ARL8B

UniProt ID: Q9NVJ2
Organism: Homo sapiens
Review Status: COMPLETE
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Gene Description

ARL8B is a conserved Arf-like small GTPase that associates with lysosomal and endolysosomal membranes in its active GTP-bound state. Through effector interactions with BORC, PLEKHM2/SKIP-kinesin, PLEKHM1/HOPS, VPS41, and RUFY proteins, it coordinates lysosome positioning, endolysosomal cargo delivery, and lysosome fusion or exocytosis in contexts including autophagic cargo degradation, phagosome maturation, antigen presentation, cytolytic granule polarization, plasma membrane repair, and beta-coronavirus egress.

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term Evidence Action Reason
GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0008089 anterograde axonal transport
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: anterograde axonal transport is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity transfer.
Reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0003924 GTPase activity
IEA
GO_REF:0000002
ACCEPT
Summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTPase activity annotation is consistent with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
Reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
GO:0003925 G protein activity
IEA
GO_REF:0000003
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: ARL8B is a monomeric Arf-like small GTPase, so the heterotrimeric G protein activity term is not the best molecular-function annotation.
Reason: The cited evidence supports small-GTPase biology captured by GO:0003924 GTPase activity, which is already present and accepted; GO:0003925 is over-broad or semantically imprecise for ARL8B.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
GO:0005525 GTP binding
IEA
GO_REF:0000002
ACCEPT
Summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTP binding annotation is consistent with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
Reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0005819 spindle
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: spindle comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
Reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal small-GTPase role established by later work.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
GO:0005829 cytosol
IEA
GO_REF:0000120
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: Cytosol is a generic automated localization and is less informative than ARL8B lysosomal membrane/endolysosomal localization.
Reason: ARL8B cycles between soluble and membrane-associated states, but the curated functional signal is the active lysosomal/endolysosomal membrane pool; generic cytosol is over-annotated for this review.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes
GO:0015031 protein transport
IEA
GO_REF:0000002
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The broad protein transport IEA captures the general trafficking theme but is too nonspecific for ARL8B.
Reason: ARL8B evidence supports lysosome positioning and specific late-endosome/phagosome/autophagosome-to-lysosome traffic rather than generic protein transport; the more specific lysosome localization and late endosome-to-lysosome transport annotations are already present and accepted.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:28325809
Arl8b, along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and fusion.
IEA
GO_REF:0000120
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: axon is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity transfer.
Reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0031901 early endosome membrane
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
ACCEPT
Summary: early endosome membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:36282215
Arl8b determines RUFY1 endosomal localization through regulating its interaction with Rab14.
PMID:36282215
RUFY1 depletion led to a delay in CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes to the TGN, resulting in impaired delivery of newly synthesized hydrolases to lysosomes.
GO:0031902 late endosome membrane
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
ACCEPT
Summary: late endosome membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0045202 synapse
IEA
GO_REF:0000120
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: synapse is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity transfer.
Reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0051233 spindle midzone
IEA
GO_REF:0000117
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: spindle midzone comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
Reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal small-GTPase role established by later work.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
GO:0101004 cytolytic granule membrane
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: cytolytic granule membrane is supported for NK cells, where ARL8B localizes to lytic granules and promotes polarization toward the immune synapse.
Reason: This is a well-supported lysosome-related organelle function in a specialized immune-cell context, not the general core function of ARL8B.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:24088571
Arl8b colocalizes with perforin, granzyme B, and LAMP-1, markers of lytic granules.
GO:1904115 axon cytoplasm
IEA
GO_REF:0000108
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: axon cytoplasm is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity transfer.
Reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:28325809
The Rab7 effector PLEKHM1 binds Arl8b to promote cargo traff...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: PLEKHM1 binding is real and biologically important for HOPS-linked lysosomal fusion, but generic protein binding is not an informative GO molecular function for ARL8B.
Reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology and is therefore over-annotated.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:28325809
Arl8b mediates recruitment of HOPS complex to PLEKHM1-positive vesicle contact sites.
PMID:28325809
Arl8b binding is crucial for PLEKHM1 to promote lysosomal degradation of endocytic and autophagic cargo.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:32296183
A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The HuRI protein interaction is a broad interactome finding and does not define a specific ARL8B molecular function beyond generic binding.
Reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology and is therefore over-annotated.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:32296183
A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.
GO:0002505 antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
IEA
GO_REF:0000107
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II is supported by immune-cell lysosomal trafficking studies but is context-specific.
Reason: ARL8B controls delivery of antigen-containing cargo to lysosomal compartments; antigen presentation is a downstream immune-cell outcome rather than the core molecular role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
GO:0005764 lysosome
IEA
GO_REF:0000107
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0008089 anterograde axonal transport
IEA
GO_REF:0000107
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: anterograde axonal transport is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity transfer.
Reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0046754 viral exocytosis
IEA
GO_REF:0000107
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytosis is exploited by beta-coronaviruses for viral egress.
Reason: The process annotation is supported for infection biology, but it represents pathogen exploitation of ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytosis rather than a core host function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:33157038
these viruses use a lysosomal, Arl8b-dependent exocytic pathway for release into the extracellular environment.
GO:1902774 late endosome to lysosome transport
IEA
GO_REF:0000107
ACCEPT
Summary: late endosome to lysosome transport is supported by ARL8B loss-of-function cargo-delivery assays and HOPS recruitment evidence.
Reason: This captures ARL8B-dependent delivery of endocytic cargo to lysosomes, a core part of its endolysosomal trafficking role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
PMID:21802320
Arl8b was found to bind and recruit the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting) complex to lysosomes.
PMID:28325809
Arl8b, along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and fusion.
GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane
EXP
PMID:16650381
The Arf-family protein, Arl8b, is involved in the spatial di...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane
EXP
PMID:21802320
Lysosomal trafficking, antigen presentation, and microbial k...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane
EXP
PMID:28325809
The Rab7 effector PLEKHM1 binds Arl8b to promote cargo traff...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane
EXP
PMID:29592961
Lysosome-Mediated Plasma Membrane Repair Is Dependent on the...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0031902 late endosome membrane
EXP
PMID:16537643
An N-terminally acetylated Arf-like GTPase is localised to l...
ACCEPT
Summary: late endosome membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0045202 synapse
ISS
GO_REF:0000024
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: synapse is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity transfer.
Reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:35314674
RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of ...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: RUFY3/RUFY4 interactions support ARL8B-dependent endolysosome motor coupling, but generic protein binding does not capture the specific small-GTPase effector relationship.
Reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology and is therefore over-annotated.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:35314674
RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin
PMID:35314674
ARL8 can thus regulate both anterograde and retrograde endolysosome transport through interactions with kinesin and dynein-dynactin motors
GO:0003924 GTPase activity
IDA
PMID:16537643
An N-terminally acetylated Arf-like GTPase is localised to l...
ACCEPT
Summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTPase activity annotation is consistent with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
Reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
GO:0031901 early endosome membrane
IDA
PMID:36282215
RUFY1 binds Arl8b and mediates endosome-to-TGN CI-M6PR retri...
ACCEPT
Summary: early endosome membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:36282215
Arl8b determines RUFY1 endosomal localization through regulating its interaction with Rab14.
PMID:36282215
RUFY1 depletion led to a delay in CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes to the TGN, resulting in impaired delivery of newly synthesized hydrolases to lysosomes.
GO:0034498 early endosome to Golgi transport
IDA
PMID:36282215
RUFY1 binds Arl8b and mediates endosome-to-TGN CI-M6PR retri...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: early endosome to Golgi transport is supported by RUFY1-dependent CI-M6PR retrieval work.
Reason: This is a specific cargo-sorting branch of ARL8B biology and supports lysosomal hydrolase delivery, but it is secondary to the major lysosome positioning/fusion role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:36282215
RUFY1 depletion led to a delay in CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes to the TGN, resulting in impaired delivery of newly synthesized hydrolases to lysosomes.
GO:1902946 protein localization to early endosome
IDA
PMID:36282215
RUFY1 binds Arl8b and mediates endosome-to-TGN CI-M6PR retri...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: protein localization to early endosome is supported by RUFY1-dependent CI-M6PR retrieval work.
Reason: This is a specific cargo-sorting branch of ARL8B biology and supports lysosomal hydrolase delivery, but it is secondary to the major lysosome positioning/fusion role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:36282215
Arl8b determines RUFY1 endosomal localization through regulating its interaction with Rab14.
GO:0046754 viral exocytosis
IMP
PMID:33157038
β-Coronaviruses Use Lysosomes for Egress Instead of the Bios...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytosis is exploited by beta-coronaviruses for viral egress.
Reason: The process annotation is supported for infection biology, but it represents pathogen exploitation of ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytosis rather than a core host function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:33157038
these viruses use a lysosomal, Arl8b-dependent exocytic pathway for release into the extracellular environment.
GO:0003925 G protein activity
IDA
PMID:16537643
An N-terminally acetylated Arf-like GTPase is localised to l...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: ARL8B is a monomeric Arf-like small GTPase, so the heterotrimeric G protein activity term is not the best molecular-function annotation.
Reason: The cited evidence supports small-GTPase biology captured by GO:0003924 GTPase activity, which is already present and accepted; GO:0003925 is over-broad or semantically imprecise for ARL8B.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane
IDA
PMID:27808481
RNF167 targets Arl8B for degradation to regulate lysosome po...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0032418 lysosome localization
IDA
PMID:16537643
An N-terminally acetylated Arf-like GTPase is localised to l...
ACCEPT
Summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
Reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:25898167
BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
GO:0032418 lysosome localization
IDA
PMID:27808481
RNF167 targets Arl8B for degradation to regulate lysosome po...
ACCEPT
Summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
Reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:25898167
BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
GO:0042267 natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
IMP
PMID:24088571
Arf-like GTPase Arl8b regulates lytic granule polarization a...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity is supported for NK cells, where ARL8B localizes to lytic granules and promotes polarization toward the immune synapse.
Reason: This is a well-supported lysosome-related organelle function in a specialized immune-cell context, not the general core function of ARL8B.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:24088571
Arl8b drives the polarization of lytic granules and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) toward the immune synapse
GO:0101004 cytolytic granule membrane
IDA
PMID:24088571
Arf-like GTPase Arl8b regulates lytic granule polarization a...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: cytolytic granule membrane is supported for NK cells, where ARL8B localizes to lytic granules and promotes polarization toward the immune synapse.
Reason: This is a well-supported lysosome-related organelle function in a specialized immune-cell context, not the general core function of ARL8B.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:24088571
Arl8b colocalizes with perforin, granzyme B, and LAMP-1, markers of lytic granules.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:22172677
Arl8 and SKIP act together to link lysosomes to kinesin-1.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: PLEKHM2/SKIP binding is central to ARL8B-dependent kinesin recruitment, but protein binding is too generic relative to the lysosome localization process annotation.
Reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology and is therefore over-annotated.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:22172677
Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane
IDA
PMID:22172677
Arl8 and SKIP act together to link lysosomes to kinesin-1.
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0032418 lysosome localization
IMP
PMID:22172677
Arl8 and SKIP act together to link lysosomes to kinesin-1.
ACCEPT
Summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
Reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:25898167
BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
GO:0005764 lysosome
IDA
PMID:28325809
The Rab7 effector PLEKHM1 binds Arl8b to promote cargo traff...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0032418 lysosome localization
IDA
PMID:28325809
The Rab7 effector PLEKHM1 binds Arl8b to promote cargo traff...
ACCEPT
Summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
Reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:25898167
BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
GO:0061909 autophagosome-lysosome fusion
IMP
PMID:28325809
The Rab7 effector PLEKHM1 binds Arl8b to promote cargo traff...
ACCEPT
Summary: ARL8B contributes to autophagosome-lysosome fusion through PLEKHM1/HOPS-linked lysosomal contact sites.
Reason: The evidence is stronger for lysosomal tethering/fusion with autophagic cargo than for a separate autophagosome-positioning role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:28325809
Arl8b mediates recruitment of HOPS complex to PLEKHM1-positive vesicle contact sites.
PMID:28325809
Arl8b binding is crucial for PLEKHM1 to promote lysosomal degradation of endocytic and autophagic cargo.
GO:1902774 late endosome to lysosome transport
IMP
PMID:28325809
The Rab7 effector PLEKHM1 binds Arl8b to promote cargo traff...
ACCEPT
Summary: late endosome to lysosome transport is supported by ARL8B loss-of-function cargo-delivery assays and HOPS recruitment evidence.
Reason: This captures ARL8B-dependent delivery of endocytic cargo to lysosomes, a core part of its endolysosomal trafficking role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
PMID:21802320
Arl8b was found to bind and recruit the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting) complex to lysosomes.
PMID:28325809
Arl8b, along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and fusion.
GO:0001778 plasma membrane repair
IMP
PMID:29592961
Lysosome-Mediated Plasma Membrane Repair Is Dependent on the...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: plasma membrane repair is supported in membrane injury and Mycobacterium infection models.
Reason: ARL8B-dependent lysosome exocytosis is real but context-dependent, so it should be retained as non-core rather than used to define the main gene function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:29592961
Arl8b is required for the process of plasma membrane repair in controlling the Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes
PMID:29592961
Arl8b-depleted MDMs become necrotic after infection with H37Ra instead of apoptotic.
GO:0005764 lysosome
IDA
PMID:29592961
Lysosome-Mediated Plasma Membrane Repair Is Dependent on the...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0032418 lysosome localization
IMP
PMID:29592961
Lysosome-Mediated Plasma Membrane Repair Is Dependent on the...
ACCEPT
Summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
Reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:25898167
BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
GO:1990927 calcium ion regulated lysosome exocytosis
IMP
PMID:29592961
Lysosome-Mediated Plasma Membrane Repair Is Dependent on the...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: calcium ion regulated lysosome exocytosis is supported in membrane injury and Mycobacterium infection models.
Reason: ARL8B-dependent lysosome exocytosis is real but context-dependent, so it should be retained as non-core rather than used to define the main gene function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:29592961
Arl8b is required for the process of plasma membrane repair in controlling the Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes
GO:0002747 antigen processing and presentation following phagocytosis
IMP
PMID:21802320
Lysosomal trafficking, antigen presentation, and microbial k...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: antigen processing and presentation following phagocytosis is supported by immune-cell lysosomal trafficking studies but is context-specific.
Reason: ARL8B controls delivery of antigen-containing cargo to lysosomal compartments; antigen presentation is a downstream immune-cell outcome rather than the core molecular role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
phagosome to lysosome delivery and fusion were delayed by Arl8b silencing resulting in a defect in microbial killing.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:21802320
Lysosomal trafficking, antigen presentation, and microbial k...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: VPS41/HOPS binding supports ARL8B-mediated lysosomal cargo delivery, but protein binding is too broad and should not be treated as a useful molecular function term.
Reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology and is therefore over-annotated.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
Arl8b was found to bind and recruit the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting) complex to lysosomes.
PMID:21802320
Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
GO:0005525 GTP binding
IMP
PMID:16650381
The Arf-family protein, Arl8b, is involved in the spatial di...
ACCEPT
Summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTP binding annotation is consistent with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
Reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
GO:0005764 lysosome
IMP
PMID:16650381
The Arf-family protein, Arl8b, is involved in the spatial di...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0005764 lysosome
IDA
PMID:21802320
Lysosomal trafficking, antigen presentation, and microbial k...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0019003 GDP binding
IMP
PMID:16650381
The Arf-family protein, Arl8b, is involved in the spatial di...
ACCEPT
Summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GDP binding annotation is consistent with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
Reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
GO:0032418 lysosome localization
IMP
PMID:16650381
The Arf-family protein, Arl8b, is involved in the spatial di...
ACCEPT
Summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
Reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:25898167
BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
GO:0032418 lysosome localization
IMP
PMID:21802320
Lysosomal trafficking, antigen presentation, and microbial k...
ACCEPT
Summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
Reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:25898167
BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
GO:0090117 endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle
IMP
PMID:21802320
Lysosomal trafficking, antigen presentation, and microbial k...
ACCEPT
Summary: endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle is supported by ARL8B loss-of-function cargo-delivery assays and HOPS recruitment evidence.
Reason: This captures ARL8B-dependent delivery of endocytic cargo to lysosomes, a core part of its endolysosomal trafficking role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
GO:0090385 phagosome-lysosome fusion
IMP
PMID:21802320
Lysosomal trafficking, antigen presentation, and microbial k...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Phagosome-lysosome fusion is directly supported in host-defense assays, but it is a context-specific branch of ARL8B lysosomal trafficking.
Reason: The annotation is biologically sound, but phagocytic killing is not the broad core role of ARL8B across cell types.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
phagosome to lysosome delivery and fusion were delayed by Arl8b silencing resulting in a defect in microbial killing.
GO:0002505 antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
ISS
GO_REF:0000024
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II is supported by immune-cell lysosomal trafficking studies but is context-specific.
Reason: ARL8B controls delivery of antigen-containing cargo to lysosomal compartments; antigen presentation is a downstream immune-cell outcome rather than the core molecular role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
GO:1902774 late endosome to lysosome transport
ISS
GO_REF:0000024
ACCEPT
Summary: late endosome to lysosome transport is supported by ARL8B loss-of-function cargo-delivery assays and HOPS recruitment evidence.
Reason: This captures ARL8B-dependent delivery of endocytic cargo to lysosomes, a core part of its endolysosomal trafficking role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:21802320
Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
PMID:21802320
Arl8b was found to bind and recruit the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting) complex to lysosomes.
PMID:28325809
Arl8b, along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and fusion.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:25898167
BORC, a multisubunit complex that regulates lysosome positio...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: BORCS5/BORC interaction supports ARL8B lysosomal recruitment and positioning, but generic protein binding is not curator-informative.
Reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology and is therefore over-annotated.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:25898167
BORC functions to recruit Arl8 to lysosomes, thereby initiating a chain of interactions that promotes microtubule-guided transport of lysosomes toward the cell periphery.
PMID:25898167
BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane
IDA
PMID:25898167
BORC, a multisubunit complex that regulates lysosome positio...
ACCEPT
Summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies and UniProt synthesis.
Reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0032418 lysosome localization
IMP
PMID:25898167
BORC, a multisubunit complex that regulates lysosome positio...
ACCEPT
Summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
Reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16537643
Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
PMID:22172677
Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
PMID:25898167
BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
GO:0016020 membrane
HDA
PMID:19946888
Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: Generic membrane localization from high-throughput NK-cell membrane proteomics is much less informative than lysosomal membrane localization.
Reason: The more specific lysosomal/cytolytic-granule membrane annotations should carry this biology; generic membrane is over-annotated.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19946888
Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0070062 extracellular exosome
HDA
PMID:19056867
Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exos...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: Extracellular exosome comes from broad high-throughput proteomics and is not a defining ARL8B localization or function.
Reason: This does not fit the strong mechanistic consensus that ARL8B functions on endolysosomal/lysosomal membranes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19056867
Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility
GO:0003924 GTPase activity
NAS
PMID:15331635
Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tub...
ACCEPT
Summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTPase activity annotation is consistent with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
Reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
GO:0005525 GTP binding
IDA
PMID:15331635
Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tub...
ACCEPT
Summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTP binding annotation is consistent with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
Reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16537643
Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes in
GO:0005737 cytoplasm
IDA
PMID:15331635
Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tub...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: cytoplasm comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
Reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal small-GTPase role established by later work.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
GO:0007059 chromosome segregation
IMP
PMID:14871887
Drosophila Topors is a RING finger-containing protein that f...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: The term is supported by the ARL8/GIE chromosome-segregation study, but the seeded GOA original PMID points to an unrelated Drosophila Topors paper.
Reason: Keep as non-core because PMID:15331635 supports a mitotic phenotype for GIE/ARL8 proteins. The original_reference_id is retained as fetched GOA provenance, while the corrected supporting ARL8B reference is recorded in additional_reference_ids and the upstream source should be checked.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:14871887
Drosophila Topors is a RING finger-containing protein that functions as a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase for the hairy basic helix-loop-helix repressor protein.
PMID:15331635
Expression of dominant-negative Gie mutants in mammalian cells or knockdown of Gie transcripts using RNA interference in Drosophila S2 cells induced abnormal morphology in the chromosome segregation.
GO:0019003 GDP binding
IDA
PMID:15331635
Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tub...
ACCEPT
Summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GDP binding annotation is consistent with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
Reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct subfamily of the small GTPases
PMID:16650381
GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
GO:0030496 midbody
IDA
PMID:15331635
Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tub...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: midbody comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
Reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal small-GTPase role established by later work.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
GO:0043014 alpha-tubulin binding
IDA
PMID:15331635
Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tub...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: alpha-tubulin binding comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
Reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal small-GTPase role established by later work.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
GO:0048487 beta-tubulin binding
IDA
PMID:15331635
Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tub...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: beta-tubulin binding comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
Reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal small-GTPase role established by later work.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
GO:0051233 spindle midzone
IDA
PMID:15331635
Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tub...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: spindle midzone comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
Reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal small-GTPase role established by later work.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:15331635
Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.

