AHCTF1

UniProt ID: Q8WYP5
Organism: Homo sapiens
Review Status: COMPLETE
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Gene Description

AHCTF1 encodes ELYS/MEL-28, a large metazoan nucleoporin and chromatin-associated assembly factor for nuclear pore complexes. ELYS binds chromatin during nuclear reformation, recruits the Nup107-160/Y-complex scaffold to nascent nuclear pores, and localizes to nuclear pores, the nuclear envelope, chromatin, and kinetochores in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. Loss or perturbation of ELYS disrupts post-mitotic NPC assembly and produces chromosome segregation and cytokinesis defects, consistent with a core role in rebuilding the nuclear pore scaffold after open mitosis.

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term Evidence Action Reason
GO:0005634 nucleus
IEA
GO_REF:0000120
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Nucleus is a correct but broad automated location for AHCTF1/ELYS.
Reason: AHCTF1/ELYS is consistently reported in the nucleus and nuclear envelope/nuclear pore system, but nucleus is less informative than the specific NPC, chromatin, and kinetochore locations supported by experimental evidence.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
GO:0005635 nuclear envelope
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
ACCEPT
Summary: Nuclear envelope is a well-supported location for AHCTF1/ELYS.
Reason: UniProt subcellular-location mapping is consistent with experimental studies showing ELYS at the nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complexes during interphase and nuclear reformation.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
GO:0005643 nuclear pore
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
ACCEPT
Summary: Nuclear pore is an accurate specific location for ELYS.
Reason: AHCTF1/ELYS associates with the Nup107-160/Y-complex scaffold and localizes to NPCs. This term captures the major cellular structure where the protein acts during NPC assembly and interphase NPC organization.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
PMID:17098863
ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Nucleoplasm is supported as a reported interphase/nuclear location, but it is not the most specific functional compartment.
Reason: ELYS has nucleoplasmic signal in addition to nuclear envelope/NPC localization. Because the core role is chromatin-associated NPC assembly, nucleoplasm should be retained as a non-core location rather than used to define gene function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:27341616
In interphase, the ratio of nucleoplasmic versus cytoplasmic GFP signal was ~4.4-fold higher for full-length MEL-28 compared to MEL-281-956_loop2m
GO:0005737 cytoplasm
IEA
GO_REF:0000120
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: Cytoplasm is weakly supported by similarity and cell-cycle context but is not an informative AHCTF1 location.
Reason: The main experimental evidence places AHCTF1/ELYS at nuclear pores, nuclear envelope, chromatin, and kinetochores. Cytoplasm is at best a broad inferred or mitotic-background location and should not be propagated as a defining annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
GO:0016363 nuclear matrix
IEA
GO_REF:0000120
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Nuclear matrix is retained as a reported nuclear-associated location but is not central to current mechanistic evidence.
Reason: The original experimental paper and UniProt record report nuclear matrix/nuclear-associated localization, but the mechanistically informative compartments are chromatin, NPC/nuclear envelope, and kinetochore.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
GO:0005635 nuclear envelope
IDA
PMID:24315095
Integrated structural analysis of the human nuclear pore com...
ACCEPT
Summary: The human NPC scaffold study supports AHCTF1 as part of the nuclear pore/nuclear envelope scaffold context.
Reason: The cited structural work describes the human Nup107 scaffold of the NPC. Together with AHCTF1/ELYS evidence as a Nup107-160-associated assembly factor, nuclear envelope localization is sound.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:24315095
32 copies of the Nup107 subcomplex assemble into two reticulated rings
PMID:17098863
ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
GO:0005643 nuclear pore
NAS
PMID:24315095
Integrated structural analysis of the human nuclear pore com...
ACCEPT
Summary: AHCTF1/ELYS is appropriately associated with the nuclear pore scaffold.
Reason: The cited structural study defines the human NPC scaffold, and independent AHCTF1 evidence shows ELYS associates with Nup107-160 and localizes to NPCs. The nuclear pore component annotation is therefore appropriate.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:24315095
32 copies of the Nup107 subcomplex assemble into two reticulated rings
PMID:17098863
ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
GO:0006913 nucleocytoplasmic transport
NAS
PMID:27016207
The Structure Inventory of the Nuclear Pore Complex.
MODIFY
Summary: Nucleocytoplasmic transport is a real downstream function of assembled NPCs, but it is too broad for AHCTF1 itself.
Reason: AHCTF1/ELYS acts primarily as a chromatin-associated initiator/scaffold for post-mitotic NPC assembly. The better direct BP annotation is nuclear pore complex assembly rather than the generic transport process carried out by the assembled pore and transport receptors.
Proposed replacements: nuclear pore complex assembly
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:27016207
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the principal gateway for molecular exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm
PMID:27341616
ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm
IDA
GO_REF:0000052
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Nucleoplasm is compatible with reported ELYS localization but is not the most specific site of action.
Reason: Human and ortholog evidence shows nucleoplasmic signal, but AHCTF1 function is more specifically tied to chromatin, nuclear pore/nuclear envelope, and kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:27341616
In interphase, the ratio of nucleoplasmic versus cytoplasmic GFP signal was ~4.4-fold higher for full-length MEL-28 compared to MEL-281-956_loop2m
GO:0016604 nuclear body
IDA
GO_REF:0000052
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: Nuclear body is an HPA-derived localization that is not central to established AHCTF1 biology.
Reason: The mechanistic literature supports ELYS at nuclear pores/nuclear envelope, chromatin, and kinetochores. Nuclear body localization is not a demonstrated core site of AHCTF1 action and should be treated cautiously.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
PMID:27341616
Both orthologs depend on an intact beta-propeller domain and central alpha-helical domains for NPC and kinetochore organization.
GO:0031965 nuclear membrane
IDA
GO_REF:0000052
ACCEPT
Summary: Nuclear membrane is consistent with the nuclear envelope/NPC localization of AHCTF1.
Reason: AHCTF1/ELYS localizes to the nuclear envelope and NPCs and functions during post-mitotic nuclear pore assembly. Nuclear membrane is less specific than nuclear pore but still consistent with the evidence.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
PMID:17098863
depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
GO:0005634 nucleus
EXP
PMID:27341616
Identification of Conserved MEL-28/ELYS Domains with Essenti...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Nucleus is experimentally supported for MEL-28/ELYS but broad.
Reason: The paper shows conserved nuclear, NPC, chromatin, and kinetochore localization domains. Nucleus is correct as a broad location, but the core functional annotation should emphasize NPC assembly and chromatin/NPC/kinetochore sites.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:27341616
Both orthologs depend on an intact beta-propeller domain and central alpha-helical domains for NPC and kinetochore organization.
GO:0005635 nuclear envelope
EXP
PMID:17098863
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for ...
ACCEPT
Summary: Nuclear envelope localization is directly supported by the original ELYS study.
Reason: Rasala et al. showed ELYS localizes to NPCs in the nuclear envelope and that depletion disrupts nuclear pores while other nuclear envelope markers remain comparatively intact.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
GO:0005635 nuclear envelope
EXP
PMID:27341616
Identification of Conserved MEL-28/ELYS Domains with Essenti...
ACCEPT
Summary: Nuclear envelope localization is supported by conserved-domain analysis of MEL-28/ELYS.
Reason: The study demonstrates conserved ELYS/MEL-28 domains required for nuclear envelope/NPC localization and function, supporting nuclear envelope as a real site of action.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:27341616
Both orthologs depend on an intact beta-propeller domain and central alpha-helical domains for NPC and kinetochore organization.
GO:0016363 nuclear matrix
EXP
PMID:17098863
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for ...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Nuclear matrix was reported in the original localization work but is secondary to the NPC/chromatin mechanism.
Reason: Retain this as a historical/experimental nuclear-associated location, while recognizing that current mechanistic evidence resolves the major sites as NPC/nuclear envelope, chromatin, and kinetochore.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-141409
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-141422
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-141431
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-141439
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-1638803
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-1638821
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-2467809
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-2467811
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-2468287
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-2484822
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-375302
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-5666129
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-5666160
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-5666169
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The Reactome event is highly relevant to AHCTF1 function, but the propagated cytosol location is over-annotated.
Reason: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901 describes AHCTF1 binding chromatin and the Nup107-160 complex to seed NPC assembly. That evidence supports chromatin/nuclear pore context and nuclear pore complex assembly, not a generic cytosol cellular-component annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
PMID:27341616
ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
Human AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9618378
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This downstream NPC-assembly Reactome event does not support cytosol localization for AHCTF1.
Reason: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation appears to reflect pathway-event context rather than direct AHCTF1 localization evidence. The curated literature and UniProt record place AHCTF1/ELYS at chromatin, kinetochores, the nuclear envelope, and the nuclear pore/Nup107-160 scaffold. Any mitotic exposure to cytosol after nuclear envelope breakdown is not the informative location for this gene product.
Supporting Evidence:
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9634169
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This downstream NPC-assembly Reactome event does not support cytosol localization for AHCTF1.
Reason: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation appears to reflect pathway-event context rather than direct AHCTF1 localization evidence. The curated literature and UniProt record place AHCTF1/ELYS at chromatin, kinetochores, the nuclear envelope, and the nuclear pore/Nup107-160 scaffold. Any mitotic exposure to cytosol after nuclear envelope breakdown is not the informative location for this gene product.
Supporting Evidence:
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9648114
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component call.
Reason: The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0032465 regulation of cytokinesis
IMP
PMID:17098863
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for ...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Cytokinesis regulation is experimentally supported as a depletion phenotype, but it is not the core molecular role.
Reason: ELYS depletion increased cytokinesis defects, consistent with a real cell-division consequence. The core evolved function is more specifically NPC assembly and Nup107-160/chromatin-associated scaffold recruitment; cytokinesis should be retained as a non-core phenotype/process connection.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
GO:0070062 extracellular exosome
HDA
PMID:19056867
Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exos...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The extracellular exosome call comes from broad urinary-exosome proteomics and is not informative for AHCTF1 function.
Reason: This high-throughput exosome dataset identified many proteins and does not establish AHCTF1 as a functional exosome component. It conflicts with the strong nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization evidence and should not be treated as a core location.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19056867
the analysis identified 1132 proteins unambiguously
GO:0000776 kinetochore
IDA
PMID:17098863
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for ...
ACCEPT
Summary: Kinetochore colocalization is directly supported for mitotic ELYS.
Reason: ELYS targets kinetochores during mitosis and this localization is part of the dual nucleoporin/kinetochore behavior described for AHCTF1/ELYS.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
PMID:27341616
Both orthologs depend on an intact beta-propeller domain and central alpha-helical domains for NPC and kinetochore organization.
GO:0000785 chromatin
IDA
PMID:17098863
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for ...
ACCEPT
Summary: Chromatin localization is consistent with ELYS function as the chromatin-linked seed for post-mitotic NPC assembly.
Reason: ELYS binds chromatin during nuclear reformation and recruits the Nup107-160 subcomplex. This cellular-component annotation is supported, although a separate molecular-function chromatin binding annotation is also warranted.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:27341616
ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
GO:0005634 nucleus
IDA
PMID:17098863
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for ...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Nuclear localization is experimentally supported but broad.
Reason: The original ELYS study supports nuclear/NPC localization. Keep the broad nucleus annotation, but do not use it as the defining core annotation when nuclear pore, chromatin, and kinetochore evidence is available.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
GO:0005643 nuclear pore
IDA
PMID:17098863
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for ...
ACCEPT
Summary: Nuclear pore colocalization is a core location for AHCTF1/ELYS.
Reason: ELYS copurifies with Nup107-160, localizes to NPCs, and is required for normal nuclear pore assembly. The nuclear pore annotation is therefore central to AHCTF1 function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
PMID:17098863
depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
GO:0031080 nuclear pore outer ring
IDA
PMID:17098863
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for ...
ACCEPT
Summary: Nuclear pore outer ring colocalization is appropriate given AHCTF1 association with the Nup107-160/Y-complex scaffold.
Reason: The Nup107-160/Y-complex forms the outer-ring scaffold of the NPC, and ELYS associates with this complex during NPC assembly. The outer-ring annotation is specific and well aligned with current structural understanding.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
PMID:27016207
Depending on the species, it can have up to four additional proteins, Nup37, Nup43 ELYS or ELY5, and Seh1
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
GO:0051292 nuclear pore complex assembly
IMP
PMID:17098863
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for ...
ACCEPT
Summary: Nuclear pore complex assembly is the central experimentally supported biological process for AHCTF1/ELYS.
Reason: RNAi and assembly studies show ELYS is required for NPC formation at the reforming nuclear envelope and functions as a chromatin-linked recruiter of Nup107-160. This is the most appropriate core BP annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17098863
depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
PMID:27341616
ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
Required for the assembly of a functional nuclear pore complex (NPC) on the surface of chromosomes
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
Human AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly
GO:0003682 chromatin binding
IDA
PMID:27341616
Identification of Conserved MEL-28/ELYS Domains with Essenti...
NEW
Summary: Proposed new molecular-function annotation: AHCTF1/ELYS enables chromatin binding.
Reason: AHCTF1 has a C-terminal chromatin-binding domain, binds chromatin during nuclear reformation, and uses that chromatin association to seed Nup107-160 recruitment and NPC assembly. This MF is more informative than generic protein binding and is directly supported by functional-domain evidence.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:27341616
the C-terminal end of ELYS corresponding to aa. 1851-2275 bound to metaphase chromatin
PMID:27341616
ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
Human AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
Kobayashi et al. provide direct structural and biochemical evidence that ELYS binds nucleosomes and map a critical basic element required for this interaction

