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organism: OCTVU
gene_id: CTR1
gene_symbol: CTR1
uniprot_accession: Q7YW31
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gene_info: Name=CTR1 {ECO:0000312|EMBL:BAD67169.1};
organism_full: Octopus vulgaris (Common octopus).
protein_family: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.
protein_domains: GPCR_Rhodpsn. (IPR000276); GPCR_Rhodpsn_7TM. (IPR017452); Vasoprsn_rcpt.
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Question

Gene Research for Functional Annotation

⚠️ CRITICAL: Gene/Protein Identification Context

BEFORE YOU BEGIN RESEARCH: You MUST verify you are researching the CORRECT gene/protein. Gene symbols can be ambiguous, especially for less well-characterized genes from non-model organisms.

Target Gene/Protein Identity (from UniProt):

• UniProt Accession: Q7YW31
• Protein Description: RecName: Full=Cephalotocin receptor 1; AltName: Full=OC/CE-R 1; AltName: Full=OT/VP superfamily peptide receptor 1;
• Gene Information: Name=CTR1 {ECO:0000312|EMBL:BAD67169.1};
• Organism (full): Octopus vulgaris (Common octopus).
• Protein Family: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.
• Key Domains: GPCR_Rhodpsn. (IPR000276); GPCR_Rhodpsn_7TM. (IPR017452); Vasoprsn_rcpt. (IPR001817); 7tm_1 (PF00001)

MANDATORY VERIFICATION STEPS:

1. Check if the gene symbol "CTR1" matches the protein description above
2. Verify the organism is correct: Octopus vulgaris (Common octopus).
3. Check if protein family/domains align with what you find in literature
4. If you find literature for a DIFFERENT gene with the same or similar symbol, STOP

If Gene Symbol is Ambiguous or You Cannot Find Relevant Literature:

DO NOT PROCEED WITH RESEARCH ON A DIFFERENT GENE. Instead:
- State clearly: "The gene symbol 'CTR1' is ambiguous or literature is limited for this specific protein"
- Explain what you found (e.g., "Found extensive literature on a different gene with the same symbol in a different organism")
- Describe the protein based ONLY on the UniProt information provided above
- Suggest that the protein function can be inferred from domain/family information

Research Target:

Please provide a comprehensive research report on the gene CTR1 (gene ID: CTR1, UniProt: Q7YW31) in OCTVU.

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Output

Cephalotocin Receptor 1 (CTR1) in Octopus vulgaris – Function and Significance

Identity and Molecular Characteristics

Cephalotocin Receptor 1 (CTR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) identified in the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). It is a 397-amino-acid membrane protein belonging to the class A (rhodopsin-like) GPCR family, specifically the vasopressin/oxytocin receptor superfamily (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Like other rhodopsin-family GPCRs, CTR1 contains seven transmembrane helices and conserved motifs necessary for G-protein signaling (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The receptor shares high sequence homology with vertebrate oxytocin and vasopressin receptors and even conserves key residues in the ligand-binding pocket characteristic of that family (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Gene ontology annotations confirm CTR1’s role in signal transduction (GO:0007165) as a peptide hormone receptor (GO:0004871) localized to the plasma membrane (GO:0005886) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). These features firmly establish CTR1 as the octopus ortholog within the oxytocin/vasopressin receptor lineage.

Ligand: Cephalotocin and the OT/VP Peptide Superfamily

CTR1 is the receptor for cephalotocin (CT), a neuropeptide hormone of the oxytocin/vasopressin (OT/VP) superfamily unique to cephalopods. Cephalotocin is a cyclic nonapeptide (nine amino acids) with a structure closely resembling oxytocin/vasopressin; it was originally isolated from octopus neural tissues in 1992 (www.sciencedirect.com). Notably, Octopus vulgaris was the first invertebrate found to possess two distinct OT/VP-like peptides: cephalotocin (an oxytocin-like peptide) and octopressin (OP), a vasopressin-like peptide (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This dual-peptide system in an invertebrate was a remarkable discovery, mirroring the oxytocin/vasopressin pair of vertebrates (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Cephalotocin and octopressin each consist of nine amino acids with the conserved cysteine residues forming a 1–6 disulfide ring; however, their sequences differ at key positions (notably residues 2–5 and the C-terminal tail), which underlies their different receptor selectivity (www.frontiersin.org) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In octopus, CTR1 specifically binds cephalotocin, showing no response to octopressin or other OT/VP-family peptides (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Conversely, octopressin acts through a distinct receptor (see below), reflecting a separation of signaling pathways for the two peptides.

