP}1, y 1 w 1118 ; P{HD_CFD01254}attP40/CyO-GFP More stocks available... Genomic Clones
            (13) BACR03I22 BACR34B24 CH321-4M20 CH321-13O2 CH321-35E12 CH321-94I3 CH322-20H1 CH322-29O1 CH322-93L17 CH322-129C11 CH322-147O18 CH322-164C21 CH322-177O9 List GenBank IDs Please Note FlyBase no
                        longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list
                        may not be complete cDNA Clones
            (50) List GenBank IDs Clones Consistent with Transcripts Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent
                        of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs
                        of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model. cDNA clones, fully sequenced BDGP DGC clones HL08079 LP11814 Other clones Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged)
                    in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and
                    Drosophila cell lines. FBgn0001208 cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs) BDGP DGC clones GH03481 GH05892 GH07281 GH09189 GH09411 GH10563 GH10907 GH11362 GH14964 GH15227 GH17957 GH19619 GH19952 GH22611 GH23321 GH28895 LP09577 LP11467 LP11986 RH08421 RH08562 RH29121 RH55339 RH58249 RH62039 Other clones 39012 51135 72157 149506 149670 CK01.82D.H3 EC00939 EC01239 EC27876 EC35116 EK066130 EK158810 EK162154 EK201158 IP10774 RP004067544 RP004088640 RP004106270 RP004212901 RP004229241 RP004389399 RP004410774 RP004496277 RNAi and Array Information Linkouts DRSC -
                  Results frm RNAi screens FBgn0001208 Antibody Information Laboratory Generated Antibodies polyclonal ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) Commercially Available Antibodies Cell Line Information Publicly Available Cell Lines Other Stable Cell Lines Other Comments S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells. ( Stroschein-Stevenson et al.,  2006 ) Homologous genetic loci in D.subobscura and D.melanogaster tend to show a similar ultrastructure in the two species. ( Cuenca et al.,  1998 ) Hn is involved in the Trp metabolism and pteridine synthesis. ( Alcaniz and Silva,  1997 ) Isolation and characterisation of Hn . ( Ruiz-Vazquez et al.,  1996 ) Tryptophan hydrolase catalyses the tetrahydopterin-dependent hydroxylation of L-Phe to yield L-Tyr, the only significant endogenous synthesis of Tyr and the irreversible first step in the phenylalanine degradation pathway. Tryptophan hydrolase activity peaks in pupation and has a minor peak at adult emergence. More likely that H 4 Bip is the natural cofactor of Hn than H 4 Ptr. ( Bel et al.,  1992 ) Chromatographic pattern of pteridine eye pigments neodrosopterin, sepiapterin, pterin, aurodrosopterin, acetyldihidrohomopterin, isoxanthopterin, biopterin and drosopterin measured in Hn alleles. ( Millan and Najera,  1992 ) Analysis of variance of developmental time and viability of pteridine pathway mutants in sf, se, Hn, dke and bw, indicated that viability of induced and natural population alleles is the same whereas developmental time tends to be longer for induced mutations as compared to natural population alleles. ( Millan and Najera,  1992 ) Isolated from a Drosophila adult head cDNA library using a rabbit tryptophan hydroxylase cDNA as a probe under reduced stringency conditions. ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) A Hn cDNA has been cloned and sequenced. ( Neckameyer and White,  1992 ) A monoclonal antibody against monkey liver phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH8) (recognising an epitope of residues 139 to 154 of the monkey protein) cross-reacts with a Drosophila protein whose distribution parallels the pattern of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity distribution, with maxima at pupariation and pharate adult formation. Hn mutants show reduced phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme activity and decreased amounts of protein as assayed in Western blots. ( Silva et al.,  1992 ) Isolated from a second larval instar cDNA library using a human pah cDNA as a probe. ( Morales et al.,  1990 ) A Hn cDNA has been cloned and sequenced, and its expression pattern has been analysed. ( Morales et al.,  1990 ) A mutant of Hn has been shown to influence the level of in vivo detectable 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroperin and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobioperin. ( Guillamon and Ferre,  1988 ) Relationship to Other Genes Source for database merge of Additional comments Nomenclature History Source for database identify of Nomenclature comments Etymology Synonyms and Secondary IDs  (22) Reported As Symbol Synonym CG7399 ( Widmer et al.,  2018 , Hurd et al.,  2016 , Keleman et al.,  2009.8.5 , Perkins et al.,  2009 ) DTPH ( Coleman and Neckameyer,  2005 , Coleman and Neckameyer,  2004 , Coleman and Neckameyer,  2004 , Coleman and Neckameyer,  2002 , Coleman and Neckameyer,  2001 , Grasso et al.,  1996 , Neckameyer and White,  1992 , Neckameyer and White,  1991 ) DTPHu ( Curran and Chalasani,  2012 , Neckameyer et al.,  2007 ) Hn ( Kosakamoto et al.,  2024 , Martelli et al.,  2024 , Deshpande et al.,  2022 , Sebastian et al.,  2022 , Liang et al.,  2021 , Parkhitko et al.,  2020 , Widmer et al.,  2018 , Kim et al.,  2017 , Transgenic RNAi Project members,  2017- , Miller et al.,  2016 , Mossman et al.,  2016 , Luck et al.,  2014 , Izutsu et al.,  2012 , Japanese National Institute of Genetics,  2012.5.21 , Rees et al.,  2011 , Kong et al.,  2010 , Wasbrough et al.,  2010 , Anaka et al.,  2008 , Christensen et al.,  2008.4.15 , Wang et al.,  2008 , Juhász et al.,  2007 , Beller et al.,  2006 , Stroschein-Stevenson et al.,  2006 ) PAH ( Ferré,  2024 , Dolezal,  2023 , Bel et al.,  2000 , Alcaniz and Silva,  1997 ) Pah ( Ruiz-Vazquez and Silva,  1999 , Ruiz-Vazquez et al.,  1996 , Silva,  1996.5.20 , Bel et al.,  1992 ) TPH ( Lee et al.,  2011 , Neckameyer,  2010 , Bondinas et al.,  2002 , Bondinas et al.,  2001 , Neckameyer et al.,  2000 ) TRH ( Lee et al.,  2011 ) TpH ( Aboudhiaf et al.,  2018 ) Tph ( Huang et al.,  2024 , Andolfatto,  2001 , Teeter et al.,  2000 , Colas et al.,  1999 ) Trh ( Weaver et al.,  2023 , Ro et al.,  2016 , Chen et al.,  2012 ) bu pah ( Morales,  1995.6.30 , Silva et al.,  1992 , Morales et al.,  1990 ) tph ( Yu et al.,  2026 ) Name Synonyms Henna ( Ferré,  2024 , Mossman et al.,  2016 , Qi et al.,  2016 , Haussmann et al.,  2008 , Wang et al.,  2008 , Dierick and Greenspan,  2007 , Manh et al.,  2005 , Zhang et al.,  2005 , Silva,  1997.10.7 , Silva,  1997.10.7 , Silva,  1997.10.7 , Silva,  1997.10.7 , Silva,  1997.10.7 ) Phenylalanine-hydroxylase Tryptophan hydrolase brunette henna ( Sharma et al.,  2011 , Gronke et al.,  2005 , Scherzer et al.,  2003 ) phenylalanine hydroxylase ( Ferré,  2024 , Ruiz-Vazquez et al.,  1996 , Morales,  1995.6.30 , Morales et al.,  1990 ) phenylalanine-tryptophan hydroxylase ( Neckameyer et al.,  2000 ) tryptophan hydroxylase ( Ro et al.,  2016 ) Secondary FlyBase IDs FBgn0003737 FBgn0004089 FBgn0005770 FBgn0024922 Datasets (0) Study focus (0) Experimental Role Project Project Type Title Study result (0) Result Result Type Title External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 86 ) Sequence Crossreferences NCBI Gene -
                  Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide. 38871 GenBank Nucleotide -
                  A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB. AA699278 AJ001717 AJ001718 AJ001719 AJ001720 AJ001721 AJ001722 AJ001723 AW941467 AY069306 M32802 M81833 X98116 GenBank Protein -
                  A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB. AAA69513 AAF50517 AAF50517.1 AAL39451 AAX52756 AGB94237 AGB94238 CAA04950 CAA66797 CAA66798 CAB51597 CAB51599 CAB51600 CAB51601 RefSeq -
                  A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein. NM_079239 NM_001014573 NM_001274613 NM_001274614 NP_523963 NP_001014573 NP_001261542 NP_001261543 UniProt/GCRP -
                  The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene. P17276 UniProt/Swiss-Prot -
                  Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information P17276 UniProt/TrEMBL -
                  Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information E8NH57 M9PBV1 Q59E23 Other crossreferences AlphaFold DB -
                  AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research. P17276 BDGP expression data -