Core Functions

Chromatin-associated nuclear pore assembly factor that seeds recruitment of the Nup107-160/Y-complex scaffold to reforming nuclei after mitosis.

Molecular Function:
chromatin binding
Directly Involved In:
Supporting Evidence:
  • PMID:27341616
    ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
  • PMID:17098863
    depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
  • Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
  • file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
    Human AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly

References

Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
  • UniProt subcellular-location mappings support nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, and nucleoplasm locations when consistent with experimental ELYS literature.
Gene Ontology annotation based on curation of immunofluorescence data
  • HPA immunofluorescence-derived locations are useful but must be interpreted against stronger ELYS NPC/chromatin/kinetochore evidence.
Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
  • Automated nucleus/cytoplasm/nuclear-matrix calls are broad; nucleus is compatible, whereas cytoplasm is not a defining AHCTF1 location.
ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for nuclear pore assembly and proper cell division.
  • ELYS copurifies with Nup107-160, localizes to nuclear pores and kinetochores, and ELYS depletion disrupts nuclear pores and increases cytokinesis defects.
Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
  • Urinary-exosome proteomics detected many proteins and does not establish AHCTF1 as a functional exosome component.
Integrated structural analysis of the human nuclear pore complex scaffold.
  • The human Nup107 scaffold forms reticulated NPC rings, supporting the structural context for AHCTF1 as a Nup107-160-associated NPC factor.
The Structure Inventory of the Nuclear Pore Complex.
  • NPCs are the principal gateway for nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange; ELYS is described as an optional/additional Y-complex-associated nucleoporin in some species.
Identification of Conserved MEL-28/ELYS Domains with Essential Roles in Nuclear Assembly and Chromosome Segregation.
  • MEL-28/ELYS domains required for NPC, kinetochore, and chromatin localization are conserved, and the C-terminal region of human ELYS supports chromatin association.
Reactome:R-HSA-141409
Mad1 binds kinetochore
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-141422
MAD2 converted to an inhibitory state via interaction with Mad1
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-141431
MAD2 associates with the Mad1 kinetochore complex
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-141439
Release of activated MAD2 from kinetochores
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-1638803
Phosphorylation of cohesin by PLK1 at centromeres
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-1638821
PP2A-B56 dephosphorylates centromeric cohesin
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-2467809
ESPL1 (Separase) cleaves centromeric cohesin
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-2467811
Separation of sister chromatids
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-2468287
CDK1 phosphorylates CDCA5 (Sororin) at centromeres
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-2484822
Kinetochore assembly
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-375302
Kinetochore capture of astral microtubules
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-5666129
CDC42:GTP recruits DIAPH2-2 to kinetochores
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-5666160
AURKB phosphorylates DIAPH2-2 at kinetochores
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-5666169
Kinetochore capture of astral microtubules is positively regulated by CDC42:GTP:p-S196-DIAPH2-2
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
AHCTF1 (ELYS) binds chromatin and Nup107-Nup160 complex
  • AHCTF1/ELYS binds chromatin and the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for NPC assembly.
Reactome:R-HSA-9618378
POM121 binds the Nup107-Nup160 complex
  • Downstream POM121/Nup107-160 binding is part of NPC assembly but does not provide direct AHCTF1 cytosol-localization support.
Reactome:R-HSA-9634169
POM121 and NDC1 bind the Nup93 complex
  • Downstream POM121/NDC1/Nup93 recruitment is part of NPC assembly but does not provide direct AHCTF1 cytosol-localization support.
Reactome:R-HSA-9648114
EML4 recruits NUDC to mitotic spindle
  • Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol location to AHCTF1.
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
UniProtKB record for human AHCTF1/ELYS
  • Reviewed UniProt record summarizes AHCTF1 as a nuclear pore assembly factor that recruits Nup107-160 and localizes to NPCs, nuclear envelope, chromatin, and kinetochores.
file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
Falcon deep research review of human AHCTF1/ELYS
  • Falcon research summarizes AHCTF1/ELYS as a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic NPC reassembly by recruiting the Nup107-160/Y-complex to decondensing chromosomes.
  • Falcon research highlights recent literature on ELYS nucleosome binding, VAPB interaction during mitosis, chromatin anchoring at NPCs, and cancer-relevant nuclear architecture contexts.

Suggested Questions for Experts

Q: Does human AHCTF1/ELYS have separable direct requirements for NPC assembly versus kinetochore/chromosome-segregation functions in non-transformed human cells?

Q: Which chromatin features and Nup107-160 interfaces determine AHCTF1 recruitment during post-mitotic nuclear pore assembly?

Q: Is AHCTF1 included in proteostasis network source lists only through broad nuclear-pore/nucleocytoplasmic-transport projection, or is there direct evidence for protein homeostasis regulation?

Suggested Experiments

Experiment: Domain-rescue experiments in AHCTF1-depleted human cells comparing C-terminal chromatin-binding mutants and N-terminal Nup107-160-binding mutants for NPC assembly, nuclear import/export, and kinetochore phenotypes.

Experiment: Quantitative proximity labeling or AP-MS across mitosis to distinguish AHCTF1 interactions with chromatin, Nup107-160/Y-complex members, and kinetochore proteins.

Experiment: Proteostasis-focused stress assays after AHCTF1 perturbation that measure protein folding, ubiquitin-proteasome flux, and ER stress markers separately from secondary nuclear transport or cell-cycle defects.

