ALDOA

UniProt ID: P04075
Organism: Homo sapiens
Review Status: INITIALIZED
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Gene Description

ALDOA encodes fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, the muscle/red-cell isozyme of the ubiquitous class-I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (three vertebrate isozymes exist: A in muscle, B in liver, C in brain). It is a cytosolic homotetramer that uses a Schiff-base (active-site lysine) mechanism to catalyze the reversible aldol cleavage of beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (EC 4.1.2.13), the fourth step of glycolysis, and the reverse aldol condensation in gluconeogenesis. Aldolase A is highly abundant in skeletal muscle and erythrocytes. Beyond catalysis it is a well-documented moonlighting protein that binds F-actin and other cytoskeletal components (and the actin nucleation-promoting factor WASP) via its active-site region, links glycolysis to cytoskeletal dynamics, and binds RNA. Loss-of-function variants cause glycogen storage disease type XII (aldolase A deficiency), presenting as hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia frequently accompanied by myopathy, exercise intolerance and rhabdomyolysis (often triggered by febrile illness).

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term Evidence Action Reason
GO:0004332 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: Phylogenetic (PAN-GO) inference of the core catalytic molecular function of aldolase A, transferred across the class-I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family (PANTHER PTHR11627). This is correct and central: aldolase A cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (EC 4.1.2.13).
Reason: Correct core molecular function, well supported by direct enzymatic and structural studies of the human muscle enzyme and consistent across the family.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reaction=beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-
PMID:14766013
We have identified a new mutation in the FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
GO:0005829 cytosol
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: Phylogenetic inference that aldolase A acts in the cytosol. Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis occur in the cytosol and aldolase A is a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme.
Reason: Correct primary subcellular location for the catalytic activity; consistent with the cytoplasmic classification in UniProt and with Reactome cytosol annotations.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:14766013). In addition, also
GO:0006096 glycolytic process
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: Phylogenetic inference that aldolase A participates in glycolysis. This is the canonical biological process for aldolase A (the fourth glycolytic step).
Reason: Correct core biological process, supported by direct study of the human enzyme and the deficiency phenotype.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:14766013). In addition, also
GO:0030388 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: Phylogenetic inference; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is the direct substrate of aldolase A, so this metabolic process term is appropriate at the substrate level.
Reason: Accurately captures the substrate-level metabolic process (F1,6BP is consumed in glycolysis and produced in gluconeogenesis by this enzyme).
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reaction=beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-
GO:0004332 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity
IEA
GO_REF:0000120
ACCEPT
Summary: Electronic assignment of the core catalytic activity from InterPro FBA_I signature, RHEA:14729 and EC 4.1.2.13. Redundant with experimental/IBA annotations of the same function.
Reason: Correct core molecular function; the EC/RHEA/InterPro mapping matches the experimentally established reaction.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
ChEBI:CHEBI:32966, ChEBI:CHEBI:57642, ChEBI:CHEBI:59776; EC=4.1.2.13;
GO:0006000 fructose metabolic process
IEA
GO_REF:0000117
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: ARBA electronic inference of involvement in fructose metabolism. Aldolase A acts on fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (a fructose derivative); this is broader/context term rather than the core glycolytic role.
Reason: Not incorrect, but general relative to the specific F1,6BP/glycolytic role; kept as non-core context. (Unlike the liver isozyme ALDOB, aldolase A is not the principal dietary fructolysis enzyme.)
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reaction=beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-
GO:0006096 glycolytic process
IEA
GO_REF:0000120
ACCEPT
Summary: Electronic assignment (InterPro/UniPathway) of the glycolytic process, redundant with the experimental and IBA glycolysis annotations.
Reason: Correct core biological process, consistent with the UniPathway glycolysis step 4/4 mapping.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:14766013). In addition, also
GO:0030388 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process
IEA
GO_REF:0000117
ACCEPT
Summary: ARBA electronic assignment of the F1,6BP metabolic process, redundant with the IBA and IDA annotations of the same term.