Core Functions

ARL8B is an endolysosomal small GTPase that uses GTP-dependent effector recruitment to control lysosome positioning and lysosome-centered cargo delivery. Its best-supported core role is coordinating lysosome movement and contact/fusion machinery, including BORC/SKIP-kinesin positioning and PLEKHM1/HOPS-dependent delivery of endocytic, phagocytic, and autophagic cargo to lysosomes.

Supporting Evidence:
  • PMID:16537643
    Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
  • PMID:22172677
    Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
  • PMID:21802320
    Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
  • PMID:28325809
    Arl8b binding is crucial for PLEKHM1 to promote lysosomal degradation of endocytic and autophagic cargo.
  • PMID:25898167
    BORC functions to recruit Arl8 to lysosomes, thereby initiating a chain of interactions that promotes microtubule-guided transport of lysosomes toward the cell periphery.

References

Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
Gene Ontology annotation based on Enzyme Commission mapping
Manual transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs by curator judgment of sequence similarity
Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs using Ensembl Compara
Automatic assignment of GO terms using logical inference, based on on inter-ontology links
Electronic Gene Ontology annotations created by ARBA machine learning models
Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
Drosophila Topors is a RING finger-containing protein that functions as a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase for the hairy basic helix-loop-helix repressor protein.
  • This PMID appears unrelated to ARL8B chromosome segregation and should be checked as a possible upstream GOA/UniProt reference error.
    "Drosophila Topors is a RING finger-containing protein that functions as a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase for the hairy basic helix-loop-helix repressor protein."
Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tubulin is required for chromosome segregation.
  • ARL8B/GIE is a small GTPase with tubulin binding and mitotic spindle-midzone localization.
    "Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis."
An N-terminally acetylated Arf-like GTPase is localised to lysosomes and affects their motility.
  • ARL8A and ARL8B localize to lysosomes and affect lysosome motility.
    "Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery."
The Arf-family protein, Arl8b, is involved in the spatial distribution of lysosomes.
  • GTP-locked ARL8B localizes to lysosomes and redistributes lysosomes toward the cell periphery.
    "GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution toward the cell periphery."
Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
Lysosomal trafficking, antigen presentation, and microbial killing are controlled by the Arf-like GTPase Arl8b.
  • ARL8B is required for lysosomal cargo delivery, CD1 antigen presentation, and phagosome-lysosome fusion through VPS41/HOPS recruitment.
    "Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran, receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes."
Arl8 and SKIP act together to link lysosomes to kinesin-1.
  • ARL8 recruits SKIP/PLEKHM2 to link lysosomes to kinesin-1 for plus-end-directed movement.
    "Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility."
Arf-like GTPase Arl8b regulates lytic granule polarization and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
  • ARL8B promotes lytic granule and MTOC polarization required for NK-cell cytotoxicity.
    "Arl8b drives the polarization of lytic granules and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) toward the immune synapse"
BORC, a multisubunit complex that regulates lysosome positioning.
  • BORC recruits ARL8B to lysosomes to promote microtubule-guided peripheral lysosome transport.
    "BORC functions to recruit Arl8 to lysosomes, thereby initiating a chain of interactions that promotes microtubule-guided transport of lysosomes toward the cell periphery."
RNF167 targets Arl8B for degradation to regulate lysosome positioning and endocytic trafficking.
  • RNF167 ubiquitinates ARL8B and thereby regulates ARL8B-dependent lysosome positioning.
    "RNF167 ubiquitinates Arl8B at the lysine residue K141 and reduces the level of the Arl8B protein."
The Rab7 effector PLEKHM1 binds Arl8b to promote cargo traffic to lysosomes.
  • PLEKHM1 connects Rab7 and ARL8B to recruit HOPS and promote lysosomal degradation of endocytic and autophagic cargo.
    "Arl8b binding is crucial for PLEKHM1 to promote lysosomal degradation of endocytic and autophagic cargo."
Lysosome-Mediated Plasma Membrane Repair Is Dependent on the Small GTPase Arl8b and Determines Cell Death Type in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.
  • ARL8B-dependent lysosome exocytosis supports plasma membrane repair during Mycobacterium infection.
    "Arl8b is required for the process of plasma membrane repair in controlling the Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes"
A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.
β-Coronaviruses Use Lysosomes for Egress Instead of the Biosynthetic Secretory Pathway.
  • Beta-coronaviruses use an ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytic egress pathway.
    "these viruses use a lysosomal, Arl8b-dependent exocytic pathway for release into the extracellular environment."
RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin.
  • RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that couple endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin for retrograde transport.
    "RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin"
RUFY1 binds Arl8b and mediates endosome-to-TGN CI-M6PR retrieval for cargo sorting to lysosomes.
  • ARL8B regulates RUFY1 endosomal localization and CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes to the TGN.
    "RUFY1 depletion led to a delay in CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes to the TGN, resulting in impaired delivery of newly synthesized hydrolases to lysosomes."
DENND6A links Arl8b to a Rab34/RILP/dynein complex, regulating lysosomal positioning and autophagy.
  • DENND6A is a direct ARL8B effector recruited to peripheral lysosomes, where it acts as a GEF for Rab34; activated Rab34 recruits a RILP/dynein complex to drive retrograde lysosome transport and nutrient-dependent juxtanuclear repositioning, and loss of DENND6A impairs autophagic flux. This positions ARL8B as a bidirectional transport coordinator, distinct from the RUFY3/RUFY4 dynein-dynactin coupling.
Biallelic BORCS8 variants cause an infantile-onset neurodegenerative disorder with altered lysosome dynamics.
  • Biallelic loss-of-function variants in the BORC subunit BORCS8 cause an infantile-onset neurodegenerative disorder; BORC sequentially recruits ARL8 and kinesin motors to lysosomes, and variant alleles reduce BORC assembly and peripheral lysosome distribution. This is human disease evidence for the upstream BORC-to-ARL8B anterograde axis, but concerns BORCS8 rather than an ARL8B coding mutation.
file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
UniProtKB reviewed entry for human ARL8B (Q9NVJ2)
  • Reviewed UniProt synthesis places ARL8B on lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes as a small GTPase controlling lysosomal positioning, transport, fusion, and exocytosis.
    "Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility"
file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_candidate_additions.tsv
Proteostasis PN projected candidate additions for ARL8B
  • The PN projection suggests ARL8B to GO:0061906 autophagosome localization, but the gene-specific review treats this conservatively because direct evidence is stronger for lysosome localization and autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
    "ARL8B GO:0061906 autophagosome localization new_to_goa"

Suggested Questions for Experts

Q: Should ARL8B be annotated directly to GO:0061906 autophagosome localization from the PN HOPS-BORC bridging projection, or is the current direct evidence better captured by lysosome localization and autophagosome-lysosome fusion?

Q: Can the upstream reference for the GO:0007059 chromosome segregation annotation be corrected from PMID:14871887 to the ARL8B/GIE study PMID:15331635?

Q: Which ARL8B effector branch should be considered core for general gene-product curation versus cell-type-specific extensions such as NK-cell granule polarization, Mtb membrane repair, or beta-coronavirus egress?

Q: Should ARL8B be annotated to retrograde lysosome transport given that it now has two distinct retrograde effector branches (DENND6A/Rab34/RILP/dynein and RUFY3/RUFY4/dynein-dynactin), and how should these be distinguished from the better-established anterograde SKIP/kinesin role?

Suggested Experiments

Experiment: Separate ARL8B lysosome-positioning effects from autophagosome-positioning effects by live imaging of autophagosomes and lysosomes after ARL8B depletion or effector-selective rescue.

Hypothesis: The PN autophagosome-localization signal is mainly an indirect consequence of ARL8B-dependent lysosome positioning and HOPS-mediated fusion rather than direct autophagosome positioning.

Experiment: Use effector-binding mutants of ARL8B to compare PLEKHM2/SKIP, PLEKHM1/HOPS, VPS41, RUFY1, RUFY3/4, and DENND6A outputs in the same cellular background.

Hypothesis: Distinct ARL8B effector interfaces partition lysosome positioning, cargo delivery, and lysosome exocytosis functions.

Experiment: Test whether ARL8B-dependent retrograde lysosome transport requires the DENND6A/Rab34/RILP/dynein cascade by measuring nutrient-dependent juxtanuclear lysosome repositioning and autophagic flux after depletion of DENND6A, Rab34, or RILP versus RUFY3/4.

Hypothesis: ARL8B initiates retrograde lysosome transport through at least two parallel dynein-recruiting branches (DENND6A/Rab34/RILP and RUFY3/4), and these jointly regulate nutrient-responsive lysosome positioning and autophagy.

Tags

proteostasis autophagy-lysosome-pathway lysosome-positioning pn-projection-reviewed

Deep Research

Falcon

(ARL8B-deep-research-falcon.md)
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate. Falcon Edison Scientific Literature 19 citations 2 artifacts 2026-06-07T04:37:43.514893

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Comprehensive research report: Human ARL8B (UniProt Q9NVJ2) — functional annotation and recent advances

0. Target verification (critical identity check)

The evidence assembled here consistently refers to human/mammalian ARL8B (Arl8b) as an Arf-family small GTPase that localizes to the cytosolic face of lysosomes and regulates lysosome positioning/motility and lysosome fusion via defined effectors including SKIP/PLEKHM2, the BORC complex, and HOPS (e.g., VPS41) (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 1-5, khatter2015thesmallgtpase pages 1-2, khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 5-8). This matches the UniProt Q9NVJ2 description of an Arf-family small G protein (small GTPase superfamily) and its lysosome-centric biology.

1. Key concepts and definitions (current understanding)

1.1 ARL8B as an Arf-family small GTPase “molecular switch”

ARL8B is understood as a GDP/GTP-cycling small GTPase that acts as a molecular switch on lysosomal membranes, recruiting distinct effector proteins preferentially in its GTP-bound state to control lysosomal behavior (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 1-5, khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 8-10).

Structural/biochemical context. A key structural feature highlighted in the ARL8 literature is a conserved N‑terminal amphipathic helix that helps membrane association of the active form; ARL8 also has canonical switch regions that change conformation upon GTP binding. A structure is referenced in the review (PDB 1ZD9) (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 5-8).

