plo1

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term	Evidence	Action	Reason
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 is a bona fide serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.21); its activity peaks in mitosis and direct substrates (Dam1, Rec8, Mid1) are established. This is a core molecular function. Reason: Phylogenetic inference matches abundant experimental evidence for Ser/Thr kinase activity. Propagation Review Root cause: NO FAILURE CORE Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN000679870 · Polo-like kinase ancestral node SUPPORTS TRANSFER The catalytic Ser/Thr kinase function is conserved across Polo subfamilies and is directly established for Plo1; cross-subfamily seeds do not indicate a transfer error. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22375062 Dam1 is instead phosphorylated on serine 143 by the Polo kinase homologue, Plo1, during prometaphase and metaphase
GO:0005634 nucleus	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 has a documented nuclear pool and acts on nuclear processes (Mid1 nuclear export, M-G1 transcription). Accept, but nuclear localisation is a non-core, context-dependent aspect relative to its SPB/spindle/division-site roles. Reason: Phylogenetic inference corroborated by experimental IDA nuclear localisation (PMID:9852154). Propagation Review Root cause: NO FAILURE CORE Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN007795324 · nuclear Polo-like kinase node SUPPORTS TRANSFER Nuclear localization is independently supported for Plo1 and is compatible with its closed-mitosis functions. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12411492 PBF binding activity and consequent gene transcription are regulated by the Plo1p protein kinase
GO:0000922 spindle pole	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: Spindle pole localisation is well supported. In fission yeast the equivalent organelle is the spindle pole body; the more specific mitotic spindle pole body term (also annotated) is preferred for this gene. Reason: General spindle-pole term is correct but less specific than the SPB terms supported by direct evidence. Propagation Review Root cause: NO FAILURE CORE Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN000679870 · Polo-like kinase ancestral node SUPPORTS TRANSFER Spindle-pole targeting is a conserved Polo feature and Plo1 has direct mitotic-SPB localization evidence. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10436027 We show that Plo1 associates with the mitotic but not interphase spindle pole body (SPB).
GO:0005737 cytoplasm	IBA GO_REF:0000033	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: A cytoplasmic/cytosolic pool of Plo1 is detected by high-throughput localisation, consistent with diffuse staining outside mitosis. This is a true but unspecific compartment relative to the SPB/spindle/division-site roles. Reason: Localisation is correct but generic; the functionally informative sites are the SPB, spindle and division site. Propagation Review Root cause: NO FAILURE NON CORE Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN000679870 · Polo-like kinase ancestral node SUPPORTS TRANSFER A diffuse cytoplasmic pool is experimentally observed, but this broad compartment is less informative than the mitotic SPB, spindle, kinetochore, and division site. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16823372 ORFeome cloning and global analysis of protein localization in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
GO:0000776 kinetochore	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: Kinetochore localisation of Plo1 is directly demonstrated, prominently in meiosis (meikin-dependent) and in chromosome biorientation. Accept. Reason: Phylogenetic inference matches direct experimental kinetochore localisation. Propagation Review Root cause: NO FAILURE CORE Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN000679870 · Polo-like kinase ancestral node SUPPORTS TRANSFER Kinetochore targeting is conserved and directly demonstrated for Plo1, including the Moa1-dependent meiotic pool. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25533956 which is enriched to kinetochores in a MEIKIN-dependent manner.
GO:0007052 mitotic spindle organization	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 is required to form a bipolar spindle; loss of function gives a monopolar spindle arrest. Mitotic spindle organization is a core biological process. Reason: Phylogenetic inference strongly supported by the monopolar-spindle phenotype of plo1 mutants. Propagation Review Root cause: NO FAILURE CORE Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN000679870 · Polo-like kinase ancestral node SUPPORTS TRANSFER Mitotic spindle organization is a conserved Polo role and is independently supported by the Plo1 monopolar-spindle phenotype. Supporting Evidence: PMID:7744248 Loss of plo1+ function leads to a mitotic arrest in which condensed chromosomes are associated with a monopolar spindle
GO:0005816 spindle pole body	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: SPB localisation is a hallmark of Plo1 and is the earliest fission yeast mitotic event. Core localisation; the mitotic spindle pole body subterm is also annotated with direct evidence. Reason: Phylogenetic inference matches direct experimental SPB localisation. Propagation Review Root cause: NO FAILURE CORE Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN001217810 · fungal spindle-pole-body Polo node SUPPORTS TRANSFER The fungal SPB localization is directly established for Plo1 and is appropriately propagated from the more specific PAINT node. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10436027 SPB association of Plo1 is the earliest fission yeast mitotic event recorded to date.