Reason: Correct substrate-level metabolic process for aldolase A.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reaction=beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: SubCell keyword mapping placing aldolase A at the sarcomeric M band. UniProt records that in skeletal muscle aldolase A accumulates around the M line and within the I band (colocalizing with FBP2), by similarity to the rabbit enzyme. This reflects a muscle-specific structural association rather than the enzyme's core catalytic role.
Reason: Supported as a muscle-specific localization/moonlighting association with the contractile apparatus, but not the core (cytosolic) site of glycolytic function.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, M line
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: SubCell keyword mapping placing aldolase A at the sarcomeric I band, matching the described accumulation within the I band on both sides of the Z line in skeletal muscle.
Reason: Muscle-specific structural localization (moonlighting with the sarcomere), not the core cytosolic catalytic site.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, I band
GO:0070061 fructose binding
IEA
GO_REF:0000117
ACCEPT
Summary: ARBA electronic inference of fructose(-phosphate) binding, matching the direct binding of the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate substrate demonstrated crystallographically and biochemically.
Reason: Correct substrate-binding molecular function directly supported by the crystal structure of human muscle aldolase complexed with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:10048322
Crystals were also soaked with the natural substrate (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:20849852
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the cytoplasm interact...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: IntAct-curated binary interaction (with PCNA, P12004) from a study reporting that cytoplasmic PCNA associates with several glycolytic enzymes. The bare "protein binding" term is uninformative about aldolase A function.
Reason: Per curation policy, bare protein binding IPIs are marked as over-annotated rather than removed; the interaction itself is real but does not convey a specific molecular function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:20849852
PCNA is also associated with six glycolytic enzymes
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:21988832
Toward an understanding of the protein interaction network o...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: IntAct binary interaction (with ALDOB, P05062) from a large-scale human liver protein-interaction network study. Bare protein-binding term, uninformative.
Reason: Bare protein binding IPI; interaction is real (isozyme co-purification) but conveys no specific function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21988832
protein interaction network of the human liver
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:26496610
A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organiz...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: IntAct binary interaction (with ALDOC, P09972) from a quantitative human interactome study. Bare protein-binding term.
Reason: Bare protein binding IPI; not informative about aldolase A's molecular function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:26496610
human interactome in three quantitative dimensions
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:28514442
Architecture of the human interactome defines protein commun...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: IntAct binary interaction (with ALDOC, P09972) from a large-scale interactome map. Bare protein-binding term.
Reason: Bare protein binding IPI; uninformative for molecular function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:28514442
Architecture of the human interactome
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:31515488
Extensive disruption of protein interactions by genetic vari...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: IntAct binary interaction (with ALDOC, P09972) from a study of interaction disruption by genetic variants. Bare protein-binding term.
Reason: Bare protein binding IPI; uninformative for molecular function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:31515488
disruption of protein interactions by genetic variants
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:33961781
Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: IntAct binary interactions (with ALDOB/ALDOC/CARM1) from dual proteome-scale interactome networks. Bare protein-binding term.
Reason: Bare protein binding IPI; interactions are real but the term conveys no specific function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:33961781
Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling
GO:0042802 identical protein binding
IPI
PMID:10944123
Initial enzyme for glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IntAct self-interaction annotation (ALDOA-ALDOA). Aldolase A is a physiological homotetramer, so self-association is real, but this generic binding term is not the core molecular function.
Reason: Homo-oligomerization is genuine (homotetramer) and more informative than bare protein binding, but it is a structural/assembly property rather than the catalytic core function.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with SNX9 and WAS (By
GO:0042802 identical protein binding
IPI
PMID:21988832
Toward an understanding of the protein interaction network o...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IntAct self-interaction annotation (ALDOA-ALDOA) from the human liver interactome study, consistent with the homotetrameric assembly.