Deep Research

Falcon

(AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md)
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate. Falcon Edison Scientific Literature 22 citations 2 artifacts 2026-06-03T10:08:44.811016

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Comprehensive Research Report: Human AHCTF1 / ELYS / MEL-28 (UniProt Q8WYP5)

Executive summary

AHCTF1 encodes ELYS (also called MEL-28), a large chromatin-binding nucleoporin best understood as an initiator (“seed”) for post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly: it binds decondensing chromatin at mitotic exit and recruits the Nup107–160/Y-complex, which in turn enables recruitment of additional scaffold and transmembrane nucleoporins to rebuild NPCs on the reforming nuclear envelope. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)
Beyond this core function, recent work emphasizes that ELYS also participates in genome architecture, including anchoring peripheral chromatin to NPCs during interphase (2024) and in mitotic nuclear envelope biogenesis via phosphorylation-regulated binding to the membrane protein VAPB (2024). (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16, james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2)


1) Identity verification (critical disambiguation)

Target is human AHCTF1 (UniProt Q8WYP5), whose protein product is widely referred to in the cell biology literature as ELYS and MEL-28. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)
These names are used interchangeably across mechanistic papers, including structural studies that explicitly label the protein as “ELYS (MEL-28/AHCTF1).” (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)

Functional class: ELYS is treated experimentally as a nucleoporin (NPC component/assembly factor) rather than a canonical DNA-binding transcription factor, despite the historical gene name “AT-hook containing transcription factor 1.” (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)


2) Key concepts and definitions (current understanding)

2.1 Nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and the “seed” concept

In metazoans, the NPC disassembles during open mitosis and is rebuilt at mitotic exit. A key concept is that NPC reassembly begins with early factors that connect chromatin to NPC scaffold recruitment, effectively “seeding” NPC formation on chromatin before the nuclear envelope is fully re-established. ELYS/AHCTF1 is a central example of such a seeding factor: it binds decondensing chromatin and recruits the Nup107–160/Y-complex, which then supports recruitment of other nucleoporins (including transmembrane components) to build the pore. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5)

2.2 Chromatin binding via nucleosome acidic patch

A major mechanistic advance is that ELYS binds chromatin not only through DNA affinity but through direct nucleosome recognition. Specifically, a C-terminal basic region can dock onto the acidic patch of the nucleosome (on H2A–H2B), a frequently used binding hotspot for chromatin factors. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)


3) Molecular function of AHCTF1/ELYS

3.1 Primary function: initiate post-mitotic NPC reassembly on chromatin

Mechanistic model (consensus):
1) At anaphase/telophase, ELYS binds to decondensing chromatin, including AT-rich regions (consistent with an AT-hook). (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5)
2) ELYS recruits the Nup107–160/Y-complex to these chromatin sites, creating a scaffold “seed” for subsequent NPC assembly steps. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5)
3) Transmembrane nucleoporins (e.g., POM121, NDC1) and additional nucleoporin subcomplexes are recruited downstream to integrate the assembling scaffold into the reforming nuclear envelope. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3)

This functional directionality (ELYS→Y-complex recruitment→downstream nucleoporin recruitment) is repeatedly emphasized in authoritative syntheses and is consistent with depletion phenotypes where NPCs fail to properly assemble or localize. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5)

3.2 Structural basis of nucleosome binding: AT-hook + RRK basic stretch

Kobayashi et al. (Communications Biology, 2019-05) provide direct structural/biochemical evidence that ELYS binds nucleosomes and histone H2A-H2B, and they map a critical basic element required for this interaction. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)

Key findings:
- The C-terminal region of ELYS contains an AT-hook DNA-binding domain and a conserved Arg-Arg-Lys (RRK) basic stretch. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)
- Cryo-EM and crosslinking mass spectrometry support direct binding of the ELYS C-terminus to the nucleosome acidic patch. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)
- Mutational/deletion tests indicate the RRK stretch (including residues cited as Arg2404, Arg2405, Lys2406, and nearby Arg2408) is essential for nucleosome binding. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)

A figure panel from this study (domain architecture + cryo-EM docking onto nucleosome acidic patch) is available in the retrieved image evidence. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical media 5a470cb3, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical media 1a52a771)

3.3 Post-translational regulation in mitosis: phosphorylation-dependent VAPB binding (2024)

James et al. (EMBO Reports, 2024-04) identify a new mitotic regulatory interaction: ELYS is described as a crucial initiation factor for post-mitotic NPC assembly and, during mitosis, becomes phosphorylated at many sites including a predicted FFAT motif that mediates phosphorylation-dependent binding to the membrane protein VAPB (via VAPB’s MSP domain). (james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2)
ELYS and VAPB co-localize in anaphase at the non-core region of the newly forming nuclear envelope, supporting a model where ELYS coordinates (directly or indirectly) membrane recruitment dynamics during nuclear envelope/NPC reformation. (james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2)


4) Subcellular localization and cell-cycle dynamics

4.1 Interphase localization

In interphase cells, ELYS localizes to the nuclear envelope/NPC region and is also observed in nucleoplasmic pools (including GLFG bodies in some contexts). (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5)
James et al. (2024) further specify localization to the nuclear side of the NPC in interphase. (james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2)

4.2 Mitotic localization

During mitosis, ELYS relocalizes to chromatin surfaces, and has been described at kinetochores and spindle poles, consistent with additional mitotic functions beyond NPC assembly. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5)


5) Recent developments (prioritizing 2023–2024)

5.1 Interphase genome architecture: ELYS anchors peripheral chromatin to nuclear pores (2024)

Doronin et al. (Communications Biology, 2024-06) address whether ELYS links chromatin to the nuclear envelope during interphase (beyond its established mitotic-exit role). Using DamID-seq and functional knockdown experiments (in Drosophila systems), they distinguish nucleoplasmic vs NPC-linked ELYS binding sites and report that ELYS knockdown causes peripheral chromatin displacement, decondensation of NE-attached chromatin, and derepression of genes within these regions, supporting a role for NPC-linked ELYS (together with lamina) in maintaining peripheral chromatin organization. (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16)
While not human-only, this 2024 study updates the field’s model of ELYS as a chromatin organizer during interphase, consistent with broader nucleoporin-chromatin regulatory concepts. (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16)

5.2 Mitosis timing and membrane coordination through VAPB (2024)

James et al. (EMBO Reports, 2024-04) provide evidence that VAPB binding to ELYS requires phosphorylation of an ELYS FFAT motif and occurs at decondensing chromosomes/forming nuclear envelope regions in anaphase. This places ELYS within a phospho-regulated membrane-interaction network during mitotic exit. (james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2)

5.3 Cancer-relevant nuclear architecture: WNT-dependent MYC gene “gating” requires AHCTF1 (2022)

Chachoua et al. (Nature Communications, 2022-01) describe a WNT/β-catenin-dependent pathway in colon cancer cells where an oncogenic MYC super-enhancer is trafficked to the nuclear periphery and nuclear pore; they report that the final movement to the nuclear pore requires recruitment of AHCTF1, linking nucleoporins (and specifically AHCTF1) to pathological 3D genome positioning and MYC output. (chachoua2022canonicalwntsignalingdependent pages 8-9, OpenTargets Search: -AHCTF1)
The paper includes quantitative localization data with large allele counts (e.g., 371, 300, 294 alleles in reported comparisons) and multiple statistically significant p-values for periphery/localization and RNA FISH readouts. (chachoua2022canonicalwntsignalingdependent pages 8-9)


6) Phenotypes from perturbation (functional inference and experimental evidence)

6.1 Defective NPC assembly when ELYS is depleted

Cell biological evidence summarized in reviews and supported by mechanistic studies indicates that ELYS depletion disrupts post-mitotic NPC reassembly and NPC localization at the nuclear envelope. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)
Kobayashi et al. report that ELYS knockdown in HeLa cells causes severe NPC formation defects, consistent with its mechanistic role in recruiting scaffold components during assembly on chromatin. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2)

6.2 Genome stability/mitotic fidelity as downstream consequences

Because NPC reassembly, spindle function, and chromosome segregation are tightly coordinated during mitotic exit, ELYS perturbation is also linked to chromosome segregation defects and genome instability phenotypes in diverse systems. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 1-2)


7) Applications and real-world implementations (disease relevance; translational angles)

7.1 Cancer vulnerability: reduced ELYS dosage amplifies oncogenic stress (2023)

Morgan et al. (eLife, 2023-01) provide a detailed in vivo cancer model linking reduced ahctf1/ELYS function to selective vulnerability of oncogene-driven tissue growth (zebrafish hepatocellular carcinoma model with inducible krasG12V). (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 2-3)

Quantitative highlights from the paper:
- In larvae, krasG12V induction increased liver volume from 1.95×10^6 ± 4.99×10^4 μm³ to 7.97×10^6 ± 1.21×10^5 μm³; ahctf1 heterozygosity reduced kras-driven liver volume to 5.92×10^6 ± 8.83×10^4 μm³ (interpreted as 35% reduction in excess liver volume). (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 2-3)
- ahctf1+/− larvae showed a measured 57% reduction in ahctf1 mRNA at 7 dpf. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 2-3)
- krasG12V increased NPC puncta at the nuclear surface by 59%; ahctf1 heterozygosity reduced these signals by 21%. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 6-8)
- krasG12V increased nuclear volume by 28% vs non-expressing cells; this was reduced to 13% with ahctf1 heterozygosity. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 6-8)
- 50% of ahctf1+/−;krasG12V hepatocytes showed mitotic abnormalities, vs none reported for ahctf1+/+ in the excerpted comparison. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 6-8)
- DNA damage marker γ-H2AX-positive nuclei increased from 1% to 6% with ahctf1 heterozygosity in krasG12V hepatocytes. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 6-8)