Discovery of CTR1 and Receptor Subtypes

CTR1 was first cloned and characterized in 2003 by Kanda et al. (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Researchers isolated an “orphan” GPCR cDNA from octopus brain tissue and noted its strong resemblance to oxytocin/vasopressin receptors (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, this receptor was activated only by cephalotocin, triggering membrane chloride currents via the inositol phosphate/Ca²⁺ second-messenger pathway (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Octopressin and other related peptides did not activate the cloned receptor (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Biochemical fractionation of octopus brain extracts confirmed that the endogenous ligand for this receptor was indeed cephalotocin, leading to its designation as the cephalotocin receptor (CTR) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This provided functional proof that octopus has dedicated receptors for each peptide. Two years later, in 2005, additional receptor subtypes were identified: a second cephalotocin receptor CTR2 and an octopressin-specific receptor OPR (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Like CTR1, these newly found GPCRs have the signature 7-transmembrane architecture and conserved motifs of OT/VP receptors (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Functional assays showed that CTR2 is also activated by cephalotocin (with no response to OP), while OPR is activated exclusively by octopressin (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The existence of multiple cephalotocin receptors (CTR1 and CTR2) in octopus suggests a potential sub-functionalization or tissue-specific roles for the CT signaling pathway, analogous to the specialized oxytocin vs. vasopressin receptors in mammals. Interestingly, the gene structures of octopus CTR1/2 and OPR (intron–exon organization) parallel those of vertebrate OT/VP receptor genes, implying an ancient origin and conservation of overall gene architecture (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). However, the ligand–receptor binding selectivity in octopus appears to have evolved along a different trajectory: researchers noted that certain amino acid positions in cephalotocin vs. octopressin (positions 2–5 of the peptides) and the corresponding receptor binding-site residues differ significantly between CTRs and OPR (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This contrasts with vertebrates, where a single residue change (e.g. at position 8 of the peptide) distinguishes oxytocin from vasopressin specificity (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). These findings suggest that while octopus and vertebrates both evolved dual peptide-receptor systems through gene duplication, the molecular basis of ligand discrimination followed divergent evolutionary paths (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

Expression Profile and Cellular Localization

CTR1 is expressed in a broad but specific set of tissues in the octopus, indicating it has both neural and peripheral roles. Messenger RNA for CTR1 is detected in the central nervous system (brain) as well as the peripheral nervous system, consistent with a neuromodulatory function (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Notably, CTR1 mRNA is also found in several endocrine or reproductive organs, including the ovary, oviduct, and the octopus pancreas (digestive gland) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). As a GPCR, the CTR1 protein is localized to the cell surface of its expressing cells (plasma membrane), where it can bind extracellular cephalotocin (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The receptor’s presence in ovarian and oviduct tissues suggests a role in female reproductive physiology, while expression in the pancreas hints at involvement in metabolic or digestive processes (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Its widespread distribution in nervous tissues also implies that cephalotocin acts as a neuropeptide, modulating neural circuit activity. This expression pattern aligns with the hypothesis that cephalotocin signaling influences multiple systems – from the brain to peripheral organs – rather than a single isolated pathway.

Signaling Mechanism

As a class A GPCR, CTR1 transduces cephalotocin binding into intracellular signals primarily via G-protein coupling. Experiments have shown that CTR1 activation leads to activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway, causing an increase in inositol trisphosphate (IP₃) and a release of Ca²⁺ from intracellular stores (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In Xenopus oocyte assays, stimulation of CTR1 by cephalotocin induced robust Ca²⁺-dependent chloride currents, confirming that CTR1 couples to Gq/G₁₁-type G-proteins (analogous to the Gq-mediated signaling of mammalian oxytocin/vasopressin receptors) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This Ca²⁺ signaling can have various downstream effects depending on the cell type: in secretory cells it might trigger hormone or enzyme release, in muscle cells it could induce contraction, and in neurons it may modulate excitability or neurotransmitter release. It’s noteworthy that cephalotocin and octopressin both signal through Ca²⁺ pathways via their respective receptors (www.sciencedirect.com). However, the physiological outcomes differ because CTR1 is distributed in different cell types than the octopressin receptor. The octopressin receptor (OPR), for example, is found on smooth muscle cells of organs like the oviduct and blood vessels and mediates strong muscle contractions upon OP binding, much as vasopressin does in vertebrates (www.sciencedirect.com). In contrast, cephalotocin via CTR1 does not induce contraction in those same muscle tissues (www.sciencedirect.com), consistent with CTR1 being either absent from those muscle fibers or coupling to functions other than contraction in those organs. Instead, CTR1 likely triggers cellular responses tailored to its sites of expression – for instance, regulating secretory activity in ovarian follicles or pancreas, or modulating neuron firing in the brain. The precise G-protein subtypes and second messengers in each tissue remain to be fully characterized, but the common theme is a Ca²⁺-dependent signaling cascade initiated at the cell surface by cephalotocin binding.