Reason: Reflects the real homotetramer, but is a structural property rather than the core catalytic function.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with SNX9 and WAS (By
GO:0006094 gluconeogenesis
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-70263
ACCEPT
Summary: Reactome traceable assertion that aldolase A participates in gluconeogenesis, where it catalyzes the reverse aldol condensation of DHAP + G3P into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Reason: Correct core process; the aldolase reaction is reversible and functions in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:14766013). In addition, also
GO:0061621 canonical glycolysis
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-70171
ACCEPT
Summary: Reactome traceable assertion for the canonical (glucose-derived) glycolytic pathway, the specific glycolysis subtype for aldolase A.
Reason: Correct and appropriately specific core process term.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
bisphosphate (FBP) into two triose phosphate and plays a key role in
GO:0004332 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity
EXP
PMID:6696436
Human skeletal-muscle aldolase: N-terminal sequence analysis...
ACCEPT
Summary: Experimental annotation of the core catalytic activity, tied to characterization of human skeletal-muscle aldolase (purified from human muscle, sequenced). Supports the identity and catalytic function of the muscle isozyme.
Reason: Core molecular function, experimentally grounded in the purified human muscle enzyme.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:6696436
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase was purified from human skeletal-muscle
GO:0061621 canonical glycolysis
IDA
PMID:14766013
Human aldolase A natural mutants: relationship between flexi...
ACCEPT
Summary: Direct-assay annotation of the canonical glycolysis role, from functional characterization of wild-type and GSD12 mutant human aldolase A enzymes.
Reason: Core process; functional/kinetic characterization of the human enzyme supports its glycolytic role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14766013
We have identified a new mutation in the FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
GO:0006096 glycolytic process
IDA
PMID:14766013
Human aldolase A natural mutants: relationship between flexi...
ACCEPT
Summary: Direct-assay annotation of the glycolytic process, from kinetic characterization of human aldolase A and its disease mutants.
Reason: Core biological process, directly supported by enzymatic characterization.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14766013
We have identified a new mutation in the FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
GO:0035774 positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
IDA
PMID:40446798
A microbial amino-acid-conjugated bile acid, tryptophan-chol...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IDA from a 2025 study showing that a microbial bile acid (Trp-CA) acting through the orphan GPCR MRGPRE signals via an MRGPRE-beta-arrestin-1-ALDOA pathway to improve glucose homeostasis, implicating aldolase A downstream of a glucose-regulatory signaling axis.
Reason: A genuine but specialized, context-specific signaling role (beta-arrestin-1-ALDOA branch of MRGPRE signaling); not the core glycolytic function. Kept as non-core per the experimental IDA (curator read the full text).
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:40446798
MRGPRE-Ξ²-arrestin-1-aldolase A (ALDOA) signaling pathways contribute to the metabolic benefits
GO:0045296 cadherin binding
HDA
PMID:25468996
E-cadherin interactome complexity and robustness resolved by...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: High-throughput proximity-biotinylation (BioID) proteomics detected aldolase A among hundreds of proteins near the E-cadherin cytoplasmic tail. This is a proximity hit, not a demonstrated direct/functional cadherin interaction.
Reason: Bystander detection in a large proximity-proteomics dataset; not a specific functional binding activity of aldolase A. Retained (not removed) as it derives from a real experimental dataset.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:25468996
identify 561 proteins in the vicinity of the cytoplasmic tail of E-cadherin
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:23355646
Identification of sperm head proteins involved in zona pellu...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: IPI (with partner Q12836) from the sperm-head zona-pellucida proteomics study. Bare protein-binding term.
Reason: Bare protein binding IPI; uninformative about molecular function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:23355646
sperm proteins are multifaceted or moonlighting proteins
GO:0007339 binding of sperm to zona pellucida
IMP
PMID:23355646
Identification of sperm head proteins involved in zona pellu...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IMP from a study identifying sperm-head glycolytic enzymes (including aldolase A) recognized by antisperm antibodies and reactive with recombinant zona-pellucida proteins, and validated in functional zona-binding tests. The authors explicitly frame these as moonlighting roles.
Reason: A plausible moonlighting reproductive role reported experimentally; not the core metabolic function. Retained as non-core (defer to the curator's IMP; full text not in cache).