GO:0004672 protein kinase activity	IEA GO_REF:0000120	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein kinase activity is correct but subsumed by the more specific and experimentally supported protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Reason: Redundant generalisation of the specific Ser/Thr kinase activity term. Proposed replacements: protein serine/threonine kinase activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:22375062 Dam1 is instead phosphorylated on serine 143 by the Polo kinase homologue, Plo1, during prometaphase and metaphase
GO:0005524 ATP binding	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: ATP binding is a core molecular function of this protein kinase; the ATP-binding P-loop (residues 47-55) is conserved and kinase-dead K69 mutants abolish function. Reason: Consistent with the conserved protein-kinase ATP-binding site and loss-of-function ATP-pocket mutants. Supporting Evidence: file:SCHPO/plo1/plo1-uniprot.txt FT BINDING 47..55 FT /ligand="ATP"
GO:0005816 spindle pole body	IEA GO_REF:0000044	ACCEPT	Summary: Electronic UniProt subcellular-location mapping reproducing the well-established SPB localisation. Accept. Reason: Consistent with direct experimental SPB localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10436027 We show that Plo1 associates with the mitotic but not interphase spindle pole body (SPB).
GO:0106310 protein serine kinase activity	IEA GO_REF:0000116	ACCEPT	Summary: Protein serine kinase activity (Rhea-mapped EC 2.7.11.21) is a correct and specific molecular function for Plo1, demonstrated by direct substrate phosphorylation on serine residues (e.g. Dam1-S143, Rec8-S450). Reason: Rhea/EC mapping matches experimentally demonstrated serine phosphorylation activity. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22375062 Dam1 is instead phosphorylated on serine 143 by the Polo kinase homologue, Plo1, during prometaphase and metaphase
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:11777938 Polo boxes and Cut23 (Apc8) mediate an interaction between p...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: This IPI captures the physical interaction with the APC subunit Cut23/Apc8. The interaction is biologically real and underpins the metaphase/anaphase transition role, but the bare protein binding term is uninformative. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the Cut23 interaction is better represented by the metaphase/anaphase transition BP annotation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11777938 We show that Plo1 kinase physically interacts with the anaphase-promoting complex (APC)/cyclosome through the noncatalytic domain of Plo1 and the tetratricopeptide repeat domain of the subunit, Cut23.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:12615979 Polo boxes form a single functional domain that mediates int...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: IPI for polo-box-mediated interactions with multiple partners (Cut23, Dmf1, Sck1, etc.). Real interactions but the bare protein binding term is uninformative. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; underlying interactions support more specific BP/CC annotations. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12615979 Plo1 interacts with multiple proteins including cell cycle regulators in a polo-box-dependent manner.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:12815070 Physical and functional interactions between polo kinase and...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: IPI for the Plo1-Cut12 interaction at the SPB that regulates mitotic commitment. Interaction is real and important but the bare term is uninformative. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the Cut12 interaction supports the G2/M-transition BP annotation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12815070 the delayed mitotic commitment of plo1.ts2 cells suggests that Plo1 is an integral part of the core controls that modulate MPF activation in S. pombe.
GO:1903490 positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis	IMP PMID:7744248 The conserved Schizosaccharomyces pombe kinase plo1, require...	ACCEPT	Summary: plo1 disruption blocks F-actin ring and septum formation; overexpression drives ectopic septation. Positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis is a core function. Reason: Strong loss- and gain-of-function genetic evidence for a required, positive cytokinesis role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:7744248 cells show a failure both in the formation of an F-actin ring and in the deposition of septal material, suggesting that plo1+ function is required high in the regulatory cascade that controls septation.
