id: P06107 gene_symbol: lnuA product_type: PROTEIN aliases: - linA status: DRAFT taxon: id: NCBITaxon:1283 label: Staphylococcus haemolyticus description: >- lnuA, historically named linA in Staphylococcus haemolyticus, encodes a lincosamide resistance enzyme. The enzyme family inactivates lincomycin and clindamycin by O-nucleotidylation/adenylation, producing lincosamide 5'-adenylate derivatives. The fetched GOA file is empty for this accession, and GO lacks a lincosamide O-nucleotidyltransferase molecular-function term. reference_proteome_assessments: - reference_proteomes: - UP000306300 status: NO_SUPPORTED_COUNTERPART reviewed_on: '2026-10-19' reason: Retain P06107 as the primary Swiss-Prot accession. The reference-proteome search returned no significant hit to this lincosamide-resistance protein at the documented search settings. This does not establish absence from the species or its accessory genome. No alternative accession is asserted. evidence: - type: PROTEOME_SEARCH description: MMseqs2 searched 2,337 sequences across UP000306300 at E <= 1e-5 and sensitivity 7.5, returning 0 hits. The search table and candidate FASTA are empty; no alignments were generated. The heuristic search does not establish genomic absence or unique locus identity. supported_by: - reference_id: file:STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-record-evidence.yaml supporting_text: 'target_sequence_count: 2337' - reference_id: file:STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-record-evidence.yaml supporting_text: 'candidate_count: 0' - type: PROTEOME_MEMBERSHIP description: The primary accession is outside every searched exact-taxon reference proteome. supported_by: - reference_id: file:STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-record-evidence.yaml supporting_text: 'primary_in_any_reference_proteome: false' - type: RECORD_HISTORY description: 'Sampled UniSave observations: 11-NOV-2015, entry version 36.: no Proteomes cross-reference; 02-DEC-2020, entry version 43.: no Proteomes cross-reference; 24-JUL-2024, entry version 50.: no Proteomes cross-reference. These dated observations do not establish uninterrupted membership/absence, the exact change date, or UniProt''s motivation.' supported_by: - reference_id: file:STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-record-evidence.yaml supporting_text: |- entry_date: 11-NOV-2015, entry version 36. proteomes: [] - reference_id: file:STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-record-evidence.yaml supporting_text: |- entry_date: 02-DEC-2020, entry version 43. proteomes: [] - reference_id: file:STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-record-evidence.yaml supporting_text: |- entry_date: 24-JUL-2024, entry version 50. proteomes: [] existing_annotations: - term: id: GO:0046677 label: response to antibiotic evidence_type: RCA original_reference_id: file:genes/STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-uniprot.txt qualifier: involved_in review: summary: NEW high-level process annotation for a lincosamide-resistance determinant. action: NEW reason: >- The GOA TSV is empty, but the UniProt flat file carries response to antibiotic and CARD identifies the entry as lnuA, an antibiotic inactivation determinant. additional_reference_ids: - PMID:3091456 - PMID:2846528 supported_by: - reference_id: file:genes/STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-uniprot.txt record_section: ["DR:CARD"] supporting_text: "DR CARD; ARO:3002835; lnuA; ARO:0001004; antibiotic inactivation." - reference_id: PMID:3091456 supporting_text: "confers resistance to lincomycin by inactivating it in Staphylococcus haemolyticus." - term: id: GO:0016740 label: transferase activity evidence_type: RCA original_reference_id: PMID:2846528 qualifier: enables review: summary: NEW broad molecular-function annotation for lincosamide O-nucleotidyltransferase activity. action: NEW reason: >- GO lacks a lincosamide O-nucleotidyltransferase term. The broad transferase parent is a defensible interim MF, but the proposed new term below is the biologically useful target. additional_reference_ids: - file:genes/STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-uniprot.txt - file:projects/ANTIMICROBIAL_RESISTANCE/aro2go.sssom.yaml supported_by: - reference_id: PMID:2846528 supporting_text: "Identification of lincosaminide O-nucleotidyltransferases" - reference_id: PMID:2846528 supporting_text: "linA encoding the 3-lincomycin, 4-clindamycin O-nucleotidyltransferase" references: - id: file:STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-record-evidence.yaml title: Compact archived record and sequence evidence for P06107 - id: file:genes/STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-uniprot.txt title: UniProt flat file for lnuA/linA (P06107) findings: - statement: UniProt/CARD identifies this entry as lnuA/linA, a lincosamide antibiotic-inactivation determinant. record_section: ["DR:CARD"] supporting_text: "DR CARD; ARO:3002835; lnuA; ARO:0001004; antibiotic inactivation." - id: PMID:3091456 title: Nucleotide sequence of gene linA encoding resistance to lincosamides in Staphylococcus haemolyticus. findings: - statement: The original linA sequence paper supports the lincosamide resistance and inactivation phenotype. supporting_text: "which confers resistance to lincomycin by inactivating it in Staphylococcus haemolyticus." - id: PMID:2846528 title: Inactivation of lincosaminide antibiotics in Staphylococcus. Identification of lincosaminide O-nucleotidyltransferases and comparison of the corresponding resistance genes. findings: - statement: The biochemical follow-up identifies LinA-family lincosamide O-nucleotidyltransferase products. supporting_text: "inactivation of lincomycin gave rise to lincomycin 3-(5'-adenylate)" - id: file:projects/ANTIMICROBIAL_RESISTANCE/aro2go.sssom.yaml title: Curated ARO to GO mapping set for AMR gene families findings: - statement: The AMR mapping records Lnu/lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase as a GO molecular-function gap. supporting_text: "GO has no lincosamide (O-)nucleotidyltransferase MF term" core_functions: - description: >- Lincosamide O-nucleotidyltransferase activity that inactivates lincomycin and clindamycin by producing adenylated lincosamide derivatives. molecular_function: id: GO:0016740 label: transferase activity directly_involved_in: - id: GO:0046677 label: response to antibiotic supported_by: - reference_id: PMID:2846528 supporting_text: "clindamycin was inactivated through its conversion to clindamycin 4-(5'-adenylate)." - reference_id: file:genes/STAHA/lnuA/lnuA-uniprot.txt record_section: [DE] supporting_text: "DE RecName: Full=Lincosamide resistance protein;" proposed_new_terms: - proposed_name: lincosamide O-nucleotidyltransferase activity proposed_definition: >- Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group from a nucleoside 5'-triphosphate donor to a lincosamide antibiotic such as lincomycin or clindamycin, producing an O-nucleotidylated lincosamide with reduced antibiotic activity. justification: >- The Lnu/LinA mechanism is a direct antibiotic-inactivation activity, but GO currently lacks a lincosamide O-nucleotidyltransferase term. The AMR mapping records this as an explicit NoTermFound gap. proposed_parent: id: GO:0016740 label: transferase activity proposed_mappings: - predicate: skos:exactMatch target_term: id: ARO:3000221 label: lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) supported_by: - reference_id: PMID:2846528 supporting_text: "Identification of lincosaminide O-nucleotidyltransferases" - reference_id: file:projects/ANTIMICROBIAL_RESISTANCE/aro2go.sssom.yaml supporting_text: "GO has no lincosamide (O-)nucleotidyltransferase MF term" suggested_questions: - question: Should GO name this term lincosamide O-nucleotidyltransferase activity or lincosamide adenylyltransferase activity? experts: [] suggested_experiments: - description: >- Reconstitute purified LnuA/LinA with lincomycin and clindamycin plus ATP, GTP, CTP, or UTP donors and quantify nucleotidylated products by NMR or LC-MS. experiment_type: in vitro enzyme assay