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:23355646
functional zona binding tests
GO:0061827 sperm head
IDA
PMID:23355646
Identification of sperm head proteins involved in zona pellu...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IDA localizing aldolase A (among other glycolytic enzymes) to the sperm head, though the same proteins also function in the flagellum.
Reason: Specialized cell-type localization consistent with a moonlighting sperm role; not the core cytosolic site.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:23355646
Several of the proteins were localized on the sperm head
GO:0034774 secretory granule lumen
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-6798748
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Reactome localization to secretory granule lumen via the neutrophil-degranulation exocytosis pathway, where abundant cytosolic proteins such as aldolase A are cargo of granule/secretion events.
Reason: Reflects granule/secretion proteomics rather than the core cytosolic function; kept as non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reactome; R-HSA-6798695; Neutrophil degranulation.
GO:1904724 tertiary granule lumen
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-6798745
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Reactome localization to tertiary granule lumen via the neutrophil-degranulation pathway; aldolase A appears as granule cargo.
Reason: Secretion/granule-proteomics localization, non-core relative to cytosolic glycolysis.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reactome; R-HSA-6798695; Neutrophil degranulation.
GO:1904813 ficolin-1-rich granule lumen
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-6800434
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Reactome localization to ficolin-1-rich granule lumen via neutrophil degranulation; aldolase A is granule cargo.
Reason: Secretion/granule-proteomics localization, non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reactome; R-HSA-6798695; Neutrophil degranulation.
GO:0070062 extracellular exosome
HDA
PMID:12519789
Proteomic and biochemical analyses of human B cell-derived e...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: High-throughput proteomic detection of aldolase A in B cell-derived exosomes. As an abundant cytosolic protein, aldolase A is a frequent bystander in exosome proteomes.
Reason: Bystander localization in exosome proteomics; not the core cytosolic site of function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:12519789
human B cell-derived exosomes
GO:0070062 extracellular exosome
HDA
PMID:23533145
In-depth proteomic analyses of exosomes isolated from expres...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Proteomic detection of aldolase A in prostatic-secretion (urinary) exosomes; a bystander localization.
Reason: Exosome-proteomics bystander detection; non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:23533145
exosomes isolated from expressed prostatic
GO:0016020 membrane
HDA
PMID:19946888
Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: Aldolase A detected in an NK-cell membrane-proteome dataset. This likely reflects co-purification of the abundant cytosolic enzyme; not a bona fide integral-membrane localization.
Reason: Over-broad/likely-contaminant localization from a membrane-proteome dataset; aldolase A has no membrane-spanning features. Retained (not removed) as it derives from a real dataset.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19946888
membrane proteome of NK cells
GO:0005634 nucleus
HDA
PMID:21630459
Proteomic characterization of the human sperm nucleus.
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Aldolase A detected in a human sperm-nucleus proteome. A bystander/partitioning detection rather than an established nuclear function.
Reason: Proteomic nuclear detection without a demonstrated nuclear function; kept as non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21630459
human sperm nucleus
GO:0003723 RNA binding
HDA
PMID:22681889
The mRNA-bound proteome and its global occupancy profile on ...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: mRNA-interactome capture (UV-crosslinking + oligo(dT)) identified aldolase A among the mRNA-bound proteome. Several glycolytic enzymes are known RNA-binding moonlighters, so this is a plausible non-catalytic activity.
Reason: Real moonlighting RNA-binding activity detected by interactome capture, but not the core catalytic function; kept as non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:22681889
identify the mRNA-bound proteome
GO:0005576 extracellular region
HDA
PMID:23580065
Shotgun proteomics reveals specific modulated protein patter...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Aldolase A detected in tear-fluid shotgun proteomics; a bystander extracellular detection of an abundant cytosolic enzyme.
Reason: Extracellular-fluid proteomics detection; non-core relative to cytosolic function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:23580065
in tears of
GO:0070062 extracellular exosome
HDA
PMID:19199708
Proteomic analysis of human parotid gland exosomes by multid...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Aldolase A detected in parotid-gland exosome proteomics; bystander localization.