GO:0106310 protein serine kinase activity	ISS GO_REF:0000024	ACCEPT	Summary: ISS transfer of protein serine kinase activity from an ortholog; consistent with direct experimental evidence in S. pombe. Accept. Reason: Sequence-similarity inference corroborated by direct S. pombe kinase assays. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22375062 Dam1 is instead phosphorylated on serine 143 by the Polo kinase homologue, Plo1, during prometaphase and metaphase
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	IDA PMID:21376600 Temporal control of contractile ring assembly by Plo1 regula...	ACCEPT	Summary: Direct demonstration of Plo1 kinase activity in the context of contractile-ring assembly via Mid1. Core molecular function. Reason: Direct assay of Plo1 Ser/Thr kinase activity. Supporting Evidence: PMID:21376600 the Polo-like kinase Plo1 is known to activate Mid1 nuclear export at mitotic onset, coupling division plane specification to nuclear position. Here we provide evidence that Plo1 also triggers the recruitment of contractile ring components
GO:1903501 positive regulation of mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly	EXP PMID:21376600 Temporal control of contractile ring assembly by Plo1 regula...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 triggers recruitment of contractile-ring components (myosin II) to medial nodes via Mid1/anillin, providing temporal control of contractile ring assembly at mitotic onset. Core cytokinesis function. Reason: Experimental evidence that Plo1 promotes contractile ring assembly through Mid1. Supporting Evidence: PMID:21376600 Here we provide evidence that Plo1 also triggers the recruitment of contractile ring components
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	EXP PMID:38448160 Phosphorylation of Rec8 cohesin complexes regulates mono-ori...	ACCEPT	Summary: Direct identification of Plo1 phosphorylation sites in Rec8 and Psm3 cohesin subunits demonstrates Ser/Thr kinase activity. Core molecular function. Reason: Experimental mapping of Plo1 phosphorylation sites on cohesin substrates. Supporting Evidence: PMID:38448160 we identify Plo1 phosphorylation sites in the cohesin subunits, Rec8 and Psm3.
GO:0031619 homologous chromosome orientation in meiotic metaphase I	IMP PMID:38448160 Phosphorylation of Rec8 cohesin complexes regulates mono-ori...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Non-phosphorylatable Rec8/Psm3 mutants (Plo1 sites) cause specific mono-orientation defects, implicating Plo1 in mono-orientation of sister kinetochores in meiosis I. Meiosis-specific, non-core. Reason: Well-supported but meiosis-specific role, peripheral to the core mitotic functions. Supporting Evidence: PMID:38448160 The non-phosphorylatable mutations at these sites showed specific defects in mono-orientation.
GO:1990813 meiotic centromeric cohesion protection in anaphase I	EXP PMID:33888556 Meikin synergizes with shugoshin to protect cohesin Rec8 dur...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Moa1-Plo1 phosphorylation of Rec8 potentiates Sgo1-PP2A to protect centromeric cohesin from separase in meiosis I. Meiosis-specific, non-core. Reason: Well-supported meiosis-specific cohesion-protection role, peripheral to core mitotic functions. Supporting Evidence: PMID:33888556 The phosphorylation of Rec8 by Moa1-Plo1 potentiates the activity of PP2A associated with Sgo1. This leads to dephosphorylation of Rec8 at another site, which thereby prevents cleavage of Rec8 by separase.
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	IDA PMID:22375062 Plo1 phosphorylates Dam1 to promote chromosome bi-orientatio...	ACCEPT	Summary: Direct demonstration that Plo1 phosphorylates Dam1 on serine 143. Core molecular function. Reason: Direct in vivo/in vitro Ser/Thr kinase activity on a defined substrate. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22375062 Dam1 is instead phosphorylated on serine 143 by the Polo kinase homologue, Plo1, during prometaphase and metaphase
GO:1990571 meiotic centromere clustering	IMP PMID:23770679 Microtubules and Alp7-Alp14 (TACC-TOG) reposition chromosome...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Plo1 phosphorylates Alp7-Alp14 to promote its meiosis-specific kinetochore association and retrieval of scattered kinetochores to the poles before meiotic segregation. Meiosis-specific, non-core. Reason: Well-supported but meiosis-specific kinetochore-repositioning role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23770679 the microtubule-associated protein complex Alp7-Alp14 (the fission yeast orthologues of mammalian TACC-TOG) is phosphorylated by Polo kinase, which promotes its meiosis-specific association to the outer kinetochore complex Nuf2-Ndc80 of scattered kinetochores
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	EXP PMID:33888556 Meikin synergizes with shugoshin to protect cohesin Rec8 dur...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 phosphorylates recombinant Rec8 in vitro, confirming Ser/Thr kinase activity. Core molecular function. Reason: Direct in vitro kinase assay on Rec8 substrate. Supporting Evidence: PMID:33888556 The phosphorylation of Rec8 by Moa1-Plo1 potentiates the activity of PP2A associated with Sgo1.