Biological Functions and Physiological Role

CTR1 mediates the effects of cephalotocin, which appear to complement the functions of octopressin in octopus physiology. Octopressin (via its OPR) predominantly governs peripheral muscular and osmoregulatory functions – for example, it causes potent contraction of the oviduct, rectum, and arterial vessels (www.sciencedirect.com) and plays a key role in fluid balance. Experimental studies showed that injecting octopressin into octopuses leads to a decrease in hemolymph osmolarity and calcium levels, as well as a reduction in urinary sodium, indicating a vasopressin-like antidiuretic effect (www.sciencedirect.com). Cephalotocin, by contrast, does not elicit these acute effects on muscle tone or osmotic balance (www.sciencedirect.com). This suggests that cephalotocin’s primary roles are not in immediate water retention or smooth muscle contraction. Instead, cephalotocin is hypothesized to function in areas such as reproduction, metabolism, and neuromodulation (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The presence of CTR1 in ovary and oviduct implies a role in the reproductive cycle – possibly influencing processes like oocyte maturation, egg laying, or hormonal secretions from ovarian tissue. In line with this, many oxytocin/vasopressin-family peptides across invertebrates are associated with reproductive behaviors or gonadal functions (www.frontiersin.org). For instance, some insect OT/VP-like peptides regulate egg-laying or inhibit ovarian steroid release, and in other mollusks these neuropeptides can trigger aspects of spawning or parturition (www.frontiersin.org). Cephalotocin might similarly regulate reproductive physiology in octopus (e.g. by acting on the oviduct gland or ovary), though direct experimental evidence in O. vulgaris is still limited.

Expression of CTR1 in the octopus pancreas/digestive gland points to a possible role in energy metabolism or feeding-related processes (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In many animals, neuropeptides related to oxytocin/vasopressin influence feeding behavior and metabolic state (www.frontiersin.org). Cephalotocin signaling in the pancreas could modulate the release of digestive enzymes or metabolic hormones (somewhat analogous to how oxytocin in mammals can affect insulin release and metabolism). This idea is reinforced by broader comparative data: in mollusks and other invertebrates, OT/VP-type peptides often coordinate feeding and digestion in addition to reproduction (www.frontiersin.org). Thus, cephalotocin via CTR1 might serve as a hormonal signal linking the octopus’s nutritional status with its reproductive state – for example, helping to suppress feeding and redirect energy toward reproduction when the animal is brooding (a period when female octopuses stop feeding and tend to their eggs).

Lastly, the abundant expression of CTR1 in the central and peripheral nervous system suggests that cephalotocin acts as a neuromodulator. In the octopus brain, it could influence behaviors or neural states, potentially analogous to oxytocin’s role in modulating social and appetite behaviors in vertebrates. Octopuses are generally solitary and not “social” in the mammalian sense, but cephalotocin might affect behaviors like grooming of eggs, stress responses, or learning and memory circuits. For instance, cephalotocin is present in the octopus gastric ganglion (part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the gut), coexisting with neurotransmitters and other neuropeptides (www.frontiersin.org) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). This implies a modulatory role in gut motility or digestive neural reflexes. More broadly, cephalotocin signaling might integrate with other neuromodulatory systems to coordinate complex physiological transitions – a clear example being the maternal phase in octopus: after laying eggs, females enter a period of fasting and behavioral change regulated by the optic gland secretions (analogous to a pituitary output). While octopressin and other factors are known to be involved in this maternal program, it remains possible that cephalotocin plays a supporting role in shaping neural circuits for maternal behaviors or in shutting down feeding, given its distribution in relevant tissues.