These data support a translational hypothesis: cancers with high proliferative and nuclear transport demands may be sensitive to partial disruption of ELYS/NPC homeostasis (“non-oncogene addiction” to nuclear transport/NPC biogenesis). (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 6-8)

7.2 Therapeutic strategy concept: combine partial NPC impairment with nuclear export inhibition

Morgan et al. report that combining ahctf1 heterozygosity with ranbp2 heterozygosity, or with treatment by the nuclear export inhibitor Selinexor, can completely block krasG12V-driven hepatocyte hyperplasia in zebrafish models (as summarized in the abstract/excerpts). (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 1-2)
This provides a concrete real-world implementation direction: leveraging clinically used transport inhibitors (e.g., XPO1 inhibition) in contexts where NPC components are limiting. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 1-2)

7.3 Human survival association (TCGA LIHC; quantitative)

In a related excerpted analysis of TCGA LIHC (372 samples), patients with high expression (z-score >2) of one or more Nup107–160 complex components had median overall survival 21.70 months (n=63) compared with 81.73 months for low expression (z-score <−2; n=45), supporting clinical relevance of elevated Nup107–160 expression signatures (including AHCTF1) in HCC prognosis. (morgan2021elysdeficiencyconstrains pages 46-46)

7.4 OpenTargets disease associations (supplementary database-level evidence)

OpenTargets lists AHCTF1 associations with several disease categories (e.g., neurodegenerative disease and premature birth) based largely on CRISPRi screen evidence and linked literature identifiers; these data should be treated as hypothesis-generating rather than definitive mechanistic attribution. (OpenTargets Search: -AHCTF1)


8) Expert synthesis and analysis (authoritative perspectives)

Shevelyov’s 2020 review consolidates the field’s view of ELYS as unusual among nucleoporins in having both DNA/chromatin-binding capabilities and a central role in post-mitotic NPC reassembly, while also engaging genome architecture during interphase. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3)
Recent 2024 primary studies extend this view in two directions: (i) interphase chromatin anchoring at NPCs (Doronin et al.), and (ii) phospho-regulated membrane-interaction circuitry in mitosis (James et al.), both of which are compatible with ELYS being a multi-domain integrator coordinating chromatin, NPC scaffold recruitment, and membrane remodeling. (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16, james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2)


9) Evidence summary table (for rapid functional annotation)

Functional aspect Key claim (1 sentence) Experimental system/approach Notes on mechanism (domains/interactions) Reference (with year) and URL
Post-mitotic NPC assembly seeding via chromatin binding and Y-complex recruitment Human AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly by recruiting the Nup107–160/Y-complex to decondensing chromosomes, after which transmembrane nucleoporins such as POM121 and NDC1 are recruited. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5) Review synthesis of vertebrate/cell-biology studies; microscopy and depletion-based NPC assembly assays summarized in the review. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5) N-terminal β-propeller and α-helical regions associate with the Y-complex; the C-terminal chromatin-binding region with an AT-hook mediates chromatin capture during mitotic exit. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5) Shevelyov 2020 — https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249475
Nucleosome acidic patch binding via RRK stretch and AT-hook The C-terminal region of ELYS binds nucleosomes directly, with an RRK basic stretch being essential for engagement of the nucleosome acidic patch and the AT-hook contributing DNA binding. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical media 5a470cb3) Structural biology and biochemistry: cryo-EM, crosslinking mass spectrometry, mutational/deletion analysis, nucleosome/H2A-H2B binding assays. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical media 5a470cb3) The critical basic cluster includes Arg2404, Arg2405, Lys2406 and nearby Arg2408; the ELYS C-terminus docks onto the H2A-H2B acidic patch while the AT-hook supports chromatin association. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical media 5a470cb3) Kobayashi et al. 2019 — https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7
Interphase chromatin anchoring at NPCs NPC-linked ELYS contributes to anchoring peripheral chromatin to the nuclear envelope in interphase, and ELYS depletion displaces peripheral chromatin and derepresses genes in those regions. (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16) Drosophila late embryos and S2 cells; DamID-seq, knockdown, chromatin compaction and nuclear-periphery analyses. (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16) The study distinguishes nucleoplasmic ELYS from NPC-linked ELYS, with the latter acting together with the nuclear lamina to maintain peripheral chromatin attachment. (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16) Doronin et al. 2024 — https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06495-w
Mitotic phosphorylation and VAPB interaction During mitosis, phosphorylated ELYS binds the ER/NE membrane protein VAPB through a phospho-regulated FFAT motif, helping coordinate events at decondensing chromosomes and the forming non-core nuclear envelope. (james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2) Human-cell biochemical and cell-biology assays including peptide/recombinant binding, co-immunoprecipitation, phosphoproteomics, and mitotic colocalization analysis. (james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2) A predicted FFAT motif in ELYS mediates phosphorylation-dependent interaction with the MSP domain of VAPB; ELYS and VAPB colocalize in anaphase at the non-core region. (james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2) James et al. 2024 — https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-024-00125-6
Nuclear size regulation via NPC density and nuclear import ELYS positively regulates mammalian nuclear size by controlling NPC number/density and thereby nuclear import capacity. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 11-12) High-throughput imaging RNAi screen and follow-up functional assays in mammalian cells, including ELYS knockdown/overexpression and nuclear import perturbation. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 11-12) Reduced ELYS lowers NPC density and import capacity and alters lamin organization; increased importin-α can rescue import defects and nuclear size, linking ELYS function to transport-dependent size control. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 11-12) Jevtić et al. 2019 — https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201847283
Oncogenic stress interaction with kras and selinexor combinatorial effect Partial loss of ahctf1/ELYS increases oncogenic stress in kras-driven liver cancer models, and combining ahctf1 reduction with ranbp2 heterozygosity or Selinexor can completely block krasG12V-driven hepatocyte hyperplasia. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 1-2) Zebrafish larval/adult hepatocellular carcinoma models, genetics, imaging, and transcriptomic/phenotypic analyses; patient survival association analysis in TCGA LIHC. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 1-2) Reduced ELYS dosage impairs nuclear pore formation, spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation, causing DNA damage and Tp53-dependent cell-cycle arrest/death; this supports nucleocytoplasmic transport/NPC vulnerability as a therapeutic angle. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 1-2) Morgan et al. 2023 — https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.73407
WNT/β-catenin-driven MYC gene gating In colon cancer cells, WNT/β-catenin-dependent trafficking of an oncogenic MYC super-enhancer to the nuclear pore requires recruitment of AHCTF1, enabling pathological MYC activation/export and growth advantage. (OpenTargets Search: -AHCTF1) Cancer-cell genome architecture and gene-regulation study using chromatin trafficking analyses and functional perturbation of the WNT/CTCF/AHCTF1 circuit. (OpenTargets Search: -AHCTF1) AHCTF1 is recruited to a distal CTCF binding site within the MYC oncogenic super-enhancer, where it participates in stepwise movement of the locus to the nuclear pore. (OpenTargets Search: -AHCTF1) Chachoua et al. 2022 — https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27868-3

Table: This table summarizes the main experimentally supported functions of human AHCTF1/ELYS, emphasizing nuclear pore assembly, chromatin binding, mitotic regulation, and disease-relevant contexts. It is useful as a compact evidence map linking each functional claim to the underlying methods, mechanisms, and source.


10) Key references (URLs; publication dates)

  • James C. et al. “Phosphorylation of ELYS promotes its interaction with VAPB at decondensing chromosomes during mitosis”. EMBO Reports (2024-04). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-024-00125-6 (james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2)
  • Doronin S.A. et al. “Nucleoporin Elys attaches peripheral chromatin to the nuclear pores in interphase nuclei”. Communications Biology (2024-06). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06495-w (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16)
  • Morgan K.J. et al. “ahctf1 and kras mutations combine to amplify oncogenic stress and restrict liver overgrowth in a zebrafish model of hepatocellular carcinoma”. eLife (2023-01). https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.73407 (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 2-3, morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 6-8, morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 10-12)
  • Chachoua I. et al. “Canonical WNT signaling-dependent gating of MYC requires a noncanonical CTCF function at a distal binding site”. Nature Communications (2022-01). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27868-3 (chachoua2022canonicalwntsignalingdependent pages 8-9, OpenTargets Search: -AHCTF1)
  • Kobayashi W. et al. “Structural and biochemical analyses of the nuclear pore complex component ELYS identify residues responsible for nucleosome binding”. Communications Biology (2019-05). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7 (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical media 5a470cb3, kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical media 1a52a771)
  • Shevelyov Y.Y. “The Role of Nucleoporin Elys in Nuclear Pore Complex Assembly and Regulation of Genome Architecture”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2020-12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249475 (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5, shevelyov2020theroleof pages 11-12)

Limitations of this synthesis

Some highly specific quantitative outcomes requested (e.g., exact magnitudes of gene derepression or chromatin displacement in Doronin et al. 2024; exact mitotic timing deltas in James et al. 2024) were not present in the retrieved text excerpts; the report therefore cites those studies for the qualitative conclusions they explicitly support while providing quantitative statistics where directly available in the extracted evidence. (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16, james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2)

References

  1. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3): Yuri Y. Shevelyov. The role of nucleoporin elys in nuclear pore complex assembly and regulation of genome architecture. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21:9475, Dec 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249475, doi:10.3390/ijms21249475. This article has 19 citations.