Reason: Exosome-proteomics bystander detection; non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19199708
human parotid gland exosomes
GO:0070062 extracellular exosome
HDA
PMID:19056867
Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exos...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Aldolase A detected in urinary-exosome proteomics; bystander localization.
Reason: Exosome-proteomics bystander detection; non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19056867
proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes
GO:0070062 extracellular exosome
HDA
PMID:20458337
MHC class II-associated proteins in B-cell exosomes and pote...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Aldolase A detected in B-cell exosome proteomics; bystander localization.
Reason: Exosome-proteomics bystander detection; non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:20458337
MHC class II-associated proteins in B-cell exosomes
GO:0005576 extracellular region
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-481007
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Reactome localization to extracellular region via platelet alpha-granule exocytosis; abundant cytosolic aldolase A appears as granule/secretion cargo.
Reason: Secretion-pathway localization, non-core relative to cytosolic function.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reactome; R-HSA-114608; Platelet degranulation.
GO:0005576 extracellular region
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-6798745
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Reactome extracellular-region localization via neutrophil-degranulation exocytosis.
Reason: Secretion-pathway localization, non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reactome; R-HSA-6798695; Neutrophil degranulation.
GO:0005576 extracellular region
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-6798748
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Reactome extracellular-region localization via neutrophil-degranulation exocytosis.
Reason: Secretion-pathway localization, non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reactome; R-HSA-6798695; Neutrophil degranulation.
GO:0005576 extracellular region
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-6800434
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Reactome extracellular-region localization via neutrophil-degranulation exocytosis.
Reason: Secretion-pathway localization, non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reactome; R-HSA-6798695; Neutrophil degranulation.
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-71495
ACCEPT
Summary: Reactome cytosol localization for the aldolase reaction (DHAP + G3P -> F1,6BP, gluconeogenic direction). Correct core localization.
Reason: Correct primary cytosolic localization for aldolase A catalysis.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:14766013). In addition, also
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-71496
ACCEPT
Summary: Reactome cytosol localization for the aldolase reaction (F1,6BP cleavage, glycolytic direction). Correct core localization.
Reason: Correct primary cytosolic localization for aldolase A catalysis.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:14766013). In addition, also
GO:0031093 platelet alpha granule lumen
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-481007
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Reactome localization to platelet alpha-granule lumen via the platelet-degranulation pathway; aldolase A appears as granule cargo.
Reason: Secretion/granule-proteomics localization, non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Reactome; R-HSA-114608; Platelet degranulation.
GO:0051289 protein homotetramerization
ISS
GO_REF:0000024
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: ISS transfer (from rabbit ALDOA, P00883) that aldolase A forms a homotetramer, the functional quaternary state established structurally and biochemically.
Reason: Genuine (aldolase A is a homotetramer) but a structural/assembly property rather than the core catalytic function.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with SNX9 and WAS (By
GO:0004332 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity
IDA
PMID:9244396
Mode of interactions of human aldolase isozymes with cytoske...
ACCEPT
Summary: IDA of the core catalytic activity in a study of human aldolase isozyme interactions with the cytoskeleton (aldolase A activity assayed alongside its actin binding).
Reason: Core molecular function, directly assayed for the human enzyme.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:9244396
Three isoforms of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding
IDA
PMID:9244396
Mode of interactions of human aldolase isozymes with cytoske...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IDA that aldolase A binds cytoskeletal (actin-containing) filaments; aldolase A binds the skeletal-muscle cytoskeleton most tightly among the isozymes, and binding is inhibited by substrate (F1,6BP/F1P).
Reason: Well-documented moonlighting cytoskeletal binding activity, but not the core catalytic function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:9244396
bound more tightly to the skeletal muscle cytoskeleton among the three isozymes
GO:0008360 regulation of cell shape
IDA
PMID:9244396
Mode of interactions of human aldolase isozymes with cytoske...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IDA that aldolase A, via its actin/cytoskeleton association, reversibly inhibited the contraction of permeabilized MRC-5 fibroblasts, suggesting a role in regulating cell contraction/shape.