Recent Research and Expert Insights (2020–2024)

Modern research continues to explore cephalotocin and CTR1 to clarify their exact functions. Comparative endocrinology studies highlight that three major themes recur for oxytocin/vasopressin-type neuropeptides in invertebrates: regulation of reproduction, feeding/metabolism, and water/salt homeostasis (www.frontiersin.org). In octopuses and cephalopods, the division of labor between cephalotocin and octopressin neatly fits this pattern – with octopressin handling osmotic homeostasis and acute muscle contraction, and cephalotocin presumed to cover reproductive and metabolic modulation. A 2020 review on invertebrate OT/VP signaling emphasized how O. vulgaris provided a key example of dual peptide systems and raised open questions about each peptide’s role. Notably, the physiological function of cephalotocin in octopus is still not fully elucidated (www.frontiersin.org). While its receptor distribution is known, there is a need for targeted functional studies (e.g. administering cephalotocin to octopuses and observing behavioral or physiological changes) to pinpoint its actions. The presence of two cephalotocin receptors (CTR1 and CTR2) also invites questions: do they have redundant roles, or do they mediate different responses or operate in different tissues? Experts have called for research integrating genomics, proteomics, and experimental physiology to determine why octopus retained two CT receptors and what distinct roles each might play (www.frontiersin.org). This could mirror the vertebrate scenario where oxytocin and vasopressin receptors diversified (e.g. V1, V2, OTR each mediating different effects), but in octopus the differentiation may be along other lines (perhaps temporal or spatial regulation of reproductive processes).

Recent studies in related species support the notion of specialized functions. For example, in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), two OT/VP-like peptides (dubbed sepiatocin and pro-sepiatocin) were identified, with evidence that one functions as a neurohormone and the other as a neuromodulator based on distinct expression patterns (www.frontiersin.org) (www.frontiersin.org). This parallels the octopus situation and suggests an evolutionary trend in cephalopods of segregating peptide roles: one largely in circulation (e.g. affecting peripheral organs) and one within neural circuits. In O. vulgaris, the octopressin system (OP + OPR) appears geared toward hormonal, body-wide actions (circulatory and excretory effects), whereas the cephalotocin system (CT + CTR1/2) may be more attuned to neural and local tissue modulation. Indeed, a 2015 physiological study on the euryhaline octopus O. ocellatus confirmed that octopressin alone affects hemolymph composition during salinity stress, whereas cephalotocin showed no effect, reinforcing that OP is the primary effector for osmotic regulation (www.nature.com). By exclusion, cephalotocin’s role may lie in non-osmoregulatory domains – potentially coordinating the internal switch from feeding to fasting and from growth to reproduction that occurs in an octopus’s lifecycle.

Overall, current expert opinion is that cephalotocin (through CTR1 and CTR2) likely mediates longer-term or context-specific physiological changes in octopus, rather than acute visceral effects. These could include promoting reproductive maturation, modulating metabolic processes during the reproductive period, and influencing neural circuits related to feeding suppression or stress – all changes that align with the life-history shift an octopus undergoes when it transitions to brooding its eggs (www.frontiersin.org) (www.frontiersin.org). However, direct experimental evidence for many of these roles is still lacking. The identification of CTR1’s expression in specific organs provides strong clues, and ongoing research is leveraging techniques like transcriptomics and gene expression analysis to observe how the cephalotocin system behaves under different physiological conditions (e.g. before vs. after mating) (www.frontiersin.org). The continued study of CTR1 and its ligand is significant not only for understanding octopus biology but also for evolutionary biology. It offers insight into how neuroendocrine systems can converge and diverge – octopuses independently evolved a dual-peptide hormonal system akin to vertebrates, yet with unique twists in receptor subtype expansion and ligand selectivity (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Such knowledge deepens our understanding of how complex behaviors and physiological regulations (like maternal care and metabolic reorganization) can arise from ancient hormone systems deployed in novel ways.

Conclusion and Future Directions

Cephalotocin receptor 1 (CTR1) is a key component of the octopus neuroendocrine network, acting as the dedicated receptor for the oxytocin-like peptide cephalotocin. It is a 7TM GPCR on the cell surface, primarily coupling to Ca²⁺-mediated signaling pathways to affect cellular activity (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). CTR1 is expressed in the nervous system and various organs, positioning it to influence brain functions, reproductive tissues, and metabolic organs (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Through CTR1, cephalotocin is believed to orchestrate aspects of reproductive physiology and metabolic balance in O. vulgaris, complementing the role of octopressin which handles acute muscle and osmoregulatory tasks (www.sciencedirect.com) (www.nature.com). The discovery of multiple cephalotocin receptors in octopus (CTR1 and CTR2) underscores a complexity reminiscent of vertebrate hormone systems, hinting at specialized functions yet to be unveiled (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (www.frontiersin.org).

