{
  "annotationScore": 3.0,
  "comments": [
    {
      "commentType": "FUNCTION",
      "texts": [
        {
          "evidences": [
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
              "id": "ARBA00034296",
              "source": "ARBA"
            },
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
              "id": "RU000352",
              "source": "RuleBase"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cofactors": [
        {
          "cofactorCrossReference": {
            "database": "ChEBI",
            "id": "CHEBI:18420"
          },
          "evidences": [
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
              "id": "ARBA00001946",
              "source": "ARBA"
            }
          ],
          "name": "Mg(2+)"
        }
      ],
      "commentType": "COFACTOR"
    },
    {
      "commentType": "SUBUNIT",
      "texts": [
        {
          "evidences": [
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
              "id": "RU000352",
              "source": "RuleBase"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "commentType": "SUBCELLULAR LOCATION",
      "subcellularLocations": [
        {
          "location": {
            "evidences": [
              {
                "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
                "id": "ARBA00004245",
                "source": "ARBA"
              }
            ],
            "id": "SL-0090",
            "value": "Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "commentType": "SIMILARITY",
      "texts": [
        {
          "evidences": [
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
              "id": "ARBA00009636",
              "source": "ARBA"
            },
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
              "id": "RU000352",
              "source": "RuleBase"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Belongs to the tubulin family"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "entryAudit": {
    "entryVersion": 171,
    "firstPublicDate": "2002-10-01",
    "lastAnnotationUpdateDate": "2026-09-02",
    "lastSequenceUpdateDate": "2002-10-01",
    "sequenceVersion": 1
  },
  "entryType": "UniProtKB unreviewed (TrEMBL)",
  "extraAttributes": {
    "countByCommentType": {
      "COFACTOR": 1,
      "FUNCTION": 1,
      "SIMILARITY": 1,
      "SUBCELLULAR LOCATION": 1,
      "SUBUNIT": 1
    },
    "countByFeatureType": {
      "Compositional bias": 1,
      "Domain": 2,
      "Region": 1
    },
    "uniParcId": "UPI000007D3A4"
  },
  "features": [
    {
      "description": "Tubulin/FtsZ GTPase",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000259",
          "id": "SM00864",
          "source": "SMART"
        }
      ],
      "location": {
        "end": {
          "modifier": "EXACT",
          "value": 244
        },
        "start": {
          "modifier": "EXACT",
          "value": 47
        }
      },
      "type": "Domain"
    },
    {
      "description": "Tubulin/FtsZ 2-layer sandwich",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000259",
          "id": "SM00865",
          "source": "SMART"
        }
      ],
      "location": {
        "end": {
          "modifier": "EXACT",
          "value": 383
        },
        "start": {
          "modifier": "EXACT",
          "value": 246
        }
      },
      "type": "Domain"
    },
    {
      "description": "Disordered",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "MobiDB-lite",
          "source": "SAM"
        }
      ],
      "location": {
        "end": {
          "modifier": "EXACT",
          "value": 457
        },
        "start": {
          "modifier": "EXACT",
          "value": 429
        }
      },
      "type": "Region"
    },
    {
      "description": "Acidic residues",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "MobiDB-lite",
          "source": "SAM"
        }
      ],
      "location": {
        "end": {
          "modifier": "EXACT",
          "value": 447
        },
        "start": {
          "modifier": "EXACT",
          "value": 429
        }
      },
      "type": "Compositional bias"
    }
  ],
  "genes": [
    {
      "geneName": {
        "evidences": [
          {
            "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000313",
            "id": "FBgn0003890",
            "source": "FlyBase"
          }
        ],
        "value": "betaTub97EF"
      },
      "orfNames": [
        {
          "evidences": [
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000313",
              "id": "AAM49980.1",
              "source": "EMBL"
            },
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000313",
              "id": "FBgn0003890",
              "source": "FlyBase"
            }
          ],
          "value": "CG4869"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "evidences": [
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000313",
              "id": "FBgn0003890",
              "source": "FlyBase"
            }
          ],
          "value": "beta-Tub97EF"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "keywords": [
    {
      "category": "Cellular component",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "ARBA00022490",
          "source": "ARBA"
        }
      ],
      "id": "KW-0963",
      "name": "Cytoplasm"
    },
    {
      "category": "Cellular component",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "ARBA00023212",
          "source": "ARBA"
        }
      ],
      "id": "KW-0206",
      "name": "Cytoskeleton"
    },
    {
      "category": "Ligand",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "ARBA00023134",
          "source": "ARBA"
        },
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "RU000352",
          "source": "RuleBase"
        }
      ],
      "id": "KW-0342",
      "name": "GTP-binding"
    },
    {
      "category": "Ligand",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "ARBA00022842",
          "source": "ARBA"
        }
      ],
      "id": "KW-0460",
      "name": "Magnesium"
    },
    {
      "category": "Ligand",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "ARBA00022723",
          "source": "ARBA"
        }
      ],
      "id": "KW-0479",
      "name": "Metal-binding"
    },
    {
      "category": "Cellular component",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "ARBA00022701",
          "source": "ARBA"
        },
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "RU000352",
          "source": "RuleBase"
        }
      ],
      "id": "KW-0493",
      "name": "Microtubule"
    },
    {
      "category": "Ligand",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "ARBA00022741",