1.2 Lysosome positioning as an integrated regulatory layer

Lysosomes exist in perinuclear “cloud” and peripheral pools; their spatial distribution influences multiple outputs including endocytic degradation and autophagy. ARL8B is presented as a major regulatory GTPase on lysosomes controlling this spatial distribution (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 8-10, khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 1-5).

2. Core functions of ARL8B (experimentally supported)

2.1 ARL8B drives anterograde (plus-end) lysosome transport via SKIP/PLEKHM2 and kinesin-1

A foundational mechanism is that Arl8b-GTP binds the adaptor SKIP/PLEKHM2, which in turn binds kinesin-1 (via kinesin light chain), thereby coupling lysosomes to a plus-end-directed motor for outward transport on microtubules (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 8-10, rosaferreira2011arl8andskip pages 5-6).

Key primary evidence (Dev Cell 2011).
* SKIP binds kinesin light chain through conserved WD motifs; mutation of these residues (W207A, D208A, W236A, E237A; “WDx2→A”) abolished KIF5B recruitment to lysosomes while SKIP still localized to lysosomes (rosaferreira2011arl8andskip pages 5-6, rosaferreira2011arl8andskip media 3d0503b0).
* KIF5B knockdown >85% phenocopied Arl8/SKIP depletion with central lysosome clustering (rosaferreira2011arl8andskip pages 5-6).
* Quantification of acidification-dependent outward lysosome movement shows dependence on Arl8b and SKIP (rosaferreira2011arl8andskip media 19e53c37).

Interpretation / expert analysis. This establishes ARL8B as a motor-coupling determinant: it does not “move” lysosomes itself but controls motor engagement by recruiting SKIP, which recruits kinesin-1.

2.2 Upstream recruitment of ARL8B to lysosomes by BORC

ARL8B’s lysosomal localization is controlled upstream by the multiprotein complex BORC (BLOC-one-related complex). Disrupting BORC (e.g., CRISPR knockout of a BORC subunit such as myrlysin, or depletion of other BORC components) causes loss of Arl8b from lysosomes and perinuclear clustering of lysosomes, phenocopying Arl8b depletion (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 5-8, khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 22-22).

Interpretation. The BORC→ARL8→SKIP/kinesin-1 axis is a canonical pathway for lysosome dispersion toward the cell periphery.

2.3 ARL8B promotes endosome–lysosome fusion by recruiting the HOPS tethering complex

Beyond motility, ARL8B supports late endosome–lysosome fusion by promoting recruitment/assembly of the HOPS tethering complex on lysosomes.

Key primary evidence (J Cell Sci 2015). Arl8b (but not Rab7) is required for lysosomal membrane localization of the HOPS subunit hVps41; EGFR degradation defects after hVps41 depletion could be rescued by wild-type hVps41 but not by an Arl8b-binding-defective mutant, indicating functional dependence on Arl8b–hVps41 binding (khatter2015thesmallgtpase pages 1-2).

2.4 ARL8B participates in “effector choice” to balance positioning vs fusion (PLEKHM1 vs SKIP)

The Rab7 effector PLEKHM1 can bind both Rab7 and Arl8b, supporting clustering/fusion of late endosomes and lysosomes; its N-terminal RUN domain is necessary/sufficient for Arl8b binding and lysosomal localization. PLEKHM1 competes with SKIP for Arl8b binding, providing a conceptual basis for how ARL8B can coordinate (or trade off) positioning vs fusion functions via effector selection (marwaha2017therab7effector pages 1-2).

3. Subcellular localization

Across primary and review sources, ARL8B is described as a lysosome-associated small GTPase, enriched on mature lysosomes. Manipulating ARL8B (knockdown vs overexpression) shifts lysosomes between perinuclear/MTOC clustering and peripheral dispersion, visualized by microscopy (scale bar 10 µm noted in one example) (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 22-22).

4. Recent developments and latest research (prioritized 2023–2024)

4.1 2024: ARL8B couples to retrograde transport through a DENND6A→Rab34→RILP/dynein cascade

A major 2024 advance is the discovery that ARL8B is not only an anterograde driver but can also initiate retrograde lysosome transport via a defined cascade.

Nature Communications (Jan 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1). Kumar et al. identify DENND6A as an Arl8b effector recruited to peripheral lysosomes, where DENND6A acts as a GEF for Rab34. Activated Rab34 recruits a RILP/dynein complex to promote retrograde transport and nutrient-dependent juxtanuclear repositioning; loss of DENND6A impairs autophagic flux (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2).

Quantitative/statistical details from the 2024 study (available in retrieved excerpts).
* DENND6A screening implicated 20 Rab candidates (including Rab34) as potential substrates (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2).
* A BioID interactome referenced >4,000 unique proteins, and DENND6A overexpression in one context was ~1.8× endogenous (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2).
* Lysosome distribution quantifications used cell counts such as n=27–30 cells per condition (from 3 replicates) in cumulative LAMP1 distribution analyses; several statistical tests and p-values were reported (e.g., p ≤ 0.0025, p ≤ 0.0005) (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 6-9).

Expert analysis. Conceptually, this extends ARL8B from a “plus-end lysosome disperser” into a bidirectional transport coordinator, capable of recruiting either kinesin-based machinery (via SKIP) or dynein-based machinery (via DENND6A/Rab34/RILP).

Brain (Dec 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad427). De Pace et al. reported biallelic BORCS8 variants causing a severe infantile-onset neurodegenerative syndrome. BORC normally recruits ARL8 and then kinesin motors to promote anterograde lysosome transport in non-neuronal cells and in axons.

Variants included missense p.Ser29Pro, p.Ser42Pro, p.Thr66Pro, and frameshift p.Asn26Trpfs*51. Functional assays showed missense variants had reduced BORC assembly and reduced ability to drive peripheral lysosome distribution, while the frameshift variant had lower expression and was completely incapable of assembling with BORC or promoting peripheral lysosome distribution (pace2024biallelicborcs8variants pages 1-2).

Expert analysis. Although this is not an ARL8B coding mutation, it is direct human evidence that perturbing the upstream recruiter of ARL8 leads to clinically severe outcomes, underscoring the physiological importance of ARL8B-centered lysosome dynamics.

4.3 2024 expert review: ARL8B pathway in axonal lysosome transport and neurological disease context

A Current Opinion in Cell Biology review (Aug 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102382) positions Arl8b together with BORC and SKIP in the anterograde arm of axonal lysosome transport schematics, discussing how disruptions in lysosome transport contribute to neurological disease mechanisms (paumier2024disruptionsinaxonal pages 1-2).

5. Current applications and real-world implementations

5.1 Disease mechanism research: neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration

  • Human genetics: BORCS8 disease establishes that impaired BORC-dependent lysosome distribution (and therefore impaired ARL8 recruitment/function) is linked to severe neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative phenotypes (pace2024biallelicborcs8variants pages 1-2).
  • Mechanistic neurology cell biology: Reviews frame ARL8B/BORC/SKIP-mediated lysosome transport as relevant to axonal homeostasis, with potential downstream impact on protein/organelle clearance (paumier2024disruptionsinaxonal pages 1-2).

5.2 Autophagy and lysosome-positioning axes in cell biology and translational hypotheses

The 2024 DENND6A pathway specifically links ARL8B-directed lysosome repositioning to autophagic flux regulation via dynein-based retrograde trafficking (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2, kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 6-9). This creates a mechanistically grounded entry point for interventions aimed at restoring lysosome positioning in settings of impaired autophagy.

5.3 Target–disease association landscape (database-derived)

OpenTargets lists disease associations for ARL8B, including broad categories such as neoplasm (and others), supported by multiple literature links in the OpenTargets evidence graph (OpenTargets Search: -ARL8B). These should be interpreted as association evidence (often heterogeneous: genetic, expression, functional screens) rather than direct proof of ARL8B as a therapeutic target in a specific indication.

6. Pathways and interaction network (mechanistic summary)

6.1 Canonical anterograde lysosome transport pathway

BORC → ARL8B(GTP) → SKIP/PLEKHM2 → kinesin-1 (KIF5B/KLC) → plus-end lysosome dispersion (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 5-8, rosaferreira2011arl8andskip pages 5-6).

Direct figure evidence for the SKIP WD-motif requirement for KIF5B recruitment and quantification of outward movement is available from the Dev Cell 2011 figures retrieved here (rosaferreira2011arl8andskip media 3d0503b0, rosaferreira2011arl8andskip media 19e53c37).

6.2 Fusion/tethering pathway

ARL8B → VPS41/HOPS assembly on lysosomes → endosome–lysosome fusion and cargo degradation (e.g., EGFR) (khatter2015thesmallgtpase pages 1-2).

6.3 Effector switching / cross-talk pathway

ARL8B ↔ PLEKHM1 (Rab7 effector) provides a molecular bridge between Rab7 and Arl8b and introduces competition with SKIP, linking positioning decisions to fusion outcomes (marwaha2017therab7effector pages 1-2).

6.4 2024 retrograde pathway

ARL8B → DENND6A (effector) → Rab34 activation → RILP recruitment → dynein-based retrograde transport → juxtanuclear lysosome repositioning; impacts autophagic flux (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2).

7. Key statistics and data points (from recent and foundational studies)

  • >85% KIF5B knockdown causes central lysosome clustering similar to Arl8/SKIP depletion (Dev Cell 2011) (rosaferreira2011arl8andskip pages 5-6).
  • SKIP WD motif mutant (W207A/D208A/W236A/E237A) abolishes KIF5B recruitment to lysosomes while SKIP remains lysosome-localized (rosaferreira2011arl8andskip pages 5-6, rosaferreira2011arl8andskip media 3d0503b0).
  • Microscopy figure scale bar 10 µm used in lysosome distribution imaging example (reviewed evidence) (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 22-22).
  • ARL8 paralogs: Arl8a and Arl8b ~91% identical (marwaha2017therab7effector pages 1-2, khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 5-8).
  • PLEKHM1 RUN domain similarity to SKIP RUN domain: ~40% (marwaha2017therab7effector pages 1-2).
  • 2024 DENND6A screen: 20 candidate Rab substrates (including Rab34) (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2).
  • 2024 DENND6A study: BioID interactome referenced >4,000 unique proteins; DENND6A overexpression ~1.8× endogenous (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2).
  • 2024 DENND6A study: lysosome distribution analyses often used n≈27–30 cells per condition (3 replicates), with statistical thresholds such as p ≤ 0.0025 and p ≤ 0.0005 reported in figure captions (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 6-9).