In the latest research (2020–2024), attention has turned to filling the gaps in our knowledge of this system. Key questions for future investigation include: What exact physiological changes does cephalotocin trigger in an octopus during its life cycle? How do CTR1 and CTR2 differ in their signaling or tissue roles? And how does cephalotocin signaling interact with other hormones and neural signals during critical phases like mating, fasting, and senescence? Addressing these questions will likely involve integrative approaches – from observing behavior and physiology of octopuses after experimental peptide administration, to using genomics tools to knock down or edit these receptors, to comparative studies in other cephalopods. Given that OT/VP-family peptides are ancient and ubiquitous modulators of behavior and homeostasis, the octopus cephalotocin system provides a fascinating case study of convergent evolution: it shows how even in a solitary marine invertebrate, nature has conserved a peptide signaling scheme to manage reproduction, feeding, and fluid balance, much like in more complex social vertebrates (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (www.frontiersin.org). Understanding CTR1 and its analogs thus enriches our general knowledge of hormone receptor function and evolutionary physiology. As researchers continue to unravel the functions of CTR1, we gain not only species-specific insights (e.g., clues to the mysterious maternal behaviors and lifespan of octopuses) but also broader principles of how hormonal signals can shape life-history strategies across the animal kingdom.

References: (Key sources are listed with publication year for context)

• Kanda et al., 2003 – Journal of Endocrinology: Cloned the first octopus cephalotocin receptor (CTR1), demonstrated its specific activation by cephalotocin and proposed roles in neurotransmission, reproduction, and metabolism (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
• Takuwa-Kuroda et al., 2003 – Regulatory Peptides: Discovered the two peptide hormones in O. vulgaris (cephalotocin and octopressin) and showed that octopressin causes smooth muscle contractions (oviduct, heart, gut) whereas cephalotocin does not, suggesting distinct physiological roles (www.sciencedirect.com).
• Kanda et al., 2005 – Biochemical Journal: Identified a second cephalotocin receptor (CTR2) and the octopressin receptor (OPR) in octopus; showed each receptor’s ligand specificity and noted the evolutionary divergence in ligand–receptor selectivity compared to vertebrates (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
• Tanaka et al., 2015 – Sci. Reports: Demonstrated that octopressin (but not cephalotocin) regulates osmotic balance in a euryhaline octopus, providing evidence for vasopressin-like function of OP and indicating cephalotocin has no direct effect on fluid homeostasis (www.nature.com) (www.nature.com).
• Beck et al., 2020 – Front. Endocrinology (Review): Reviewed vasopressin/oxytocin-type signaling across invertebrates; highlighted octopus as an example with dual peptides and receptors, and emphasized that cephalotocin’s exact role (especially with two receptors) remains to be clarified, with likely involvement in reproduction and feeding/metabolic regulation (www.frontiersin.org) (www.frontiersin.org).

Citations

1. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=571, start_index=411, title='Cloning of Octopus cephalotocin receptor, a member of the oxytocin/vasopressin superfamily - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596680/#:~:text=orphan%20receptor%20from%20Octopus%20brain,brain%20extract%20combined%20with%20an')
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7. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=2663, start_index=2541, title='Cloning of Octopus cephalotocin receptor, a member of the oxytocin/vasopressin superfamily - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596680/#:~:text=We%20reported%20that%20the%20common,binding')
8. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=2943, start_index=2792, title='Cloning of Octopus cephalotocin receptor, a member of the oxytocin/vasopressin superfamily - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596680/#:~:text=We%20reported%20that%20the%20common,homology%20to%20receptors%20of%20the')
9. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=3355, start_index=3224, title='Frontiers | Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology of Vasopressin/ Oxytocin-Type Neuropeptide Signaling in Invertebrates', type='url_citation', url='https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.00225/full#:~:text=,NH_%7B2')
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11. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=3726, start_index=3606, title='Cloning of Octopus cephalotocin receptor, a member of the oxytocin/vasopressin superfamily - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596680/#:~:text=pocket%20common%20to%20the%20oxytocin,CTR')
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18. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=5928, start_index=5771, title='Novel evolutionary lineages of the invertebrate oxytocin/vasopressin superfamily peptides and their receptors in the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15504101/#:~:text=we%20have%20identified%20an%20additional,in%20the%20binding%20selectivity%20to')
19. AnnotationURLCitation(end_index=6240, start_index=6083, title='Novel evolutionary lineages of the invertebrate oxytocin/vasopressin superfamily peptides and their receptors in the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) - PubMed', type='url_citation', url='https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15504101/#:~:text=we%20have%20identified%20an%20additional,in%20the%20binding%20selectivity%20to')
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