          "source": "ARBA"
        },
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
          "id": "RU000352",
          "source": "RuleBase"
        }
      ],
      "id": "KW-0547",
      "name": "Nucleotide-binding"
    }
  ],
  "organism": {
    "commonName": "Fruit fly",
    "evidences": [
      {
        "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000313",
        "id": "AAM49980.1",
        "source": "EMBL"
      }
    ],
    "lineage": [
      "Eukaryota",
      "Metazoa",
      "Ecdysozoa",
      "Arthropoda",
      "Altocrustacea",
      "Allotriocarida",
      "Hexapoda",
      "Insecta",
      "Pterygota",
      "Neoptera",
      "Eumetabola",
      "Endopterygota",
      "Aparaglossata",
      "Panorpida",
      "Diptera",
      "Brachycera",
      "Muscomorpha",
      "Ephydroidea",
      "Drosophilidae",
      "Drosophila",
      "Sophophora"
    ],
    "scientificName": "Drosophila melanogaster",
    "taxonId": 7227
  },
  "primaryAccession": "Q8MST5",
  "proteinDescription": {
    "recommendedName": {
      "fullName": {
        "evidences": [
          {
            "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000256",
            "id": "RU000352",
            "source": "RuleBase"
          }
        ],
        "value": "Tubulin beta chain"
      }
    }
  },
  "proteinExistence": "2: Evidence at transcript level",
  "references": [
    {
      "citation": {
        "authors": [
          "Stapleton M.",
          "Brokstein P.",
          "Hong L.",
          "Agbayani A.",
          "Carlson J.",
          "Champe M.",
          "Chavez C.",
          "Dorsett V.",
          "Dresnek D.",
          "Farfan D.",
          "Frise E.",
          "George R.",
          "Gonzalez M.",
          "Guarin H.",
          "Kronmiller B.",
          "Li P.",
          "Liao G.",
          "Miranda A.",
          "Mungall C.J.",
          "Nunoo J.",
          "Pacleb J.",
          "Paragas V.",
          "Park S.",
          "Patel S.",
          "Phouanenavong S.",
          "Wan K.",
          "Yu C.",
          "Lewis S.E.",
          "Rubin G.M.",
          "Celniker S."
        ],
        "citationType": "submission",
        "id": "CI-144LFQU0806Q7",
        "publicationDate": "JUN-2002",
        "submissionDatabase": "EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases"
      },
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000313",
          "id": "AAM49980.1",
          "source": "EMBL"
        }
      ],
      "referenceComments": [
        {
          "evidences": [
            {
              "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000313",
              "id": "AAM49980.1",
              "source": "EMBL"
            }
          ],
          "type": "STRAIN",
          "value": "Berkeley"
        }
      ],
      "referenceNumber": 1,
      "referencePositions": [
        "NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sequence": {
    "crc64": "12940FF0A84446E0",
    "length": 457,
    "md5": "32160907986523E332F78DC2FC045795",
    "molWeight": 51252,
    "value": "MREIVHLQAGQCGNQIGSKFWEIISDEHGIDPNGYYHGESALQHERIDVYYNEASSGKYVPRAVLIDLEPGTMDSVRQSPVGQLFRPDNFVYGQSGAGNNWAKGHYTEGAELIDSVLEVLRKESEGCDCLQGFQLAHSLGGGTGSGLGTLLISKIREEYPDRIMNSFSVVPSPKVSDTVVEPYNATLSIHQLVENTDETFCIDNEALYDICFRTLKLSSPTYGDLNHLVSVTMSGVTTCLRFPGQLNADLRKLAVNMVPFPRLHFFMPGFAPLTAKGSQQYRALTVAELTQQMFDAKNMMTACDPRHGRYLTVACIFRGPMSMKEVDTQMYNVQSKNSSYFVEWIPNNVKVAVCDIPPRGLKMSATFIGNSTAIQEIFKRISEQFTAMFRRKAFLHWYTGEGMDEMEFTEAESNMNDLISEYQQYQEATADDEVEFDDEQAEQEGYESEVLQNGNGE"
  },
  "uniProtKBCrossReferences": [
    {
      "database": "EMBL",
      "id": "AY118611",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "ProteinId",
          "value": "AAM49980.1"
        },
        {
          "key": "Status",
          "value": "-"
        },
        {
          "key": "MoleculeType",
          "value": "mRNA"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "RefSeq",
      "id": "NP_001163753.1",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "NucleotideSequenceId",
          "value": "NM_001170282.2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "AlphaFoldDB",
      "id": "Q8MST5",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "SMR",
      "id": "Q8MST5",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "IntAct",
      "id": "Q8MST5",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Interactions",
          "value": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "STRING",
      "id": "7227.FBpp0289838",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "PaxDb",
      "id": "7227-FBpp0289838",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "PeptideAtlas",
      "id": "Q8MST5",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "DNASU",
      "id": "43359",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "GeneID",
      "id": "43359",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "KEGG",
      "id": "dme:Dmel_CG4869",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "AGR",
      "id": "FB:FBgn0003890",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "CTD",
      "id": "43359",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "FlyBase",
      "id": "FBgn0003890",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "GeneName",
          "value": "betaTub97EF"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "VEuPathDB",
      "id": "VectorBase:FBgn0003890",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "HOGENOM",
      "id": "CLU_015718_1_0_1",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "OrthoDB",
      "id": "1662883at2759",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "Description",
          "value": "-"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Reactome",
      "id": "R-DME-3371497",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "PathwayName",
          "value": "HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Reactome",
      "id": "R-DME-6798695",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "PathwayName",
          "value": "Neutrophil degranulation"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Reactome",
      "id": "R-DME-6807878",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "PathwayName",
          "value": "COPI-mediated anterograde transport"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Reactome",
      "id": "R-DME-6811436",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "PathwayName",
          "value": "COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "BioGRID-ORCS",
      "id": "43359",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "hits",