Reason: A moonlighting cytoskeletal/cell-shape role tied to actin binding, not the core metabolic function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:9244396
reversibly inhibited the contraction of MRC-5 cells
GO:0015629 actin cytoskeleton
IDA
PMID:9244396
Mode of interactions of human aldolase isozymes with cytoske...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IDA localizing aldolase A to the actin cytoskeleton: it bound actin filaments in the stress fibers of permeabilized fibroblasts.
Reason: Moonlighting cytoskeletal localization tied to actin binding; not the core cytosolic catalytic site.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:9244396
A bound to the actin filaments in the stress fibers within the cell. Aldolase A
GO:0030388 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process
IDA
PMID:9244396
Mode of interactions of human aldolase isozymes with cytoske...
ACCEPT
Summary: IDA of the F1,6BP metabolic process, consistent with the catalytic activity assayed in this study.
Reason: Correct substrate-level metabolic process for aldolase A.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:9244396
Three isoforms of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase
GO:0070061 fructose binding
IDA
PMID:10048322
Crystal structure of human muscle aldolase complexed with fr...
ACCEPT
Summary: IDA of fructose(-1,6-bisphosphate) binding, directly supported by the crystal structure of human muscle aldolase soaked with the natural substrate.
Reason: Correct substrate-binding molecular function, structurally demonstrated.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:10048322
Crystals were also soaked with the natural substrate (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
GO:0070061 fructose binding
IDA
PMID:14766013
Human aldolase A natural mutants: relationship between flexi...
ACCEPT
Summary: IDA of substrate (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) binding from kinetic characterization (KM for FBP) of human aldolase A and its mutants.
Reason: Correct substrate-binding function, supported by measured KM values for F1,6BP.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14766013
We have identified a new mutation in the FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
GO:0070062 extracellular exosome
IDA
PMID:17641064
Exosomes with immune modulatory features are present in huma...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Aldolase A detected in human breast-milk exosomes; a bystander localization of an abundant cytosolic protein.
Reason: Exosome-proteomics bystander detection; non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17641064
Exosomes with immune modulatory features are present in human breast milk
GO:0003779 actin binding
TAS
PMID:1008835
Aldolase binding to actin-containing filaments. Formation of...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: TAS that aldolase binds actin-containing filaments (F-actin / F-actin-tropomyosin), forming ordered paracrystalline bundles. A classic demonstration of the moonlighting actin-binding activity.
Reason: Genuine moonlighting actin-binding activity, distinct from the core catalytic function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:1008835
when aldolase binds to F-actin or F-actin-tropomyosin, highly ordered paracrystalline structures are formed
GO:0006000 fructose metabolic process
IMP
PMID:14615364
Hemolytic anemia and severe rhabdomyolysis caused by compoun...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IMP from a GSD12 (aldolase A deficiency) case with compound heterozygous ALDOA mutations (Arg303X/Cys338Tyr) causing hemolytic anemia and rhabdomyolysis, linking loss of aldolase A to disrupted fructose/carbohydrate metabolism.
Reason: Correct in that aldolase A acts on a fructose-derived substrate, but general relative to the specific glycolytic role; kept as non-core context.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14615364
converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and
GO:0006096 glycolytic process
IMP
PMID:14615364
Hemolytic anemia and severe rhabdomyolysis caused by compoun...
ACCEPT
Summary: IMP linking loss-of-function ALDOA mutations to impaired glycolysis in a severely affected aldolase A deficiency patient.
Reason: Core biological process; the deficiency phenotype supports the glycolytic role of aldolase A.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14615364
converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and
GO:0006754 ATP biosynthetic process
IMP
PMID:14615364
Hemolytic anemia and severe rhabdomyolysis caused by compoun...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IMP attributing an ATP-biosynthesis role to aldolase A, inferred from the muscle energy failure (rhabdomyolysis) in aldolase A deficiency. This is a downstream consequence of glycolytic flux rather than a direct aldolase function.