                  Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis FBgn0001208 DRscDB -
                  A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species 38871/tissue=All EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas -
                  Single cell expression across species FBgn0001208 FlyAtlas2 -
                  A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data FBgn0001208 FlyMine -
                  An integrated database for Drosophila genomics FBgn0001208 InterPro -
                  A database of protein families, domains and functional sites Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase ACT domain Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, tetrameric form Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, iron/copper binding site Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase-like Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, C-terminal Aromatic amino acid monoxygenase, C-terminal domain superfamily Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase superfamily Eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, catalytic domain ACT-like domain KEGG Genes -
                  Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space. dme:Dmel_CG7399 MARRVEL_MODEL -
                  MARRVEL (model organism gene) 38871 Linkouts BioGRID -
                  A database of protein and genetic interactions. 64301 Drosophila Genomics Resource Center -
                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones FBgn0001208 DroID -
                  A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. FBgn0001208 DRSC -
                  Results frm RNAi screens FBgn0001208 Eukaryotic Promoter Database -
                  A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms. Hn_1 Hn_2 FlyAtlas -
                  Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array FBgn0001208 FlyCyc Genes -
                  Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel FBGN0001208 FlyCyc Pathways -
                  Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel L-tyrosine biosynthesis IV serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis I Fly-FISH -
                  A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns CG7399 Flygut -
                  An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut FBgn0001208 FlyMet -
                  A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila. FBgn0001208 iBeetle-Base -
                  RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) TC000087 KEGG Metabolic Pathways -
                  A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks. Biosynthesis of amino acids Folate biosynthesis Metabolic pathways Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis Phenylalanine metabolism KEGG Pathways -
                  A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks. Biosynthesis of amino acids Folate biosynthesis Metabolic pathways Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis Phenylalanine metabolism MIST (protein-protein) -
                  An integrated Molecular Interaction Database 38871 Reactome -
                  An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Phenylalanine metabolism Reactome Metabolic Pathways -
                  An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database. Phenylalanine metabolism References (154) Report Sections Open Close General Information Genomic Location Function Summaries Gene Model and Products Expression Data Gene ToolKit Alleles, Insertions, Constructs, and Aberrations Classical and Insertion Alleles Transgenic Constructs Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) Variants Phenotypes Orthologs Human Orthologs Model Organism Orthologs Other Organism Orthologs Paralogs Human Disease Associations Functional Complementation Interactions Physical Interaction report Genetic interactions External Data Pathways Class of Gene Genomic Location and Mapping Stocks and Reagents Other Comments Relationship to Other Genes Nomenclature History Synonyms and Secondary IDs Datasets Crossreferences References version FB2026_02, released June 18, 2026 Contact FlyBase FAQ Citing FlyBase