GO:0140602 nucleolar peripheral inclusion body	IDA PMID:33176152 Acute Heat Stress Leads to Reversible Aggregation of Nuclear...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Plo1 is sequestered into reversible nucleolar-periphery ring aggregates upon acute heat stress. This is a stress-induced aggregation/storage site, not a site of normal Plo1 function; the is_active_in qualifier overstates this. Reason: Real heat-stress localisation but represents reversible aggregation, not normal functional activity; non-core. Supporting Evidence: PMID:33176152 acute HS results in the segregation and aggregation of multiple nuclear and nucleolar proteins into ring-like structures located at the nucleolar periphery (nucleolar rings [NuRs]).
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:23333317 Removal of centrosomal PP1 by NIMA kinase unlocks the MPF fe...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: IPI for the Plo1-Cut12 (SPBC649.05) interaction reported in the NIMA/PP1 MPF feedback-loop study. Real interaction but bare protein binding is uninformative. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the Cut12 interaction supports the mitotic-commitment BP annotation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23333317 The generation of a critical "trigger" of active MPF promotes a positive feedback loop that employs Polo kinase to boost Cdc25 activity and inhibit Wee1
GO:0035974 meiotic spindle pole body	IDA PMID:22438582 Spindle pole body components are reorganized during fission ...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Plo1 localises to the meiotic SPB (and is excluded from it during meiotic prophase); directly observed. Meiosis-specific, non-core localisation. Reason: Directly supported meiotic SPB localisation, peripheral to core mitotic localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22438582 the polo kinase Plo1, which normally localizes to the SPB during mitosis, is excluded from them in meiotic prophase
GO:0000776 kinetochore	IDA PMID:22438582 Spindle pole body components are reorganized during fission ...	ACCEPT	Summary: Kinetochore localisation of Plo1 observed during meiosis. Accept; kinetochore is also a core mitotic localisation (biorientation). Reason: Direct observation of kinetochore localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22438582 it was recently reported that Plo1 kinase localized to kinetochores during horse-tail nuclear movement during meiotic prophase
GO:1990395 meiotic spindle pole body organization	IMP PMID:22438582 Spindle pole body components are reorganized during fission ...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Plo1 activity is required for meiosis-specific SPB remodeling at meiosis I entry; forced SPB targeting causes SPB overduplication. Meiosis-specific, non-core. Reason: Well-supported meiosis-specific SPB-remodeling role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22438582 artificial targeting of Plo1 to SPBs resulted in an overduplication of SPBs
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	EXP PMID:28497540 Meikin-associated polo-like kinase specifies Bub1 distributi...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 phosphorylates Spc7 (KNL1) at meiotic kinetochores, confirming Ser/Thr kinase activity. Core molecular function. Reason: Experimental kinase activity on the Spc7/KNL1 substrate. Supporting Evidence: PMID:28497540 recruits Plo1 (polo-like kinase) to the kinetochores and phosphorylates Spc7 (KNL1) to accumulate Bub1.
GO:0045143 homologous chromosome segregation	IMP PMID:25533956 Meikin is a conserved regulator of meiosis-I-specific kineto...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Plo1, enriched at kinetochores via meikin (Moa1), supports meiosis-I-specific kinetochore functions underlying homologous chromosome segregation. Meiosis-specific, non-core. Reason: Well-supported meiosis-specific chromosome-segregation role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25533956 which is enriched to kinetochores in a MEIKIN-dependent manner.
GO:1990813 meiotic centromeric cohesion protection in anaphase I	IMP PMID:28497540 Meikin-associated polo-like kinase specifies Bub1 distributi...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Moa1-Plo1 accumulates meiotic Bub1 (via Spc7 phosphorylation), ensuring robust Sgo1 localisation and cohesion protection in meiosis I. Meiosis-specific, non-core. Reason: Well-supported meiosis-specific cohesion-protection role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:28497540 recruits Plo1 (polo-like kinase) to the kinetochores and phosphorylates Spc7 (KNL1) to accumulate Bub1.