          "value": "0 hits in 3 CRISPR screens"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Bgee",
      "id": "FBgn0003890",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "ExpressionPatterns",
          "value": "Expressed in capitellum (Drosophila) and 106 other cell types or tissues"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "GO",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000250",
          "id": "6329853",
          "source": "PubMed"
        }
      ],
      "id": "GO:0005874",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "GoTerm",
          "value": "C:microtubule"
        },
        {
          "key": "GoEvidenceType",
          "value": "ISS:FlyBase"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "GO",
      "id": "GO:0005525",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "GoTerm",
          "value": "F:GTP binding"
        },
        {
          "key": "GoEvidenceType",
          "value": "IBA:GO_Central"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "GO",
      "id": "GO:0003924",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "GoTerm",
          "value": "F:GTPase activity"
        },
        {
          "key": "GoEvidenceType",
          "value": "IEA:InterPro"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "GO",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000250",
          "id": "6329853",
          "source": "PubMed"
        }
      ],
      "id": "GO:0005200",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "GoTerm",
          "value": "F:structural constituent of cytoskeleton"
        },
        {
          "key": "GoEvidenceType",
          "value": "ISS:FlyBase"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "GO",
      "evidences": [
        {
          "evidenceCode": "ECO:0000315",
          "id": "35562934",
          "source": "PubMed"
        }
      ],
      "id": "GO:0046529",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "GoTerm",
          "value": "P:imaginal disc fusion, thorax closure"
        },
        {
          "key": "GoEvidenceType",
          "value": "IMP:FlyBase"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "GO",
      "id": "GO:0007017",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "GoTerm",
          "value": "P:microtubule-based process"
        },
        {
          "key": "GoEvidenceType",
          "value": "IEA:InterPro"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "GO",
      "id": "GO:0000278",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "GoTerm",
          "value": "P:mitotic cell cycle"
        },
        {
          "key": "GoEvidenceType",
          "value": "IBA:GO_Central"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "CDD",
      "id": "cd02187",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "beta_tubulin"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "FunFam",
      "id": "1.10.287.600:FF:000006",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin beta chain"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "FunFam",
      "id": "3.30.1330.20:FF:000002",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin beta chain"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "FunFam",
      "id": "3.40.50.1440:FF:000003",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin beta chain"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Gene3D",
      "id": "1.10.287.600",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Helix hairpin bin"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Gene3D",
      "id": "3.30.1330.20",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin/FtsZ, C-terminal domain"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Gene3D",
      "id": "3.40.50.1440",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin/FtsZ, GTPase domain"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR013838",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Beta-tubulin_BS"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR002453",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Beta_tubulin"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR008280",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tub_FtsZ_C"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR000217",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR037103",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin/FtsZ-like_C"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR018316",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin/FtsZ_2-layer-sand-dom"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR036525",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin/FtsZ_GTPase_sf"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR023123",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin_C"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR017975",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin_CS"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "InterPro",
      "id": "IPR003008",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "PANTHER",
      "id": "PTHR11588",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "TUBULIN"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Pfam",
      "id": "PF00091",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "Pfam",
      "id": "PF03953",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin_C"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "PRINTS",
      "id": "PR01163",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "BETATUBULIN"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "PRINTS",
      "id": "PR01161",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "TUBULIN"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "SMART",
      "id": "SM00864",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "SMART",
      "id": "SM00865",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin_C"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "SUPFAM",
      "id": "SSF55307",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin C-terminal domain-like"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "SUPFAM",
      "id": "SSF52490",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "Tubulin nucleotide-binding domain-like"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "PROSITE",
      "id": "PS00227",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "TUBULIN"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database": "PROSITE",
      "id": "PS00228",
      "properties": [
        {
          "key": "EntryName",
          "value": "TUBULIN_B_AUTOREG"
        },
        {
          "key": "MatchStatus",
          "value": "1"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "uniProtkbId": "Q8MST5_DROME"
}