  2. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5): Yuri Y. Shevelyov. The role of nucleoporin elys in nuclear pore complex assembly and regulation of genome architecture. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21:9475, Dec 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249475, doi:10.3390/ijms21249475. This article has 19 citations.

  3. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2): Wataru Kobayashi, Yoshimasa Takizawa, Maya Aihara, Lumi Negishi, Hajime Ishii, and Hitoshi Kurumizaka. Structural and biochemical analyses of the nuclear pore complex component elys identify residues responsible for nucleosome binding. Communications Biology, May 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7, doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7. This article has 23 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  4. (doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16): Semen A. Doronin, Artem A. Ilyin, Anna D. Kononkova, Mikhail A. Solovyev, Oxana M. Olenkina, Valentina V. Nenasheva, Elena A. Mikhaleva, Sergey A. Lavrov, Anna Y. Ivannikova, Ruslan A. Simonov, Anna A. Fedotova, Ekaterina E. Khrameeva, Sergey V. Ulianov, Sergey V. Razin, and Yuri Y. Shevelyov. Nucleoporin elys attaches peripheral chromatin to the nuclear pores in interphase nuclei. Communications Biology, Jun 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06495-w, doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06495-w. This article has 9 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  5. (james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2): Christina James, Ulrike Möller, Christiane Spillner, Sabine König, Olexandr Dybkov, Henning Urlaub, Christof Lenz, and Ralph H Kehlenbach. Phosphorylation of elys promotes its interaction with vapb at decondensing chromosomes during mitosis. EMBO Reports, 25:2391-2417, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-024-00125-6, doi:10.1038/s44319-024-00125-6. This article has 9 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  6. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical media 5a470cb3): Wataru Kobayashi, Yoshimasa Takizawa, Maya Aihara, Lumi Negishi, Hajime Ishii, and Hitoshi Kurumizaka. Structural and biochemical analyses of the nuclear pore complex component elys identify residues responsible for nucleosome binding. Communications Biology, May 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7, doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7. This article has 23 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  7. (kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical media 1a52a771): Wataru Kobayashi, Yoshimasa Takizawa, Maya Aihara, Lumi Negishi, Hajime Ishii, and Hitoshi Kurumizaka. Structural and biochemical analyses of the nuclear pore complex component elys identify residues responsible for nucleosome binding. Communications Biology, May 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7, doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7. This article has 23 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  8. (chachoua2022canonicalwntsignalingdependent pages 8-9): Ilyas Chachoua, Ilias Tzelepis, Hao Dai, Jia Pei Lim, Anna Lewandowska-Ronnegren, Felipe Beccaria Casagrande, Shuangyang Wu, Johanna Vestlund, Carolina Diettrich Mallet de Lima, Deeksha Bhartiya, Barbara A. Scholz, Mirco Martino, Rashid Mehmood, and Anita Göndör. Canonical wnt signaling-dependent gating of myc requires a noncanonical ctcf function at a distal binding site. Nature Communications, Jan 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27868-3, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27868-3. This article has 36 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  9. (OpenTargets Search: -AHCTF1): Open Targets Query (-AHCTF1, 5 results). Buniello, A. et al. (2025). Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery. Nucleic Acids Research.

  10. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 1-2): Kimberly J Morgan, Karen Doggett, Fansuo Geng, Stephen Mieruszynski, Lachlan Whitehead, Kelly A Smith, Benjamin M Hogan, Cas Simons, Gregory J Baillie, Ramyar Molania, Anthony T Papenfuss, Thomas E Hall, Elke A Ober, Didier YR Stainier, Zhiyuan Gong, and Joan K Heath. Ahctf1 and kras mutations combine to amplify oncogenic stress and restrict liver overgrowth in a zebrafish model of hepatocellular carcinoma. eLife, Jan 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.73407, doi:10.7554/elife.73407. This article has 7 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  11. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 2-3): Kimberly J Morgan, Karen Doggett, Fansuo Geng, Stephen Mieruszynski, Lachlan Whitehead, Kelly A Smith, Benjamin M Hogan, Cas Simons, Gregory J Baillie, Ramyar Molania, Anthony T Papenfuss, Thomas E Hall, Elke A Ober, Didier YR Stainier, Zhiyuan Gong, and Joan K Heath. Ahctf1 and kras mutations combine to amplify oncogenic stress and restrict liver overgrowth in a zebrafish model of hepatocellular carcinoma. eLife, Jan 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.73407, doi:10.7554/elife.73407. This article has 7 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  12. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 6-8): Kimberly J Morgan, Karen Doggett, Fansuo Geng, Stephen Mieruszynski, Lachlan Whitehead, Kelly A Smith, Benjamin M Hogan, Cas Simons, Gregory J Baillie, Ramyar Molania, Anthony T Papenfuss, Thomas E Hall, Elke A Ober, Didier YR Stainier, Zhiyuan Gong, and Joan K Heath. Ahctf1 and kras mutations combine to amplify oncogenic stress and restrict liver overgrowth in a zebrafish model of hepatocellular carcinoma. eLife, Jan 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.73407, doi:10.7554/elife.73407. This article has 7 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  13. (morgan2021elysdeficiencyconstrains pages 46-46): Kimberly J Morgan, Karen Doggett, Fan-Suo Geng, Lachlan Whitehead, Kelly A Smith, Benjamin M Hogan, Cas Simons, Gregory J Baillie, Ramyar Molania, Anthony T Papenfuss, Thomas E Hall, Elke A Ober, Didier Y R Stainier, Zhiyuan Gong, and Joan K Heath. Elys deficiency constrains kras-driven tumour burden by amplifying oncogenic stress. bioRxiv, Aug 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.25.457580, doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457580. This article has 0 citations.

  14. (shevelyov2020theroleof pages 11-12): Yuri Y. Shevelyov. The role of nucleoporin elys in nuclear pore complex assembly and regulation of genome architecture. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21:9475, Dec 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249475, doi:10.3390/ijms21249475. This article has 19 citations.

  15. (morgan2023ahctf1andkras pages 10-12): Kimberly J Morgan, Karen Doggett, Fansuo Geng, Stephen Mieruszynski, Lachlan Whitehead, Kelly A Smith, Benjamin M Hogan, Cas Simons, Gregory J Baillie, Ramyar Molania, Anthony T Papenfuss, Thomas E Hall, Elke A Ober, Didier YR Stainier, Zhiyuan Gong, and Joan K Heath. Ahctf1 and kras mutations combine to amplify oncogenic stress and restrict liver overgrowth in a zebrafish model of hepatocellular carcinoma. eLife, Jan 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.73407, doi:10.7554/elife.73407. This article has 7 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

Artifacts

Citations

  1. kobayashi2019structuralandbiochemical pages 1-2
  2. shevelyov2020theroleof pages 1-3
  3. james2024phosphorylationofelys pages 1-2
  4. doronin2024nucleoporinelysattaches pages 16-16
  5. chachoua2022canonicalwntsignalingdependent pages 8-9
  6. morgan2021elysdeficiencyconstrains pages 46-46
  7. shevelyov2020theroleof pages 11-12
  8. shevelyov2020theroleof pages 3-5
  9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249475
  10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7
  11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06495-w
  12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-024-00125-6
  13. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201847283
  14. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.73407
  15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27868-3
  16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249475,
  17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0385-7,
  18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06495-w,
  19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-024-00125-6,
  20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27868-3,
  21. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.73407,
  22. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.25.457580,

📚 Additional Documentation

Notes

(AHCTF1-notes.md)

AHCTF1 Gene Review Notes

2026-06-03 - PROTEOSTASIS PN conservative review

Falcon deep research was run with just deep-research-falcon human AHCTF1 --fallback perplexity-lite. The Falcon client wrote AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md, but the wrapper returned nonzero after the 600 second timeout and the configured perplexity-lite fallback failed with a 401 quota error. Because the Falcon artifact is present and contains a complete report, it was used as supporting context; no manual file was created.

AHCTF1 encodes ELYS/MEL-28, a chromatin-associated nucleoporin and nuclear pore complex assembly factor. The core evidence supports binding to chromatin and recruitment of the Nup107-160/Y-complex scaffold during post-mitotic NPC assembly: ELYS was identified with the Nup107-160 complex PMID:17098863, depletion disrupts nuclear pores PMID:17098863, and later domain work states that ELYS/chromatin binding is the first step in post-mitotic pore building PMID:27341616.

The mitotic kinetochore/cell-division annotations are real but should be interpreted separately from proteostasis. ELYS targets kinetochores during mitosis PMID:17098863, and conserved-domain work supports NPC, kinetochore, and chromatin localization PMID:27341616. These data justify keeping kinetochore and cytokinesis annotations, but they do not make AHCTF1 a protein-folding, ubiquitin-proteasome, ERAD, chaperone, or stress-response factor.

PN curation conclusion: evaluate any Proteostasis Network projection for AHCTF1 conservatively. AHCTF1 can support nuclear-pore/nucleocytoplasmic-transport context only through its direct role in NPC assembly. It should not be propagated into proteostasis terms such as protein folding, protein quality control, ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, ER proteostasis, or proteasome function without direct evidence. Broad cytosol and extracellular-exosome GOA annotations were treated as over-annotations because they are pathway/proteomics artifacts relative to the strong nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore evidence.