GO:0072687 meiotic spindle	IDA PMID:20826461 The role of Schizosaccharomyces pombe dma1 in spore formatio...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Curated (IDA) meiotic spindle localisation of Plo1. The cached abstract focuses on dma1, but PomBase curated this from the full text; defer to the curator. Meiosis-specific, non-core. Reason: Curator-assigned direct localisation; meiosis-specific and peripheral to core mitotic localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:20826461 The S. pombe spindle pole body is remodelled during meiosis II and membrane vesicles are then recruited there to form the forespore membrane
GO:0090619 meiotic spindle pole	IDA PMID:20826461 The role of Schizosaccharomyces pombe dma1 in spore formatio...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Curated (IDA) meiotic spindle pole localisation of Plo1, assigned from the full text. Meiosis-specific, non-core. Reason: Curator-assigned direct meiotic spindle-pole localisation; peripheral to core mitotic localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:20826461 The S. pombe spindle pole body is remodelled during meiosis II
GO:0000776 kinetochore	IDA PMID:23770679 Microtubules and Alp7-Alp14 (TACC-TOG) reposition chromosome...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 localises to kinetochores in meiosis, where it phosphorylates Alp7-Alp14 to capture scattered kinetochores. Accept; kinetochore is a recurring core localisation. Reason: Direct kinetochore localisation supported by the Alp7-Alp14 retrieval study. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23770679 promotes its meiosis-specific association to the outer kinetochore complex Nuf2-Ndc80 of scattered kinetochores
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	IDA PMID:23770679 Microtubules and Alp7-Alp14 (TACC-TOG) reposition chromosome...	ACCEPT	Summary: Direct phosphorylation of Alp7-Alp14 by Plo1 confirms Ser/Thr kinase activity. Core molecular function. Reason: Direct kinase activity on the Alp7-Alp14 substrate. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23770679 the microtubule-associated protein complex Alp7-Alp14 ... is phosphorylated by Polo kinase
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	IDA PMID:11250892 The role of Plo1 kinase in mitotic commitment and septation ...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1-associated kinase activity directly assayed, peaking in mitosis and abolished by phosphatase. Core molecular function. Reason: Direct in vitro kinase assay of Plo1-associated activity. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11250892 Plo1-associated casein kinase activity peaked during mitosis before septation. Phosphatase treatment abolished this activity.
GO:0031031 positive regulation of septation initiation signaling	IMP PMID:11250892 The role of Plo1 kinase in mitotic commitment and septation ...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 acts upstream of the SIN to control septation; plo1 mutants fail to septate. Core biological process coupling mitosis to cytokinesis. Reason: Genetic evidence places Plo1 as a positive regulator acting before the SIN. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11250892 We propose that Plo1 acts before the SIN to control septation.
GO:0072686 mitotic spindle	IDA PMID:11250892 The role of Plo1 kinase in mitotic commitment and septation ...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 localises to the mitotic spindle, consistent with its spindle-organization role. Core localisation. Reason: Direct mitotic spindle localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852154 Plo1p localizes to the spindle pole bodies and spindles of mitotic cells and also to the medial ring at the time of its formation.
GO:0045793 positive regulation of cell size	IMP PMID:15917811 Polo kinase links the stress pathway to cell cycle control a...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Stress-pathway phosphorylation of Plo1 Ser402 couples nutrient/stress status to mitotic timing, influencing cell size at division and tip growth. A real but peripheral, context-specific role. Reason: Supported regulatory role linking stress signalling to cell size, peripheral to core mitotic kinase functions. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15917811 Ser 402 phosphorylation also ensures efficient reinitiation of cell tip growth and cell division during recovery from particular stresses.
GO:0035556 intracellular signal transduction	IMP PMID:15917811 Polo kinase links the stress pathway to cell cycle control a...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Plo1 transduces stress-response-pathway signals (Ser402 phosphorylation) into cell-cycle control. Correct but very general; non-core. Reason: Generic signalling term capturing the stress-pathway-to-cell-cycle link; peripheral. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15917811 SRP-mediated phosphorylation of Ser 402 promotes Plo1 recruitment to SPBs and thus commitment to mitosis.
GO:0010971 positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle	IMP PMID:15917811 Polo kinase links the stress pathway to cell cycle control a...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 recruitment to the SPB promotes commitment to mitosis (G2/M). This is a core biological process for Plo1. Reason: Genetic evidence that Plo1 promotes mitotic commitment downstream of stress signalling. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15917811 SRP-mediated phosphorylation of Ser 402 promotes Plo1 recruitment to SPBs and thus commitment to mitosis.
GO:0140429 positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid biorientation	IPI PMID:22375062 Plo1 phosphorylates Dam1 to promote chromosome bi-orientatio...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 phosphorylation of Dam1-S143 aids tension-dependent chromosome bi-orientation. Core biological process in mitosis. Reason: Experimental evidence that Plo1 promotes biorientation via Dam1 phosphorylation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22375062 Dam1 phosphorylation by Plo1 is dispensable for DASH assembly and chromosome retrieval but instead aids tension-dependent chromosome bi-orientation.