8. Limitations of this report (evidence accessibility)

Some potentially relevant 2023–2024 ARL8B structural-mechanistic papers (e.g., detailed structural interface between ARL8B and RUN domains) were listed as unobtainable by the search system in this session and therefore could not be cited directly here. Consequently, the most detailed ARL8B–effector structural interface claims are restricted to what is available in the retrieved review-level structural context (e.g., N-terminal amphipathic helix; PDB reference) and mechanistic cell biology papers (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 5-8, rosaferreira2011arl8andskip pages 5-6).


Evidence map table

The following table provides a compact mapping from ARL8B functions to partners and evidence types.

Functional role / biological process Subcellular localization Key molecular partners / effectors Experimental evidence type Notes / quantitative details Key citation
Lysosome identity and positioning; major lysosomal small GTPase that drives lysosome dispersion to the cell periphery when active, while loss causes perinuclear/MTOC clustering Cytosolic face of mature lysosomes; lysosome membrane; perinuclear vs peripheral lysosome pools BORC (upstream recruiter), SKIP/PLEKHM2, kinesin machinery RNAi/knockdown, overexpression, fluorescence microscopy, schematic/model synthesis Microscopy scale bar 10 µm; Arl8a and Arl8b share ~91% identity; Arl8b overexpression disperses lysosomes whereas depletion clusters them near the MTOC (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 22-22, khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 5-8) Khatter et al. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501
BORC-dependent recruitment of ARL8B to lysosomes upstream of anterograde transport Lysosomal surface BORC / BLOC-one-related complex; myrlysin/BORCS5 and other BORC subunits CRISPR knockout, siRNA depletion, localization assays BORC loss detaches Arl8b from lysosomes and phenocopies Arl8b depletion; BORC itself showed no detectable GEF activity toward Arl8b in the cited review summary (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 5-8) Khatter et al. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501
Coupling lysosomes to kinesin-1 for plus-end-directed anterograde motility Peripheral lysosomes on microtubules SKIP/PLEKHM2; kinesin-1 KIF5B/KLC Affinity purification/binding, RNAi, overexpression, live/fixed-cell microscopy SKIP binds kinesin light chain via WD motifs; KIF5B knockdown was >85% and caused central lysosome clustering similar to Arl8/SKIP depletion; mutation of SKIP WD residues (W207A/D208A/W236A/E237A) abolished KIF5B recruitment while preserving lysosome localization (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 8-10, rosaferreira2011arl8andskip pages 5-6, rosaferreira2011arl8andskip media 3d0503b0, rosaferreira2011arl8andskip media 19e53c37) Rosa-Ferreira & Munro 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007
Activation mechanism of lysosome–kinesin coupling through SKIP Lysosome membrane, ARL8-positive lysosomes SKIP/PLEKHM2, kinesin-1 Mechanistic cell biology / conformational model summarized in review evidence ARL8 relieves SKIP autoinhibition to enable coupling of lysosomes to kinesin-1; establishes ARL8 as an active molecular switch rather than a passive lysosome marker (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 8-10, kumar2023dennd6acouplesarl8b pages 25-27) Keren-Kaplan & Bonifacino 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.071
Recruitment and assembly of HOPS tethering complex for endosome–lysosome fusion and degradative trafficking Lysosomal membranes; Arl8b- and hVps41-positive lysosomes HOPS complex, VPS41 (hVps41), VPS39, SKIP/PLEKHM2 RNAi depletion, rescue with WT vs binding-defective mutant, affinity purification, microscopy Arl8b, but not Rab7, was required for hVps41 membrane localization; HOPS is hexameric and shares 4 of 6 core subunits with CORVET; EGFR degradation defect was rescued by WT hVps41 but not an Arl8b-binding-defective mutant (khatter2015thesmallgtpase pages 1-2) Khatter et al. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.162651
Coordination of lysosome motility and fusion through competitive effector binding Late endosome–lysosome contact sites; lysosomes PLEKHM1, Rab7, Arl8b, HOPS, SKIP/PLEKHM2 Interaction mapping, domain analysis, cargo degradation assays, microscopy PLEKHM1 simultaneously binds Rab7 and Arl8b; N-terminal RUN domain is necessary and sufficient for Arl8b interaction and lysosomal localization; PLEKHM1 RUN domain shares ~40% similarity with SKIP RUN domain and competes with SKIP for Arl8b binding, influencing lysosome positioning; Arl8a/b are ~91% identical (marwaha2017therab7effector pages 1-2) Marwaha et al. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201607085
Retrograde lysosome trafficking and nutrient-dependent juxtanuclear repositioning Peripheral lysosomes transitioning toward juxtanuclear lysosome pool DENND6A, Rab34, RILP, dynein, Arl8b GEF screening, BioID/proximity interactome, imaging, loss-of-function assays DENND6A was identified as a potential GEF for ~20 Rabs including Rab34; Arl8b recruits DENND6A to peripheral lysosomes, DENND6A activates Rab34, and Rab34 recruits RILP/dynein to drive retrograde transport; DENND6A overexpression in assays was ~1.8× endogenous (mcpherson2023dennd6acouplesarl8b pages 1-5, kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2) Kumar et al. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1
Autophagy regulation through lysosome positioning and transport state Lysosomes under nutrient-dependent spatial rearrangement Arl8b, SKIP/PLEKHM2, HOPS, DENND6A-Rab34-RILP-dynein, mTORC1-linked lysosome positioning machinery Knockdown/loss-of-function, trafficking assays, autophagic flux assays Loss of DENND6A impaired autophagic flux; nutrient deprivation or altered lysosomal pH reduced lysosomal Arl8b/KIF2 and promoted perinuclear clustering with mTORC1 inactivation in review evidence; ARL8B thus integrates lysosome position with degradative signaling outputs (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 8-10, kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2) Kumar et al. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1
Neuronal/axonal lysosome transport relevance Distal axon and peripheral neuronal lysosome compartments BORC, Arl8b, SKIP, kinesins Review synthesis of neuronal transport studies ARL8/BORC pathway is placed on the anterograde/kinesin arm of axonal lysosome transport; disruptions in this pathway are linked broadly to neurological disease mechanisms (paumier2024disruptionsinaxonal pages 1-2) Paumier & Gowrishankar 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102382
Human disease relevance through upstream BORC defects affecting ARL8-dependent lysosome dynamics Lysosomes in human cells; distal axon / neuronal systems BORCS8 (BORC subunit), ARL8, kinesin-1/-3 Human genetics, cellular reconstitution, zebrafish knockout Biallelic BORCS8 variants (p.Ser29Pro, p.Ser42Pro, p.Thr66Pro, p.Asn26Trpfs*51) reduced BORC assembly and impaired peripheral lysosome distribution; the frameshift allele was completely incapable of assembling with BORC or promoting peripheral lysosome distribution, linking BORC→ARL8 pathway failure to infantile-onset neurodegeneration (pace2024biallelicborcs8variants pages 1-2) De Pace et al. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad427

Table: This table summarizes experimentally supported functions, localization, effectors, evidence types, and quantitative notes for human ARL8B (UniProt Q9NVJ2). It is useful as a compact evidence map for lysosome positioning, motility, fusion, autophagy, and disease relevance.

References

  1. (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 1-5): Divya Khatter, Aastha Sindhwani, and Mahak Sharma. Arf-like gtpase arl8: moving from the periphery to the center of lysosomal biology. Cellular Logistics, 5:e1086501, Jul 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501, doi:10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501. This article has 111 citations.

  2. (khatter2015thesmallgtpase pages 1-2): Divya Khatter, Vivek B. Raina, Devashish Dwivedi, Aastha Sindhwani, Surbhi Bahl, and Mahak Sharma. The small gtpase arl8b regulates assembly of the mammalian hops complex on lysosomes. Journal of Cell Science, 128:1746-1761, May 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.162651, doi:10.1242/jcs.162651. This article has 180 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  3. (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 5-8): Divya Khatter, Aastha Sindhwani, and Mahak Sharma. Arf-like gtpase arl8: moving from the periphery to the center of lysosomal biology. Cellular Logistics, 5:e1086501, Jul 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501, doi:10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501. This article has 111 citations.

  4. (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 8-10): Divya Khatter, Aastha Sindhwani, and Mahak Sharma. Arf-like gtpase arl8: moving from the periphery to the center of lysosomal biology. Cellular Logistics, 5:e1086501, Jul 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501, doi:10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501. This article has 111 citations.

  5. (rosaferreira2011arl8andskip pages 5-6): Cláudia Rosa-Ferreira and Sean Munro. Arl8 and skip act together to link lysosomes to kinesin-1. Developmental Cell, 21:1171-1178, Dec 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007, doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007. This article has 408 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  6. (rosaferreira2011arl8andskip media 3d0503b0): Cláudia Rosa-Ferreira and Sean Munro. Arl8 and skip act together to link lysosomes to kinesin-1. Developmental Cell, 21:1171-1178, Dec 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007, doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007. This article has 408 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  7. (rosaferreira2011arl8andskip media 19e53c37): Cláudia Rosa-Ferreira and Sean Munro. Arl8 and skip act together to link lysosomes to kinesin-1. Developmental Cell, 21:1171-1178, Dec 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007, doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007. This article has 408 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  8. (khatter2015arflikegtpasearl8 pages 22-22): Divya Khatter, Aastha Sindhwani, and Mahak Sharma. Arf-like gtpase arl8: moving from the periphery to the center of lysosomal biology. Cellular Logistics, 5:e1086501, Jul 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501, doi:10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501. This article has 111 citations.

  9. (marwaha2017therab7effector pages 1-2): Rituraj Marwaha, Subhash B. Arya, Divya Jagga, Harmeet Kaur, Amit Tuli, and Mahak Sharma. The rab7 effector plekhm1 binds arl8b to promote cargo traffic to lysosomes. The Journal of Cell Biology, 216:1051-1070, Apr 2017. URL: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201607085, doi:10.1083/jcb.201607085. This article has 176 citations.