Pn Notes

(AHCTF1-pn-notes.md)

AHCTF1 PN Consistency Notes

  • Generated: 2026-06-18
  • Project: PROTEOSTASIS
  • Scope: PN consistency rereview against local AIGR review and available deep-research artifacts
  • UniProt: Q8WYP5
  • AIGR review status: COMPLETE
  • Review batch: proteostasis-batch-2026-06-03 (PR 1352)
  • Batch change status: added

Source Files Checked

Deep Research Files

AIGR Review Snapshot

  • Description: AHCTF1 encodes ELYS/MEL-28, a large metazoan nucleoporin and chromatin-associated assembly factor for nuclear pore complexes. ELYS binds chromatin during nuclear reformation, recruits the Nup107-160/Y-complex scaffold to nascent nuclear pores, and localizes to nuclear pores, the nuclear envelope, chromatin, and kinetochores in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. Loss or perturbation of ELYS disrupts post-mitotic NPC assembly and produces chromosome segregation and cytokinesis defects, consistent with a core role in rebuilding the nuclear pore scaffold after open mitosis.
  • Existing/core annotation action counts: ACCEPT: 12; KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: 8; MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED: 21; MODIFY: 1; NEW: 1

PN Consistency Summary

  • Consistency: Deep research (falcon), review, and PN agree AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic NPC reassembly by recruiting the Nup107-160/Y-complex; also has kinetochore/cytokinesis roles. No contradictions. The review trims ~17 mis-seeded Reactome cytosol rows (mitotic-checkpoint/NPC-assembly pathway context, not AHCTF1 localization) — orthogonal to and compatible with PN's NPC framing.
  • PN story / NEW pressure: PN group GO:0005643 nuclear pore is already in GOA (confirmed: IEA/NAS/IDA rows) and accepted. PN class projects GO:0015031 protein transport as new-to-GOA, but the review reframes the BP from generic transport to GO:0051292 nuclear pore complex assembly (MODIFY of GO:0006913 nucleocytoplasmic transport; already an IMP annotation) and adds a NEW MF GO:0003682 chromatin binding (IDA, PMID:27341616). Verdict: PN nuclear-pore captured; PN "protein transport" over-reaches — AHCTF1 is an assembly factor, not a transport carrier. The review even questions whether AHCTF1 belongs in a proteostasis source list at all (only via broad NPC/transport projection).
  • Evidence alignment: PN dossier lists no reference titles. Review anchors on PMID:17098863 (ELYS dual nucleoporin/kinetochore), 27341616 (conserved MEL-28/ELYS domains, chromatin binding), 24315095/27016207 (NPC scaffold), Reactome:R-HSA-9615901 (chromatin+Nup107-160 seeding). No PMID conflicts.
  • Verdict: Consistent; PN nuclear pore (GO:0005643) adopted; PN class GO:0015031 protein transport over-reaches for an NPC-assembly factor — review's GO:0051292 + GO:0003682 are the correct calls. Recommended edits: none required. [MAP]: flag class-level GO:0015031 for the Nuclear proteostasis|Protein transport node as too broad for structural NPC-assembly factors; consider gene-gating. [WB]: optionally reconsider AHCTF1's inclusion in the PN source list (assembly factor, weak proteostasis link).

Full Consistency Review

  • UniProt: Q8WYP5 · batch: proteostasis-batch-2026-06-03 · review status: COMPLETE
  • PN placement: Nuclear proteostasis|Protein transport|Nuclear pore complex ; PN-node mapping: group (NPC) mapped ok_for_propagation GO:0005643 nuclear pore (already_in_goa_exact); class (Protein transport) mapped GO:0015031 protein transport (new_to_goa); branch no_mapping.
  • Consistency: Deep research (falcon), review, and PN agree AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic NPC reassembly by recruiting the Nup107-160/Y-complex; also has kinetochore/cytokinesis roles. No contradictions. The review trims ~17 mis-seeded Reactome cytosol rows (mitotic-checkpoint/NPC-assembly pathway context, not AHCTF1 localization) — orthogonal to and compatible with PN's NPC framing.
  • PN story / NEW pressure: PN group GO:0005643 nuclear pore is already in GOA (confirmed: IEA/NAS/IDA rows) and accepted. PN class projects GO:0015031 protein transport as new-to-GOA, but the review reframes the BP from generic transport to GO:0051292 nuclear pore complex assembly (MODIFY of GO:0006913 nucleocytoplasmic transport; already an IMP annotation) and adds a NEW MF GO:0003682 chromatin binding (IDA, PMID:27341616). Verdict: PN nuclear-pore captured; PN "protein transport" over-reaches — AHCTF1 is an assembly factor, not a transport carrier. The review even questions whether AHCTF1 belongs in a proteostasis source list at all (only via broad NPC/transport projection).
  • Mapping strategy: Gene does not change the node; it argues against the class-level GO:0015031 projection. AHCTF1 builds the pore rather than transporting cargo, so generic protein transport is biologically the wrong BP — clearer mis-projection than the TOMM20/HSPA8/RAB7A "merely broader" cases.
  • Evidence alignment: PN dossier lists no reference titles. Review anchors on PMID:17098863 (ELYS dual nucleoporin/kinetochore), 27341616 (conserved MEL-28/ELYS domains, chromatin binding), 24315095/27016207 (NPC scaffold), Reactome:R-HSA-9615901 (chromatin+Nup107-160 seeding). No PMID conflicts.
  • Verdict: Consistent; PN nuclear pore (GO:0005643) adopted; PN class GO:0015031 protein transport over-reaches for an NPC-assembly factor — review's GO:0051292 + GO:0003682 are the correct calls. Recommended edits: none required. [MAP]: flag class-level GO:0015031 for the Nuclear proteostasis|Protein transport node as too broad for structural NPC-assembly factors; consider gene-gating. [WB]: optionally reconsider AHCTF1's inclusion in the PN source list (assembly factor, weak proteostasis link).

PN Dossier Context

  • review_batch: proteostasis-batch-2026-06-03
  • review_yaml: genes/human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-ai-review.yaml
  • PN workbook rows: 1

PN row 1: Nuclear proteostasis | Protein transport | Nuclear pore complex

  • UniProt: Q8WYP5
  • In branches: NU
  • PN-node mapping records (path + ancestors):
    • [group] Nuclear proteostasis|Protein transport|Nuclear pore complex
      status=mapped scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go GO=[GO:0005643 nuclear pore]
      rationale: This PN group denotes core components of the nuclear pore complex. The closest current GO target in the local ontology cache is the cellular-component term nuclear pore.
    • [class] Nuclear proteostasis|Protein transport
      status=mapped scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go GO=[GO:0015031 protein transport]
      rationale: The PN nuclear Protein transport class covers the machinery and routes that move proteins across the nuclear envelope. GO protein transport is the correct propagation target, although the PN class is specialized to the nuclear compartment.
    • [branch] Nuclear proteostasis
      status=no_mapping scope= GO=[]
      rationale: Reviewed as a top-level PN branch. This is a systems/taxonomy umbrella, not a direct GO assertion; narrower child curations carry any propagating GO mappings.

Projected GO annotations (2)

  • GO:0015031 protein transport | scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go | goa_status=new_to_goa | from=Nuclear proteostasis|Protein transport
  • GO:0005643 nuclear pore | scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go | goa_status=already_in_goa_exact | from=Nuclear proteostasis|Protein transport|Nuclear pore complex

Note

This file is generated from the current PROTEOSTASIS phase-1 dossier and local gene-review artifacts. Edit the source review, PN mapping, or dossier rather than this generated note when correcting the underlying curation.