GO:0045842 positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition	IGI PMID:11777938 Polo boxes and Cut23 (Apc8) mediate an interaction between p...	ACCEPT	Summary: The Plo1-Cut23/APC interaction is required for mitotic progression; disrupting it causes metaphase arrest rescued by high Plo1. Core biological process. Reason: Genetic interaction with the APC subunit Cut23 supports a positive role in the metaphase/anaphase transition. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11777938 A new cut23 mutation, which specifically disrupts the interaction with Plo1, results in a metaphase arrest. This arrest can be rescued by high expression of Plo1 kinase.
GO:0010971 positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle	IMP PMID:21965528 Aurora promotes cell division during recovery from TOR-media...	ACCEPT	Summary: Aurora (Ark1)-driven SPB recruitment of Plo1 promotes mitotic entry during recovery from TOR-mediated arrest. Core biological process. Reason: Genetic/phospho evidence that SPB-recruited Plo1 promotes mitotic commitment. Supporting Evidence: PMID:21965528 Ark1 phosphorylation of polo kinase Plo1 within the linker region between the kinase domain and polo boxes drives Plo1 onto the spindle poles where it promotes mitosis.
GO:0044732 mitotic spindle pole body	IDA PMID:21965528 Aurora promotes cell division during recovery from TOR-media...	ACCEPT	Summary: Direct observation of Plo1 at the mitotic SPB upon Ark1-driven recruitment. Core localisation. Reason: Direct mitotic SPB localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:21965528 drives Plo1 onto the spindle poles where it promotes mitosis.
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	IDA PMID:25487150 A PP1-PP2A phosphatase relay controls mitotic progression.	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 kinase activity assayed in the PP1-PP2A mitotic-progression relay study. Core molecular function. Reason: Direct assay of Plo1 kinase activity in a mitotic-progression context. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25487150 The widespread reorganization of cellular architecture in mitosis is achieved through extensive protein phosphorylation, driven by the coordinated activation of a mitotic kinase network and repression of counteracting phosphatases.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25356547 A complex network of interactions between mitotic kinases, p...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: IPI for Plo1 interactions with ESCRT proteins (Sst4/Vps28/Vps25/Vps20/Vps32) that coordinate septation and membrane trafficking. Real interactions but the bare protein binding term is uninformative. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the ESCRT interactions relate to a non-core septation/membrane-trafficking network. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25356547 two-hybrid in vivo interactions are reported between Plo1p and Sst4p, Vps28p, Vps25p, Vps20p and Vps32p
GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IMP PMID:12411492 Plo1(+) regulates gene transcription at the M-G(1) interval ...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Plo1 regulates PBF binding to PCB promoter elements, driving M-G1 mitotic gene transcription. A real but specialized/peripheral role relative to its core kinase functions in spindle and cytokinesis control. Reason: Supported transcription-regulatory role; peripheral to the core mitotic-kinase functions. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12411492 PBF binding activity and consequent gene transcription are regulated by the Plo1p protein kinase, thus invoking a potential auto-feedback loop mechanism that regulates mitotic gene transcription
GO:0051455 spindle attachment to meiosis I kinetochore	IMP PMID:25533956 Meikin is a conserved regulator of meiosis-I-specific kineto...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Meikin (Moa1)-Plo1 directs meiosis-I-specific kinetochore-microtubule attachment (mono-orientation). Meiosis-specific, non-core. Reason: Well-supported meiosis-specific kinetochore-attachment role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25533956 which is enriched to kinetochores in a MEIKIN-dependent manner.
GO:1990813 meiotic centromeric cohesion protection in anaphase I	IMP PMID:25533956 Meikin is a conserved regulator of meiosis-I-specific kineto...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Meikin-Plo1 protects centromeric cohesin in meiosis I. Meiosis-specific, non-core (multiple papers converge on this conclusion). Reason: Well-supported meiosis-specific cohesion-protection role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25533956 which is enriched to kinetochores in a MEIKIN-dependent manner.
GO:0031031 positive regulation of septation initiation signaling	IMP PMID:24920823 Cdk1 promotes cytokinesis in fission yeast through activatio...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 promotes SIN activation, partly by phosphorylating the Spg1 GAP component Byr4. Core biological process coupling mitosis to cytokinesis. Reason: Experimental evidence that Plo1 phosphorylates Byr4 and promotes SIN activation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:24920823 Polo-like kinase, which promotes SIN activation, is partially responsible for Byr4 phosphorylation.