  10. (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 1-2): Rahul Kumar, Maleeha Khan, Vincent Francis, Adriana Aguila, Gopinath Kulasekaran, Emily Banks, and Peter S. McPherson. Dennd6a links arl8b to a rab34/rilp/dynein complex, regulating lysosomal positioning and autophagy. Nature Communications, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1. This article has 27 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  11. (kumar2024dennd6alinksarl8b pages 6-9): Rahul Kumar, Maleeha Khan, Vincent Francis, Adriana Aguila, Gopinath Kulasekaran, Emily Banks, and Peter S. McPherson. Dennd6a links arl8b to a rab34/rilp/dynein complex, regulating lysosomal positioning and autophagy. Nature Communications, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1. This article has 27 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  12. (pace2024biallelicborcs8variants pages 1-2): Raffaella De Pace, Reza Maroofian, Adeline Paimboeuf, Mina Zamani, Maha S Zaki, Saeid Sadeghian, Reza Azizimalamiri, Hamid Galehdari, Jawaher Zeighami, Chad D Williamson, Emily Fleming, Dihong Zhou, Jennifer L Gannon, Isabelle Thiffault, Emmanuel Roze, Mohnish Suri, Giovanni Zifarelli, Peter Bauer, Henry Houlden, Mariasavina Severino, Shunmoogum A Patten, Emily Farrow, and Juan S Bonifacino. Biallelic borcs8 variants cause an infantile-onset neurodegenerative disorder with altered lysosome dynamics. Brain : a journal of neurology, 147:1751-1767, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad427, doi:10.1093/brain/awad427. This article has 24 citations.

  13. (paumier2024disruptionsinaxonal pages 1-2): Jean-Michel Paumier and Swetha Gowrishankar. Disruptions in axonal lysosome transport and its contribution to neurological disease. Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102382, doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102382. This article has 15 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  14. (OpenTargets Search: -ARL8B): Open Targets Query (-ARL8B, 5 results). Buniello, A. et al. (2025). Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery. Nucleic Acids Research.

  15. (kumar2023dennd6acouplesarl8b pages 25-27): Rahul Kumar, Vincent Francis, Maleeha Khan, Adriana Aguila, Gopinath Kulasekaran, and Peter S. McPherson. Dennd6a couples arl8b to a rab34/rilp/dynein complex regulating retrograde lysosomal trafficking and autophagy. bioRxiv, Aug 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.21.554162, doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554162. This article has 0 citations.

  16. (mcpherson2023dennd6acouplesarl8b pages 1-5): Peter McPherson, Rahul Kumar, Vincent Francis, Maleeha Khan, Adriana Aguila, and Gopinath Kulasekaran. Dennd6a couples arl8b to a rab34/rilp/dynein complex regulating retrograde lysosomal trafficking and autophagy. Unknown journal, Sep 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3283181/v1, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3283181/v1.

Artifacts

Citations

  1. khatter2015thesmallgtpase pages 1-2
  2. paumier2024disruptionsinaxonal pages 1-2
  3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1
  4. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad427
  5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102382
  6. https://doi.org/10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501
  7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007
  8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.071
  9. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.162651
  10. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201607085
  11. https://doi.org/10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501,
  12. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.162651,
  13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007,
  14. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201607085,
  15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1,
  16. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad427,
  17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102382,
  18. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.21.554162,
  19. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3283181/v1,

📚 Additional Documentation

Notes

(ARL8B-notes.md)

ARL8B notes

Deep research attempt

just deep-research-falcon human ARL8B --fallback perplexity-lite was run on 2026-06-03. Falcon timed out after 600 seconds, and the perplexity-lite fallback failed with an API quota/401 error, so no ARL8B-deep-research-falcon.md or fallback provider report was produced. I proceeded using the fetched UniProt record, cached GOA-derived PMIDs, cached publication text, and the Proteostasis PN projection reports.

Proteostasis PN review

Fetched human ARL8B on 2026-06-03 and reviewed it in the Proteostasis PN batch. The PN projection proposes GO:0061906 autophagosome localization from the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway node "HOPS-BORC complex bridging" [file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_candidate_additions.tsv "ARL8B\t\tGO:0061906\tautophagosome localization\tnew_to_goa"].

I treated that projection conservatively. The direct ARL8B literature strongly supports lysosomal/endolysosomal membrane localization, lysosome positioning, HOPS-linked cargo delivery to lysosomes, and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. It does not clearly show that ARL8B directly localizes autophagosomes as the transported organelle. The strongest autophagy-related ARL8B evidence is that PLEKHM1 connects ARL8B with HOPS at lysosomal contact/fusion sites and that ARL8B binding is needed for lysosomal degradation of autophagic cargo [PMID:28325809 "Arl8b mediates recruitment of HOPS complex to PLEKHM1-positive vesicle contact sites"; PMID:28325809 "Arl8b binding is crucial for PLEKHM1 to promote lysosomal degradation of endocytic and autophagic cargo"].

Core synthesis: ARL8B is best curated as a small GTPase on lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes that recruits effectors for lysosome positioning and cargo-delivery/fusion. BORC recruits ARL8B to lysosomes and enables peripheral lysosome movement PMID:25898167, SKIP/PLEKHM2 links ARL8 to kinesin-1 for plus-end-directed lysosome motility PMID:22172677, and VPS41/HOPS recruitment supports endosome/phagosome/autophagosome delivery to lysosomes PMID:21802320.

The seeded GO:0007059 chromosome segregation annotation points to PMID:14871887, which is a Drosophila Topors/Hairy ubiquitin ligase paper and appears unrelated to ARL8B PMID:14871887. The term itself has support from the ARL8B/GIE paper PMID:15331635, so I retained it as non-core and flagged the PMID mismatch in the review.

Falcon deep research findings (2026-06-07)

The Falcon report (Edison Scientific) was successfully generated (the earlier 2026-06-03 attempt had timed out). Most content CONFIRMS the existing review; one finding is genuinely NEW vs the existing annotations. Provenance below; PMIDs resolved via PubMed ID converter from DOIs.

  • NEW (primary, directly ARL8B-relevant): DENND6A is a direct ARL8B effector that drives the retrograde arm of lysosome transport via a DENND6A→Rab34→RILP/dynein cascade, with nutrient-dependent juxtanuclear repositioning, and DENND6A loss impairs autophagic flux [PMID:38296963 (Kumar et al. 2024, Nat Commun) "Arl8b recruits DENND6A to peripheral lysosomes to activate Rab34 and initiate retrograde transport"; DOI:10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1]. This is distinct from the RUFY3/RUFY4 dynein-dynactin retrograde coupling already in the review (PMID:35314674); it adds a second, GEF-cascade-based retrograde mechanism downstream of ARL8B. Conceptually positions ARL8B as a bidirectional transport coordinator (kinesin via SKIP; dynein via DENND6A/Rab34/RILP and via RUFY3/4). I added PMID:38296963 to references.

  • NEW (human disease, upstream of ARL8B, not an ARL8B coding mutation): biallelic BORCS8 (BORC subunit) variants cause an infantile-onset neurodegenerative disorder with altered lysosome dynamics; loss-of-function alleles reduce BORC assembly and peripheral lysosome distribution [PMID:38128568 (De Pace et al. 2024, Brain) "BORC associates with the cytosolic face of lysosomes, where it sequentially recruits the small GTPase ARL8 and kinesin-1 and -3 microtubule motors"; DOI:10.1093/brain/awad427]. Direct human evidence that perturbing the upstream ARL8B recruiter is clinically severe; underscores physiological importance of the BORC→ARL8B axis. Added as a reference (statement-only). Did NOT use to change any ARL8B annotation since it concerns BORCS8, not ARL8B itself.

  • CONFIRMS: anterograde axis BORC→ARL8B-GTP→SKIP/PLEKHM2→kinesin-1 (KIF5B/KLC); SKIP WD motifs (W207A/D208A/W236A/E237A) required for KIF5B recruitment; KIF5B knockdown >85% phenocopies ARL8/SKIP depletion [Rosa-Ferreira & Munro 2011, DOI:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.007]. Already captured via PMID:22172677 and lysosome-localization annotations.

  • CONFIRMS: HOPS/VPS41 tethering for endosome-lysosome fusion and EGFR degradation; ARL8B (not Rab7) required for hVps41 lysosomal localization [Khatter et al. 2015 J Cell Sci, DOI:10.1242/jcs.162651]. Already captured via PMID:21802320/PMID:28325809.

  • CONFIRMS / context: PLEKHM1 (RUN domain) competes with SKIP for ARL8B, balancing positioning vs fusion; ARL8A/ARL8B ~91% identical [Marwaha et al. 2017, DOI:10.1083/jcb.201607085]. Already captured (PMID:28325809). The ~91% paralog identity supports careful attribution: SKIP/kinesin, HOPS/VPS41, BORC, RUFY, and DENND6A studies are largely on ARL8B specifically.

  • PROVISIONAL / low-confidence (NOT used to change annotations): two preprint versions of the DENND6A work (bioRxiv 2023.08.21.554162; Research Square rs.3.rs-3283181/v1) predate the published PMID:38296963 and are superseded by it. OpenTargets disease associations (e.g., "neoplasm") are heterogeneous association-level evidence only. The report's structural claims (N-terminal amphipathic helix; PDB 1ZD9) are review-level context, not new primary data; not added.