📄 View Raw YAML

id: Q8WYP5
gene_symbol: AHCTF1
product_type: PROTEIN
status: COMPLETE
taxon:
  id: NCBITaxon:9606
  label: Homo sapiens
description: >-
  AHCTF1 encodes ELYS/MEL-28, a large metazoan nucleoporin and chromatin-associated assembly
  factor for nuclear pore complexes. ELYS binds chromatin during nuclear reformation, recruits
  the Nup107-160/Y-complex scaffold to nascent nuclear pores, and localizes to nuclear pores,
  the nuclear envelope, chromatin, and kinetochores in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. Loss
  or perturbation of ELYS disrupts post-mitotic NPC assembly and produces chromosome segregation
  and cytokinesis defects, consistent with a core role in rebuilding the nuclear pore scaffold
  after open mitosis.
alternative_products:
- name: '1'
  id: Q8WYP5-1
- name: '2'
  id: Q8WYP5-2
  sequence_note: VSP_019844
- name: '3'
  id: Q8WYP5-3
  sequence_note: VSP_042691
existing_annotations:
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nucleus is a correct but broad automated location for AHCTF1/ELYS.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      AHCTF1/ELYS is consistently reported in the nucleus and nuclear envelope/nuclear pore
      system, but nucleus is less informative than the specific NPC, chromatin, and kinetochore
      locations supported by experimental evidence.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
- term:
    id: GO:0005635
    label: nuclear envelope
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear envelope is a well-supported location for AHCTF1/ELYS.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      UniProt subcellular-location mapping is consistent with experimental studies showing
      ELYS at the nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complexes during interphase and nuclear
      reformation.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
- term:
    id: GO:0005643
    label: nuclear pore
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: part_of
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear pore is an accurate specific location for ELYS.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      AHCTF1/ELYS associates with the Nup107-160/Y-complex scaffold and localizes to NPCs.
      This term captures the major cellular structure where the protein acts during NPC assembly
      and interphase NPC organization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27016207
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nucleoplasm is supported as a reported interphase/nuclear location, but it is not the
      most specific functional compartment.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      ELYS has nucleoplasmic signal in addition to nuclear envelope/NPC localization. Because
      the core role is chromatin-associated NPC assembly, nucleoplasm should be retained as
      a non-core location rather than used to define gene function.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: In interphase, the ratio of nucleoplasmic versus cytoplasmic GFP signal was ~4.4-fold higher for full-length MEL-28 compared to MEL-281-956_loop2m
- term:
    id: GO:0005737
    label: cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Cytoplasm is weakly supported by similarity and cell-cycle context but is not an informative
      AHCTF1 location.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The main experimental evidence places AHCTF1/ELYS at nuclear pores, nuclear envelope,
      chromatin, and kinetochores. Cytoplasm is at best a broad inferred or mitotic-background
      location and should not be propagated as a defining annotation.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
- term:
    id: GO:0016363
    label: nuclear matrix
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear matrix is retained as a reported nuclear-associated location but is not central
      to current mechanistic evidence.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      The original experimental paper and UniProt record report nuclear matrix/nuclear-associated
      localization, but the mechanistically informative compartments are chromatin, NPC/nuclear
      envelope, and kinetochore.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
- term:
    id: GO:0005635
    label: nuclear envelope
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:24315095
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      The human NPC scaffold study supports AHCTF1 as part of the nuclear pore/nuclear envelope
      scaffold context.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      The cited structural work describes the human Nup107 scaffold of the NPC. Together with
      AHCTF1/ELYS evidence as a Nup107-160-associated assembly factor, nuclear envelope localization
      is sound.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27016207
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:24315095
      supporting_text: 32 copies of the Nup107 subcomplex assemble into two reticulated rings
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0005643
    label: nuclear pore
  evidence_type: NAS
  original_reference_id: PMID:24315095
  qualifier: part_of
  review:
    summary: >-
      AHCTF1/ELYS is appropriately associated with the nuclear pore scaffold.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      The cited structural study defines the human NPC scaffold, and independent AHCTF1 evidence
      shows ELYS associates with Nup107-160 and localizes to NPCs. The nuclear pore component
      annotation is therefore appropriate.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27016207
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:24315095
      supporting_text: 32 copies of the Nup107 subcomplex assemble into two reticulated rings
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0006913
    label: nucleocytoplasmic transport
  evidence_type: NAS
  original_reference_id: PMID:27016207
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nucleocytoplasmic transport is a real downstream function of assembled NPCs, but it
      is too broad for AHCTF1 itself.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: >-
      AHCTF1/ELYS acts primarily as a chromatin-associated initiator/scaffold for post-mitotic
      NPC assembly. The better direct BP annotation is nuclear pore complex assembly rather
      than the generic transport process carried out by the assembled pore and transport receptors.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0051292
      label: nuclear pore complex assembly
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:27016207
      supporting_text: The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the principal gateway for molecular exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
      supporting_text: AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nucleoplasm is compatible with reported ELYS localization but is not the most specific
      site of action.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      Human and ortholog evidence shows nucleoplasmic signal, but AHCTF1 function is more
      specifically tied to chromatin, nuclear pore/nuclear envelope, and kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: In interphase, the ratio of nucleoplasmic versus cytoplasmic GFP signal was ~4.4-fold higher for full-length MEL-28 compared to MEL-281-956_loop2m
- term:
    id: GO:0016604
    label: nuclear body
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear body is an HPA-derived localization that is not central to established AHCTF1
      biology.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The mechanistic literature supports ELYS at nuclear pores/nuclear envelope, chromatin,
      and kinetochores. Nuclear body localization is not a demonstrated core site of AHCTF1
      action and should be treated cautiously.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: Both orthologs depend on an intact beta-propeller domain and central alpha-helical domains for NPC and kinetochore organization.
- term:
    id: GO:0031965
    label: nuclear membrane
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear membrane is consistent with the nuclear envelope/NPC localization of AHCTF1.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      AHCTF1/ELYS localizes to the nuclear envelope and NPCs and functions during post-mitotic
      nuclear pore assembly. Nuclear membrane is less specific than nuclear pore but still
      consistent with the evidence.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:27341616
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nucleus is experimentally supported for MEL-28/ELYS but broad.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      The paper shows conserved nuclear, NPC, chromatin, and kinetochore localization domains.
      Nucleus is correct as a broad location, but the core functional annotation should emphasize
      NPC assembly and chromatin/NPC/kinetochore sites.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: Both orthologs depend on an intact beta-propeller domain and central alpha-helical domains for NPC and kinetochore organization.
- term:
    id: GO:0005635
    label: nuclear envelope
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:17098863
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear envelope localization is directly supported by the original ELYS study.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      Rasala et al. showed ELYS localizes to NPCs in the nuclear envelope and that depletion
      disrupts nuclear pores while other nuclear envelope markers remain comparatively intact.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
- term:
    id: GO:0005635
    label: nuclear envelope
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:27341616
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear envelope localization is supported by conserved-domain analysis of MEL-28/ELYS.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      The study demonstrates conserved ELYS/MEL-28 domains required for nuclear envelope/NPC
      localization and function, supporting nuclear envelope as a real site of action.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: Both orthologs depend on an intact beta-propeller domain and central alpha-helical domains for NPC and kinetochore organization.
- term:
    id: GO:0016363
    label: nuclear matrix
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:17098863
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear matrix was reported in the original localization work but is secondary to the
      NPC/chromatin mechanism.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      Retain this as a historical/experimental nuclear-associated location, while recognizing
      that current mechanistic evidence resolves the major sites as NPC/nuclear envelope,
      chromatin, and kinetochore.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-141409
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-141422
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-141431
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-141439
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-1638803
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-1638821
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-2467809
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-2467811
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-2468287
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-2484822
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-375302
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5666129
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5666160
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5666169
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      The Reactome event is highly relevant to AHCTF1 function, but the propagated cytosol
      location is over-annotated.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      Reactome:R-HSA-9615901 describes AHCTF1 binding chromatin and the Nup107-160 complex
      to seed NPC assembly. That evidence supports chromatin/nuclear pore context and nuclear
      pore complex assembly, not a generic cytosol cellular-component annotation.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
      supporting_text: AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Human AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9618378
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This downstream NPC-assembly Reactome event does not support cytosol localization for
      AHCTF1.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation appears to reflect pathway-event context rather
      than direct AHCTF1 localization evidence. The curated literature and UniProt record
      place AHCTF1/ELYS at chromatin, kinetochores, the nuclear envelope, and the nuclear
      pore/Nup107-160 scaffold. Any mitotic exposure to cytosol after nuclear envelope breakdown
      is not the informative location for this gene product.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    - PMID:27341616
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
      supporting_text: AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9634169
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This downstream NPC-assembly Reactome event does not support cytosol localization for
      AHCTF1.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation appears to reflect pathway-event context rather
      than direct AHCTF1 localization evidence. The curated literature and UniProt record
      place AHCTF1/ELYS at chromatin, kinetochores, the nuclear envelope, and the nuclear
      pore/Nup107-160 scaffold. Any mitotic exposure to cytosol after nuclear envelope breakdown
      is not the informative location for this gene product.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    - PMID:27341616
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
      supporting_text: AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9648114
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      This Reactome-derived cytosol annotation is not an informative AHCTF1 cellular-component
      call.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      The Reactome event concerns mitotic kinetochore/spindle-checkpoint pathway biology rather
      than direct localization evidence for AHCTF1 itself. AHCTF1 does have bona fide kinetochore
      and NPC assembly roles, but propagating the generic cytosol component from these events
      obscures the evidence-supported nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore localization.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0032465
    label: regulation of cytokinesis
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:17098863
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Cytokinesis regulation is experimentally supported as a depletion phenotype, but it
      is not the core molecular role.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      ELYS depletion increased cytokinesis defects, consistent with a real cell-division consequence.
      The core evolved function is more specifically NPC assembly and Nup107-160/chromatin-associated
      scaffold recruitment; cytokinesis should be retained as a non-core phenotype/process
      connection.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