GO:0046827 positive regulation of protein export from nucleus	IMP PMID:9852154 Role of polo kinase and Mid1p in determining the site of cel...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Plo1 is required for Mid1/anillin nuclear export at mitotic onset. This is a specific mechanism contributing to division-site selection rather than a broad core function; keep as non-core. Reason: Supported but represents the specific Mid1-export mechanism underlying division-site control, peripheral to broad core functions. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852154 Plo1p is required for Mid1p to exit the nucleus and form a ring
GO:1990023 mitotic spindle midzone	IDA PMID:9852154 Role of polo kinase and Mid1p in determining the site of cel...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 localises to the mitotic spindle (including the midzone) and the medial ring during mitosis. Accept localisation. Reason: Direct spindle/midzone localisation observed during mitosis. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852154 Plo1p localizes to the spindle pole bodies and spindles of mitotic cells and also to the medial ring at the time of its formation.
GO:0044732 mitotic spindle pole body	IDA PMID:9852154 Role of polo kinase and Mid1p in determining the site of cel...	ACCEPT	Summary: Direct observation of Plo1 at the mitotic SPB. Core localisation. Reason: Direct mitotic SPB localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852154 Plo1p localizes to the spindle pole bodies and spindles of mitotic cells
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:9852154 Role of polo kinase and Mid1p in determining the site of cel...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: IPI for the Plo1-Mid1 interaction underlying division-site selection. Real interaction but the bare protein binding term is uninformative. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the Mid1 interaction supports the cytokinesis/contractile-ring BP annotations. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852154 Genetic and two-hybrid analyses suggest that Plo1p and Mid1p act in a common pathway distinct from that involving Pom1p.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:9852154 Role of polo kinase and Mid1p in determining the site of cel...	ACCEPT	Summary: Direct nuclear localisation of Plo1, consistent with roles in Mid1 export and M-G1 transcription. Accept; non-core relative to SPB/spindle/division-site roles. Reason: Direct nuclear localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852154 Plo1p is required for Mid1p to exit the nucleus and form a ring
GO:1903490 positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis	IMP PMID:9852154 Role of polo kinase and Mid1p in determining the site of cel...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 positively regulates cytokinesis by controlling division-site selection and medial-ring formation via Mid1. Core biological process. Reason: Genetic evidence that Plo1 is required for proper medial-ring/cytokinesis control. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852154 the data indicate that Plo1p plays a role in the positioning of division sites by regulating Mid1p.
GO:0005737 cytoplasm	HDA PMID:16823372 ORFeome cloning and global analysis of protein localization ...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: High-throughput localisation detects a cytoplasmic pool. True but generic; non-core relative to the SPB/spindle/division-site sites of function. Reason: Correct but unspecific localisation from global analysis. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16823372 ORFeome cloning and global analysis of protein localization in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
GO:0005829 cytosol	HDA PMID:16823372 ORFeome cloning and global analysis of protein localization ...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: High-throughput cytosol localisation. True but generic; non-core. Reason: Correct but unspecific localisation from global analysis. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16823372 ORFeome cloning and global analysis of protein localization in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
GO:0044732 mitotic spindle pole body	HDA PMID:16823372 ORFeome cloning and global analysis of protein localization ...	ACCEPT	Summary: High-throughput analysis detects Plo1 at the mitotic SPB, consistent with focused studies. Core localisation. Reason: Global localisation corroborates the well-established SPB localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16823372 ORFeome cloning and global analysis of protein localization in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
GO:0044732 mitotic spindle pole body	IDA PMID:10436027 Plo1 kinase recruitment to the spindle pole body and its rol...	ACCEPT	Summary: Direct demonstration that Plo1 associates with the mitotic (not interphase) SPB, the earliest recorded mitotic event. Core localisation. Reason: Definitive direct evidence for mitotic SPB localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10436027 We show that Plo1 associates with the mitotic but not interphase spindle pole body (SPB).
GO:0044732 mitotic spindle pole body	IDA PMID:12615979 Polo boxes form a single functional domain that mediates int...	ACCEPT	Summary: The polo boxes mediate cell-cycle-regulated localisation of Plo1 to the SPB, directly demonstrated. Core localisation. Reason: Direct evidence; polo-box-dependent SPB localisation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12615979 the polo boxes form a single functional unit that is essential for both cellular function and cell-cycle-regulated localisation to the spindle pole bodies.
GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity	IDA PMID:21131906 Dma1 ubiquitinates the SIN scaffold, Sid4, to impede the mit...	ACCEPT	Summary: Plo1 is treated experimentally as the Polo-like kinase and SIN activator whose regulated recruitment to Sid4 at SPBs is controlled by Dma1-dependent Sid4 ubiquitination. The cached full text does not expose a discrete Plo1 kinase assay in this study, but direct kinase assays in other cited primary studies independently establish the same molecular function. Reason: Retain the curator's IDA annotation; Plo1 serine/threonine kinase activity is a core function supported by multiple direct substrate and kinase assays, even though this paper's primary experiment concerns its regulated SPB recruitment. Supporting Evidence: PMID:21131906 Sid4 ubiquitination delays recruitment of the Polo-like kinase and SIN activator, Plo1, to spindle pole bodies (SPBs) PMID:11250892 Plo1-associated casein kinase activity peaked during mitosis before septation. Phosphatase treatment abolished this activity.
GO:0061496 half bridge of mitotic spindle pole body	IDA PMID:34133218 Redistribution of centrosomal proteins by centromeres and Po...	ACCEPT	Summary: High-resolution SPA-SIM places most SPB-localized Plo1 at the bridge region connecting the duplicated SPB cores at G2/M. This directly supports the curated half-bridge localization of the core mitotic pool. Reason: Direct SPA-SIM localization supports Plo1 at the bridge connecting duplicated mitotic SPBs. Supporting Evidence: PMID:34133218 High-resolution SPA-SIM analysis of Plo1-GFP distribution showed that at the G2/M boundary, the majority of Polo kinase at the SPB is present at the bridge region, which connects the duplicated SPBs marked by Ppc89-mCherry (Figure 5C).
GO:0061497 inner plaque of mitotic spindle pole body	IDA PMID:34133218 Redistribution of centrosomal proteins by centromeres and Po...	ACCEPT	Summary: Super-resolution microscopy localizes Plo1 to the nuclear-facing inner region of the SPB at G2/M, consistent with PomBase's inner-plaque assignment from the full image data. This refines the established mitotic-SPB localization. Reason: Direct SIM localization supports the inner nuclear face of the mitotic SPB; retain the curator's more precise inner-plaque mapping. Supporting Evidence: PMID:34133218 The partial colocalization of Plo1-GFP and Sad1-mCherry along with the offset from Ppc89-mCherry indicates that Plo1 is recruited at the INM face of the SPB on mitotic entry (Figure 5C).
GO:0140480 mitotic spindle pole body insertion into the nuclear envelope	IMP PMID:34133218 Redistribution of centrosomal proteins by centromeres and Po...	ACCEPT	Summary: Acute inhibition of analog-sensitive Plo1 disrupts redistribution of downstream SPB-ring proteins and completion of localized nuclear-envelope breakdown, preventing proper SPB insertion. The process-level requirement is direct, whereas the responsible Plo1 substrate remains unknown. Reason: Genetic and chemical-genetic evidence establishes that Plo1 activity is required for the SPB-ring remodeling and localized NEBD that permit mitotic SPB insertion. Supporting Evidence: PMID:34133218 its activity is vital for redistribution of other SPB ring proteins and for complete NEBD at the SPB to allow for SPB insertion

Gene Description

Existing Annotations Review

Core Functions

Serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.21) that phosphorylates substrates to drive M-phase events; activity is low in interphase and peaks in mitosis.

Promotes commitment to mitosis (G2/M transition) by reinforcing the Cdc25/Wee1 MPF positive-feedback loop; this depends on Plo1 recruitment to the SPB via Cut12 and activating phosphorylation from Aurora and the stress-response pathway.

Required to assemble a bipolar mitotic spindle and contributes to chromosome bi-orientation by phosphorylating the DASH/Dam1 complex component Dam1; also engages the APC (Cut23/Apc8) to promote the metaphase/anaphase transition.

Couples mitosis to cytokinesis: triggers medial/contractile-ring assembly via the anillin Mid1 (and Mid1 nuclear export for division-site selection) and initiates the septation initiation network (SIN) to drive division-septum formation.

Promotes localized nuclear-envelope breakdown and mitotic SPB insertion by driving redistribution and expansion of the SPB ring machinery at mitotic entry; the direct Plo1 phosphorylation target in this pathway is not established.

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