Pn Notes

(ARL8B-pn-notes.md)

ARL8B PN Consistency Notes

  • Generated: 2026-06-18
  • Project: PROTEOSTASIS
  • Scope: PN consistency rereview against local AIGR review and available deep-research artifacts
  • UniProt: Q9NVJ2
  • AIGR review status: COMPLETE
  • Review batch: proteostasis-batch-2026-06-03 (PR 1369)
  • Batch change status: added

Source Files Checked

Deep Research Files

AIGR Review Snapshot

  • Description: ARL8B is a conserved Arf-like small GTPase that associates with lysosomal and endolysosomal membranes in its active GTP-bound state. Through effector interactions with BORC, PLEKHM2/SKIP-kinesin, PLEKHM1/HOPS, VPS41, and RUFY proteins, it coordinates lysosome positioning, endolysosomal cargo delivery, and lysosome fusion or exocytosis in contexts including autophagic cargo degradation, phagosome maturation, antigen presentation, cytolytic granule polarization, plasma membrane repair, and beta-coronavirus egress.
  • Existing/core annotation action counts: ACCEPT: 39; KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: 27; MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED: 12

PN Consistency Summary

  • Consistency: Consistent, with deliberate PN-vs-review divergence on GO:0061906. DR ↔ notes ↔ YAML agree: ARL8B is the better-characterized paralog — lysosomal small GTPase recruiting SKIP/PLEKHM2-kinesin (anterograde), HOPS/VPS41 (fusion), RUFY3/4 and DENND6A/Rab34/RILP (retrograde).
  • PN story / NEW pressure: PN's projected term GO:0061906 autophagosome localization (verified real, new_to_goa): review DECLINES — ARL8B drives lysosome positioning and autophagosome-lysosome fusion/cargo delivery, not direct positioning of autophagosomes as cargo. The autophagy role IS already captured by the existing GO:0061909 autophagosome-lysosome fusion (IMP, PMID:28325809) which the review ACCEPTs. So the genuine autophagy story is already in GOA via fusion, and GO:0061906 over-reaches. Conclude: already-captured (fusion) + GO:0061906 not supported.
  • Evidence alignment: PN cites the same three titles as ARL8A (Arl8 review; BORC; RUFY3/4=PMID:35314674). Review anchors PMID:16537643, 25898167 (BORC), 22172677 (SKIP/kinesin), 21802320 (VPS41/HOPS), 28325809 (PLEKHM1/fusion), 35314674 (RUFY3/4); DR added PMID:38296963 (DENND6A), 38128568 (BORCS8). REF ISSUE flagged in review: seeded GO:0007059 chromosome segregation cites PMID:14871887 (a Drosophila Topors paper, wrong gene) — review retains term as non-core (supported by GIE PMID:15331635) and flags the mismatch with a reference_review + suggested correction.
  • Verdict: Consistent; PN GO:0061906 over-reaches; autophagy role already captured via GO:0061909 (ACCEPTed). REF mismatch (PMID:14871887) correctly flagged, not removed.

Full Consistency Review

  • UniProt: Q9NVJ2 · batch: proteostasis-batch-2026-06-03 (Falcon DR 2026-06-07) · review status: COMPLETE
  • PN placement: 2 rows, ALP (identical structure to ARL8A). (1) …Localization of the autophagosome|Movement of autophagosomes along microtubules|HOPS-BORC complex bridging; (2) …Autophagosome-lysosome docking|HOPS-BORC interaction mediator. PN-node mapping: localization group + movement/bridging leaves=mapped→GO:0061906 autophagosome localization (new_to_goa); docking nodes=context_only→GO:0061909; class=context_only→GO:0016236.
  • Consistency: Consistent, with deliberate PN-vs-review divergence on GO:0061906. DR ↔ notes ↔ YAML agree: ARL8B is the better-characterized paralog — lysosomal small GTPase recruiting SKIP/PLEKHM2-kinesin (anterograde), HOPS/VPS41 (fusion), RUFY3/4 and DENND6A/Rab34/RILP (retrograde).
  • PN story / NEW pressure: PN's projected term GO:0061906 autophagosome localization (verified real, new_to_goa): review DECLINES — ARL8B drives lysosome positioning and autophagosome-lysosome fusion/cargo delivery, not direct positioning of autophagosomes as cargo. The autophagy role IS already captured by the existing GO:0061909 autophagosome-lysosome fusion (IMP, PMID:28325809) which the review ACCEPTs. So the genuine autophagy story is already in GOA via fusion, and GO:0061906 over-reaches. Conclude: already-captured (fusion) + GO:0061906 not supported.
  • Mapping strategy: Same as ARL8A — mapping flagged manual_gene_level_review_required; gene-level review declines GO:0061906 projection. Right process family, wrong cargo organelle; shared target should remain lysosome localization (GO:0032418) / existing fusion term.
  • Evidence alignment: PN cites the same three titles as ARL8A (Arl8 review; BORC; RUFY3/4=PMID:35314674). Review anchors PMID:16537643, 25898167 (BORC), 22172677 (SKIP/kinesin), 21802320 (VPS41/HOPS), 28325809 (PLEKHM1/fusion), 35314674 (RUFY3/4); DR added PMID:38296963 (DENND6A), 38128568 (BORCS8). REF ISSUE flagged in review: seeded GO:0007059 chromosome segregation cites PMID:14871887 (a Drosophila Topors paper, wrong gene) — review retains term as non-core (supported by GIE PMID:15331635) and flags the mismatch with a reference_review + suggested correction.
  • Verdict: Consistent; PN GO:0061906 over-reaches; autophagy role already captured via GO:0061909 (ACCEPTed). REF mismatch (PMID:14871887) correctly flagged, not removed.
  • Recommended edits: none to ARL8B-ai-review.yaml (it already flags both issues). [MAP] do not propagate GO:0061906 to ARL8B (autophagy role captured by GO:0061909). [REF] PN/curators: correct GO:0007059 origin reference PMID:14871887 → PMID:15331635 (GIE/ARL8 study).

PN Dossier Context

  • review_batch: proteostasis-batch-2026-06-03
  • review_yaml: genes/human/ARL8B/ARL8B-ai-review.yaml
  • PN workbook rows: 2

PN row 1: Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway | Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion | Localization of the autophagosome | Movement of autophagosomes along microtubules | HOPS-BORC complex bridging

  • UniProt: Q9NVJ2
  • In branches: ALP
  • Notes: Small GTPase that regulates lysosome positioning and bridges the HOPS and BORC complexes for autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Also serves as a link to the dynein-dynactin system for vesicles.
  • PN references (titles):
    • Arf-like GTPase Arl8: Moving from the periphery to the center of lysosomal biology (tandfonline.com)
    • Full article: BORC coordinates encounter and fusion of lysosomes with autophagosomes (tandfonline.com)
    • RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin | Nature Communications
  • PN-node mapping records (path + ancestors):
    • [subtype] Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion|Localization of the autophagosome|Movement of autophagosomes along microtubules|HOPS-BORC complex bridging
      status=mapped scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go GO=[GO:0061906 autophagosome localization]
      rationale: This PN subtype denotes the bridging machinery that links HOPS/BORC-like late-endolysosomal transport systems to autophagosome positioning on microtubules. The best current GO target is autophagosome localization.
    • [type] Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion|Localization of the autophagosome|Movement of autophagosomes along microtubules
      status=mapped scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go GO=[GO:0061906 autophagosome localization]
      rationale: This leaf describes a mechanism for positioning autophagosomes. The safe shared GO target is autophagosome localization, not the downstream fusion process.
    • [group] Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion|Localization of the autophagosome
      status=mapped scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go GO=[GO:0061906 autophagosome localization]
      rationale: This group is explicitly about positioning/autophagosome localization in late autophagy. Autophagosome localization is the correct propagation target rather than autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
    • [class] Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion
      status=context_only scope=too_broad_to_propagate GO=[GO:0016236 macroautophagy]
      rationale: This class is a late macroautophagy context, but the subtree mixes docking, fusion, localization, membrane-composition, and unknown late-stage roles. The class-level relation is useful for display while propagation is restricted to narrower mechanism nodes.
    • [branch] Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway
      status=no_mapping scope= GO=[]
      rationale: Reviewed as the top-level PN branch. It is a project taxonomy umbrella rather than a direct GO assertion; all propagation must come from manually curated child nodes.

PN row 2: Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway | Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion | Autophagosome-lysosome docking | HOPS-BORC interaction mediator

  • UniProt: Q9NVJ2
  • In branches: ALP
  • Notes: Small GTPase that regulates lysosome positioning and bridges the HOPS and BORC complexes for autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Also serves as a link to the dynein-dynactin system for vesicles.
  • PN references (titles):
    • Arf-like GTPase Arl8: Moving from the periphery to the center of lysosomal biology (tandfonline.com)
    • Full article: BORC coordinates encounter and fusion of lysosomes with autophagosomes (tandfonline.com)
    • RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin | Nature Communications
  • PN-node mapping records (path + ancestors):
    • [type] Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion|Autophagosome-lysosome docking|HOPS-BORC interaction mediator
      status=context_only scope=too_broad_to_propagate GO=[GO:0061909 autophagosome-lysosome fusion]
      rationale: Reviewed as an interaction-mediator bucket in autophagosome-lysosome docking. The relation to fusion is contextual and should not project generic fusion to all members.
    • [group] Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion|Autophagosome-lysosome docking
      status=context_only scope=too_broad_to_propagate GO=[GO:0061909 autophagosome-lysosome fusion]
      rationale: Reviewed as an autophagosome-lysosome docking context. The subtree mixes component buckets and modulators, so generic fusion propagation should come only from narrower reviewed mechanism leaves.
    • [class] Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion
      status=context_only scope=too_broad_to_propagate GO=[GO:0016236 macroautophagy]
      rationale: This class is a late macroautophagy context, but the subtree mixes docking, fusion, localization, membrane-composition, and unknown late-stage roles. The class-level relation is useful for display while propagation is restricted to narrower mechanism nodes.
    • [branch] Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway
      status=no_mapping scope= GO=[]
      rationale: Reviewed as the top-level PN branch. It is a project taxonomy umbrella rather than a direct GO assertion; all propagation must come from manually curated child nodes.

Projected GO annotations (3)

  • GO:0061906 autophagosome localization | scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go | goa_status=new_to_goa | from=Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion|Localization of the autophagosome
  • GO:0061906 autophagosome localization | scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go | goa_status=new_to_goa | from=Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion|Localization of the autophagosome|Movement of autophagosomes along microtubules
  • GO:0061906 autophagosome localization | scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go | goa_status=new_to_goa | from=Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway|Autophagosome closure maturation and lysosome fusion|Localization of the autophagosome|Movement of autophagosomes along microtubules|HOPS-BORC complex bridging

Note

This file is generated from the current PROTEOSTASIS phase-1 dossier and local gene-review artifacts. Edit the source review, PN mapping, or dossier rather than this generated note when correcting the underlying curation.