- term:
    id: GO:0070062
    label: extracellular exosome
  evidence_type: HDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:19056867
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      The extracellular exosome call comes from broad urinary-exosome proteomics and is not
      informative for AHCTF1 function.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      This high-throughput exosome dataset identified many proteins and does not establish
      AHCTF1 as a functional exosome component. It conflicts with the strong nuclear pore/chromatin/kinetochore
      localization evidence and should not be treated as a core location.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - PMID:27341616
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:19056867
      supporting_text: the analysis identified 1132 proteins unambiguously
- term:
    id: GO:0000776
    label: kinetochore
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17098863
  qualifier: colocalizes_with
  review:
    summary: >-
      Kinetochore colocalization is directly supported for mitotic ELYS.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      ELYS targets kinetochores during mitosis and this localization is part of the dual nucleoporin/kinetochore
      behavior described for AHCTF1/ELYS.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: At mitosis, ELYS targets to kinetochores
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: Both orthologs depend on an intact beta-propeller domain and central alpha-helical domains for NPC and kinetochore organization.
- term:
    id: GO:0000785
    label: chromatin
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17098863
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Chromatin localization is consistent with ELYS function as the chromatin-linked seed
      for post-mitotic NPC assembly.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      ELYS binds chromatin during nuclear reformation and recruits the Nup107-160 subcomplex.
      This cellular-component annotation is supported, although a separate molecular-function
      chromatin binding annotation is also warranted.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
      supporting_text: AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17098863
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear localization is experimentally supported but broad.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      The original ELYS study supports nuclear/NPC localization. Keep the broad nucleus annotation,
      but do not use it as the defining core annotation when nuclear pore, chromatin, and
      kinetochore evidence is available.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) throughout interphase.
- term:
    id: GO:0005643
    label: nuclear pore
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17098863
  qualifier: colocalizes_with
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear pore colocalization is a core location for AHCTF1/ELYS.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      ELYS copurifies with Nup107-160, localizes to NPCs, and is required for normal nuclear
      pore assembly. The nuclear pore annotation is therefore central to AHCTF1 function.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
      supporting_text: AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
- term:
    id: GO:0031080
    label: nuclear pore outer ring
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17098863
  qualifier: colocalizes_with
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear pore outer ring colocalization is appropriate given AHCTF1 association with
      the Nup107-160/Y-complex scaffold.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      The Nup107-160/Y-complex forms the outer-ring scaffold of the NPC, and ELYS associates
      with this complex during NPC assembly. The outer-ring annotation is specific and well
      aligned with current structural understanding.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27016207
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: ELYS, a putative transcription factor, was discovered to copurify with the Nup107-160 complex
    - reference_id: PMID:27016207
      supporting_text: Depending on the species, it can have up to four additional proteins, Nup37, Nup43 ELYS or ELY5, and Seh1
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
      supporting_text: AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
- term:
    id: GO:0051292
    label: nuclear pore complex assembly
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:17098863
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Nuclear pore complex assembly is the central experimentally supported biological process
      for AHCTF1/ELYS.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      RNAi and assembly studies show ELYS is required for NPC formation at the reforming nuclear
      envelope and functions as a chromatin-linked recruiter of Nup107-160. This is the most
      appropriate core BP annotation.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:27341616
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17098863
      supporting_text: depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Required for the assembly of a functional nuclear pore complex (NPC) on the surface of chromosomes
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Human AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly
- term:
    id: GO:0003682
    label: chromatin binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27341616
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: >-
      Proposed new molecular-function annotation: AHCTF1/ELYS enables chromatin binding.
    action: NEW
    reason: >-
      AHCTF1 has a C-terminal chromatin-binding domain, binds chromatin during nuclear reformation,
      and uses that chromatin association to seed Nup107-160 recruitment and NPC assembly.
      This MF is more informative than generic protein binding and is directly supported by
      functional-domain evidence.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:17098863
    - Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    - file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: the C-terminal end of ELYS corresponding to aa. 1851-2275 bound to metaphase chromatin
    - reference_id: PMID:27341616
      supporting_text: ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
      supporting_text: AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Human AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly
    - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Kobayashi et al. provide direct structural and biochemical evidence that ELYS binds nucleosomes and map a critical basic element required for this interaction
references:
- id: GO_REF:0000044
  title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      UniProt subcellular-location mappings support nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, and nucleoplasm
      locations when consistent with experimental ELYS literature.
- id: GO_REF:0000052
  title: Gene Ontology annotation based on curation of immunofluorescence data
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      HPA immunofluorescence-derived locations are useful but must be interpreted against
      stronger ELYS NPC/chromatin/kinetochore evidence.
- id: GO_REF:0000120
  title: Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Automated nucleus/cytoplasm/nuclear-matrix calls are broad; nucleus is compatible, whereas
      cytoplasm is not a defining AHCTF1 location.
- id: PMID:17098863
  title: ELYS is a dual nucleoporin/kinetochore protein required for nuclear pore assembly and proper cell division.
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      ELYS copurifies with Nup107-160, localizes to nuclear pores and kinetochores, and ELYS
      depletion disrupts nuclear pores and increases cytokinesis defects.
- id: PMID:19056867
  title: Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Urinary-exosome proteomics detected many proteins and does not establish AHCTF1 as a
      functional exosome component.
- id: PMID:24315095
  title: Integrated structural analysis of the human nuclear pore complex scaffold.
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      The human Nup107 scaffold forms reticulated NPC rings, supporting the structural context
      for AHCTF1 as a Nup107-160-associated NPC factor.
- id: PMID:27016207
  title: The Structure Inventory of the Nuclear Pore Complex.
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      NPCs are the principal gateway for nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange; ELYS is described as
      an optional/additional Y-complex-associated nucleoporin in some species.
- id: PMID:27341616
  title: Identification of Conserved MEL-28/ELYS Domains with Essential Roles in Nuclear Assembly and Chromosome Segregation.
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      MEL-28/ELYS domains required for NPC, kinetochore, and chromatin localization are conserved,
      and the C-terminal region of human ELYS supports chromatin association.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-141409
  title: Mad1 binds kinetochore
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-141422
  title: MAD2 converted  to an inhibitory state via interaction with Mad1
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-141431
  title: MAD2 associates with the Mad1 kinetochore complex
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-141439
  title: Release of activated MAD2 from kinetochores
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-1638803
  title: Phosphorylation of cohesin by PLK1 at centromeres
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-1638821
  title: PP2A-B56 dephosphorylates centromeric cohesin
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-2467809
  title: ESPL1 (Separase) cleaves centromeric cohesin
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-2467811
  title: Separation of sister chromatids
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-2468287
  title: CDK1 phosphorylates CDCA5 (Sororin) at centromeres
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-2484822
  title: Kinetochore assembly
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-375302
  title: Kinetochore capture of astral microtubules
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5666129
  title: CDC42:GTP recruits DIAPH2-2 to kinetochores
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5666160
  title: AURKB phosphorylates DIAPH2-2 at kinetochores
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5666169
  title: Kinetochore capture of astral microtubules is positively regulated by CDC42:GTP:p-S196-DIAPH2-2
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
  title: AHCTF1 (ELYS) binds chromatin and Nup107-Nup160 complex
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      AHCTF1/ELYS binds chromatin and the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center
      for NPC assembly.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9618378
  title: POM121 binds the Nup107-Nup160 complex
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Downstream POM121/Nup107-160 binding is part of NPC assembly but does not provide direct
      AHCTF1 cytosol-localization support.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9634169
  title: POM121 and NDC1 bind the Nup93 complex
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Downstream POM121/NDC1/Nup93 recruitment is part of NPC assembly but does not provide
      direct AHCTF1 cytosol-localization support.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9648114
  title: EML4 recruits NUDC to mitotic spindle
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reactome mitotic pathway context does not by itself justify propagating a generic cytosol
      location to AHCTF1.
- id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-uniprot.txt
  title: UniProtKB record for human AHCTF1/ELYS
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Reviewed UniProt record summarizes AHCTF1 as a nuclear pore assembly factor that recruits
      Nup107-160 and localizes to NPCs, nuclear envelope, chromatin, and kinetochores.
- id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
  title: Falcon deep research review of human AHCTF1/ELYS
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Falcon research summarizes AHCTF1/ELYS as a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds
      post-mitotic NPC reassembly by recruiting the Nup107-160/Y-complex to decondensing chromosomes.
  - statement: >-
      Falcon research highlights recent literature on ELYS nucleosome binding, VAPB interaction
      during mitosis, chromatin anchoring at NPCs, and cancer-relevant nuclear architecture
      contexts.
core_functions:
- description: >-
    Chromatin-associated nuclear pore assembly factor that seeds recruitment of the Nup107-160/Y-complex
    scaffold to reforming nuclei after mitosis.
  molecular_function:
    id: GO:0003682
    label: chromatin binding
  directly_involved_in:
  - id: GO:0051292
    label: nuclear pore complex assembly
  locations:
  - id: GO:0000785
    label: chromatin
  - id: GO:0005635
    label: nuclear envelope
  supported_by:
  - reference_id: PMID:27341616
    supporting_text: ELYS binding to chromatin represents the first step in the post-mitotic building of the pore
  - reference_id: PMID:17098863
    supporting_text: depletion of ELYS by RNAi leads to severe disruption of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
  - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9615901
    supporting_text: AHCTF1 (ELYS, MEL-28) selectively interacts with the Nup107-160 complex and acts as a seeding center for assembly of nuclear pore complexes
  - reference_id: file:human/AHCTF1/AHCTF1-deep-research-falcon.md
    supporting_text: Human AHCTF1/ELYS is a chromatin-binding nucleoporin that seeds post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly
proposed_new_terms: []
suggested_questions:
- question: >-
    Does human AHCTF1/ELYS have separable direct requirements for NPC assembly versus kinetochore/chromosome-segregation
    functions in non-transformed human cells?
- question: >-
    Which chromatin features and Nup107-160 interfaces determine AHCTF1 recruitment during
    post-mitotic nuclear pore assembly?
- question: >-
    Is AHCTF1 included in proteostasis network source lists only through broad nuclear-pore/nucleocytoplasmic-transport
    projection, or is there direct evidence for protein homeostasis regulation?
suggested_experiments:
- description: >-
    Domain-rescue experiments in AHCTF1-depleted human cells comparing C-terminal chromatin-binding
    mutants and N-terminal Nup107-160-binding mutants for NPC assembly, nuclear import/export,
    and kinetochore phenotypes.
- description: >-
    Quantitative proximity labeling or AP-MS across mitosis to distinguish AHCTF1 interactions
    with chromatin, Nup107-160/Y-complex members, and kinetochore proteins.
- description: >-
    Proteostasis-focused stress assays after AHCTF1 perturbation that measure protein folding,
    ubiquitin-proteasome flux, and ER stress markers separately from secondary nuclear transport
    or cell-cycle defects.