Reason: Indirect/downstream role (glycolytic ATP production) rather than a direct molecular activity; kept as non-core, deferring to the curator's full-text IMP.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14615364
splenectomy at age 3 and increasing muscle weakness, with death at age 4
GO:0006941 striated muscle contraction
IMP
PMID:14615364
Hemolytic anemia and severe rhabdomyolysis caused by compoun...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IMP from aldolase A deficiency with muscle weakness and rhabdomyolysis, linking aldolase A (energy supply / cytoskeletal association) to striated muscle function.
Reason: A physiologically relevant but indirect muscle role (via energy metabolism and sarcomeric association), not the core molecular function; non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14615364
splenectomy at age 3 and increasing muscle weakness, with death at age 4
GO:0007015 actin filament organization
TAS
PMID:1008835
Aldolase binding to actin-containing filaments. Formation of...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: TAS that aldolase organizes actin filaments into ordered paracrystalline bundles, an in-vitro demonstration of its actin-crosslinking/organizing moonlighting activity.
Reason: Moonlighting actin-organizing role (bundle/paracrystal formation), not the core catalytic function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:1008835
tightly packed filament bundles cross-banded at 36 nm intervals
GO:0015631 tubulin binding
TAS
PMID:17329259
A hydrophobic pocket in the active site of glycolytic aldola...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: This annotation cites PMID:17329259, which reports the structural basis of aldolase binding to the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) via a hydrophobic active-site pocket, competitive with substrate and with actin/cortactin. The paper concerns actin-related (WASP) binding, not tubulin; tubulin binding is not supported by this reference.
Reason: The cited reference does not establish tubulin binding; it demonstrates WASP/actin- pathway binding at the aldolase active site. Marked as over-annotated rather than removed (aldolase is broadly promiscuous, and this is a TAS from the curator).
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17329259
aldolase binds to highly acidic amino acid sequences, including the C terminus of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein
TAS
PMID:1008835
Aldolase binding to actin-containing filaments. Formation of...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: TAS placing aldolase at the sarcomeric I band, consistent with its documented actin/ thin-filament association and the muscle-specific accumulation within the I band.
Reason: Muscle-specific structural localization (moonlighting with the sarcomere/thin filament), not the core cytosolic catalytic site.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, I band
GO:0046716 muscle cell cellular homeostasis
IMP
PMID:14615364
Hemolytic anemia and severe rhabdomyolysis caused by compoun...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: IMP from aldolase A deficiency, where loss of aldolase A causes myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, indicating a role in maintaining muscle-cell homeostasis (energy supply / integrity).
Reason: A physiologically relevant but indirect role (downstream of glycolytic energy metabolism); non-core.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14615364
splenectomy at age 3 and increasing muscle weakness, with death at age 4
GO:0004332 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity
IDA
PMID:14766013
Human aldolase A natural mutants: relationship between flexi...
ACCEPT
Summary: IDA of the core catalytic activity from kinetic characterization of recombinant human aldolase A wild-type and disease mutants (KM/kcat/Tm measurements).
Reason: Core molecular function, directly measured for the human enzyme.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14766013
We have identified a new mutation in the FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
GO:0030388 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process
IDA
PMID:14766013
Human aldolase A natural mutants: relationship between flexi...
ACCEPT
Summary: IDA of the F1,6BP metabolic process from functional characterization of human aldolase A and its mutants.
Reason: Correct substrate-level metabolic process, directly supported.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14766013
We have identified a new mutation in the FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)

Core Functions

Cytosolic class-I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase that catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis (and the reverse condensation in gluconeogenesis).

Directly Involved In:
Cellular Locations:
Supporting Evidence:
  • file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
    Reaction=beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-
  • PMID:14766013
    We have identified a new mutation in the FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)

In gluconeogenesis, the same cytosolic aldolase reaction runs in reverse, condensing dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

Directly Involved In:
Cellular Locations:
Supporting Evidence:
  • file:human/ALDOA/ALDOA-uniprot.txt
    glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:14766013). In addition, also

References

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Notes

(ALDOA-notes.md)

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