📄 View Raw YAML

id: Q9NVJ2
gene_symbol: ARL8B
product_type: PROTEIN
status: COMPLETE
taxon:
  id: NCBITaxon:9606
  label: Homo sapiens
description: ARL8B is a conserved Arf-like small GTPase that associates with lysosomal and
  endolysosomal membranes in its active GTP-bound state. Through effector interactions with
  BORC, PLEKHM2/SKIP-kinesin, PLEKHM1/HOPS, VPS41, and RUFY proteins, it coordinates lysosome
  positioning, endolysosomal cargo delivery, and lysosome fusion or exocytosis in contexts
  including autophagic cargo degradation, phagosome maturation, antigen presentation, cytolytic
  granule polarization, plasma membrane repair, and beta-coronavirus egress.
alternative_products:
- name: '1'
  id: Q9NVJ2-1
- name: '2'
  id: Q9NVJ2-2
  sequence_note: VSP_056238
existing_annotations:
- term:
    id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0008089
    label: anterograde axonal transport
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: anterograde axonal transport is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology
      and automated/by-similarity transfer.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle
      trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general
      lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0003924
    label: GTPase activity
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTPase activity annotation is consistent
      with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features
      of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
- term:
    id: GO:0003925
    label: G protein activity
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000003
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a monomeric Arf-like small GTPase, so the heterotrimeric
      G protein activity term is not the best molecular-function annotation.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: The cited evidence supports small-GTPase biology captured by GO:0003924
      GTPase activity, which is already present and accepted; GO:0003925 is over-broad
      or semantically imprecise for ARL8B.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
- term:
    id: GO:0005525
    label: GTP binding
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTP binding annotation is consistent with
      direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features
      of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
- term:
    id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0005819
    label: spindle
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: spindle comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal
      small-GTPase role established by later work.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules
        on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Cytosol is a generic automated localization and is less informative than ARL8B
      lysosomal membrane/endolysosomal localization.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: ARL8B cycles between soluble and membrane-associated states, but the curated functional
      signal is the active lysosomal/endolysosomal membrane pool; generic cytosol is over-annotated
      for this review.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound
        states
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes
- term:
    id: GO:0015031
    label: protein transport
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: The broad protein transport IEA captures the general trafficking theme but is
      too nonspecific for ARL8B.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: ARL8B evidence supports lysosome positioning and specific late-endosome/phagosome/autophagosome-to-lysosome
      traffic rather than generic protein transport; the more specific lysosome
      localization and late endosome-to-lysosome transport annotations are already
      present and accepted.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
        receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:28325809
      supporting_text: Arl8b, along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and
        fusion.
- term:
    id: GO:0030424
    label: axon
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: axon is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity
      transfer.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle
      trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general
      lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0031901
    label: early endosome membrane
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: early endosome membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:36282215
      supporting_text: Arl8b determines RUFY1 endosomal localization through regulating its
        interaction with Rab14.
    - reference_id: PMID:36282215
      supporting_text: RUFY1 depletion led to a delay in CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes
        to the TGN, resulting in impaired delivery of newly synthesized hydrolases to lysosomes.
- term:
    id: GO:0031902
    label: late endosome membrane
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: late endosome membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0045202
    label: synapse
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: synapse is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity
      transfer.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle
      trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general
      lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0051233
    label: spindle midzone
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000117
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: spindle midzone comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal
      small-GTPase role established by later work.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules
        on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0101004
    label: cytolytic granule membrane
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: cytolytic granule membrane is supported for NK cells, where ARL8B localizes to
      lytic granules and promotes polarization toward the immune synapse.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This is a well-supported lysosome-related organelle function in a specialized
      immune-cell context, not the general core function of ARL8B.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:24088571
      supporting_text: Arl8b colocalizes with perforin, granzyme B, and LAMP-1, markers of
        lytic granules.
- term:
    id: GO:1904115
    label: axon cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000108
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: axon cytoplasm is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity
      transfer.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle
      trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general
      lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:28325809
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: PLEKHM1 binding is real and biologically important for HOPS-linked lysosomal
      fusion, but generic protein binding is not an informative GO molecular function for
      ARL8B.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to
      endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology
      and is therefore over-annotated.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:28325809
      supporting_text: Arl8b mediates recruitment of HOPS complex to PLEKHM1-positive vesicle
        contact sites.
    - reference_id: PMID:28325809
      supporting_text: Arl8b binding is crucial for PLEKHM1 to promote lysosomal degradation
        of endocytic and autophagic cargo.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:32296183
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: The HuRI protein interaction is a broad interactome finding and does not define
      a specific ARL8B molecular function beyond generic binding.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to
      endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology
      and is therefore over-annotated.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:32296183
      supporting_text: A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.
- term:
    id: GO:0002505
    label: antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
      is supported by immune-cell lysosomal trafficking studies but is context-specific.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: ARL8B controls delivery of antigen-containing cargo to lysosomal compartments;
      antigen presentation is a downstream immune-cell outcome rather than the core molecular
      role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
        receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
- term:
    id: GO:0005764
    label: lysosome
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies
      and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0008089
    label: anterograde axonal transport
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: anterograde axonal transport is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology
      and automated/by-similarity transfer.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle
      trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general
      lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0046754
    label: viral exocytosis
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytosis is exploited by beta-coronaviruses for viral
      egress.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The process annotation is supported for infection biology, but it represents pathogen
      exploitation of ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytosis rather than a core host function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:33157038
      supporting_text: these viruses use a lysosomal, Arl8b-dependent exocytic pathway for
        release into the extracellular environment.
- term:
    id: GO:1902774
    label: late endosome to lysosome transport
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: late endosome to lysosome transport is supported by ARL8B loss-of-function cargo-delivery
      assays and HOPS recruitment evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: This captures ARL8B-dependent delivery of endocytic cargo to lysosomes, a core
      part of its endolysosomal trafficking role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
        receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b was found to bind and recruit the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS (homotypic
        fusion and protein sorting) complex to lysosomes.
    - reference_id: PMID:28325809
      supporting_text: Arl8b, along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and
        fusion.
- term:
    id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:16650381
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:21802320
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:28325809
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:29592961
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0031902
    label: late endosome membrane
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:16537643
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: late endosome membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0045202
    label: synapse
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: synapse is supported mainly by conserved neuronal ARL8 biology and automated/by-similarity
      transfer.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation is plausible for neuronal endolysosomal or presynaptic-vesicle
      trafficking, but human ARL8B direct evidence in this review is stronger for general
      lysosome positioning and cargo delivery.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:35314674
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RUFY3/RUFY4 interactions support ARL8B-dependent endolysosome motor coupling,
      but generic protein binding does not capture the specific small-GTPase effector relationship.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to
      endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology
      and is therefore over-annotated.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:35314674
      supporting_text: RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes
        to dynein-dynactin
    - reference_id: PMID:35314674
      supporting_text: ARL8 can thus regulate both anterograde and retrograde endolysosome
        transport through interactions with kinesin and dynein-dynactin motors
- term:
    id: GO:0003924
    label: GTPase activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:16537643
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTPase activity annotation is consistent
      with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features
      of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
- term:
    id: GO:0031901
    label: early endosome membrane
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:36282215
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: early endosome membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:36282215
      supporting_text: Arl8b determines RUFY1 endosomal localization through regulating its
        interaction with Rab14.
    - reference_id: PMID:36282215
      supporting_text: RUFY1 depletion led to a delay in CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes
        to the TGN, resulting in impaired delivery of newly synthesized hydrolases to lysosomes.
- term:
    id: GO:0034498
    label: early endosome to Golgi transport
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:36282215
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: early endosome to Golgi transport is supported by RUFY1-dependent CI-M6PR retrieval
      work.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This is a specific cargo-sorting branch of ARL8B biology and supports lysosomal
      hydrolase delivery, but it is secondary to the major lysosome positioning/fusion role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:36282215
      supporting_text: RUFY1 depletion led to a delay in CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes
        to the TGN, resulting in impaired delivery of newly synthesized hydrolases to lysosomes.
- term:
    id: GO:1902946
    label: protein localization to early endosome
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:36282215
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: protein localization to early endosome is supported by RUFY1-dependent CI-M6PR
      retrieval work.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This is a specific cargo-sorting branch of ARL8B biology and supports lysosomal
      hydrolase delivery, but it is secondary to the major lysosome positioning/fusion role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:36282215
      supporting_text: Arl8b determines RUFY1 endosomal localization through regulating its
        interaction with Rab14.
- term:
    id: GO:0046754
    label: viral exocytosis
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:33157038
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytosis is exploited by beta-coronaviruses for viral
      egress.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The process annotation is supported for infection biology, but it represents pathogen
      exploitation of ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytosis rather than a core host function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:33157038
      supporting_text: these viruses use a lysosomal, Arl8b-dependent exocytic pathway for
        release into the extracellular environment.
- term:
    id: GO:0003925
    label: G protein activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:16537643
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a monomeric Arf-like small GTPase, so the heterotrimeric
      G protein activity term is not the best molecular-function annotation.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: The cited evidence supports small-GTPase biology captured by GO:0003924
      GTPase activity, which is already present and accepted; GO:0003925 is over-broad
      or semantically imprecise for ARL8B.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
- term:
    id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27808481
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0032418
    label: lysosome localization
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:16537643
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome
      positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent
        redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane
        and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0032418
    label: lysosome localization
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27808481
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome
      positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent
        redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane
        and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0042267
    label: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:24088571
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity is supported for NK cells, where ARL8B
      localizes to lytic granules and promotes polarization toward the immune synapse.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This is a well-supported lysosome-related organelle function in a specialized
      immune-cell context, not the general core function of ARL8B.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:24088571
      supporting_text: Arl8b drives the polarization of lytic granules and microtubule-organizing
        centers (MTOCs) toward the immune synapse
- term:
    id: GO:0101004
    label: cytolytic granule membrane
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:24088571
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: cytolytic granule membrane is supported for NK cells, where ARL8B localizes to
      lytic granules and promotes polarization toward the immune synapse.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This is a well-supported lysosome-related organelle function in a specialized
      immune-cell context, not the general core function of ARL8B.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:24088571
      supporting_text: Arl8b colocalizes with perforin, granzyme B, and LAMP-1, markers of
        lytic granules.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:22172677
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: PLEKHM2/SKIP binding is central to ARL8B-dependent kinesin recruitment, but protein
      binding is too generic relative to the lysosome localization process annotation.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to
      endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology
      and is therefore over-annotated.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed
        motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
- term:
    id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:22172677
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0032418
    label: lysosome localization
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:22172677
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome
      positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent
        redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane
        and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0005764
    label: lysosome
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:28325809
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies
      and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0032418
    label: lysosome localization
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:28325809
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome
      positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent
        redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane
        and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0061909
    label: autophagosome-lysosome fusion
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:28325809
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: ARL8B contributes to autophagosome-lysosome fusion through PLEKHM1/HOPS-linked
      lysosomal contact sites.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The evidence is stronger for lysosomal tethering/fusion with autophagic cargo
      than for a separate autophagosome-positioning role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:28325809
      supporting_text: Arl8b mediates recruitment of HOPS complex to PLEKHM1-positive vesicle
        contact sites.
    - reference_id: PMID:28325809
      supporting_text: Arl8b binding is crucial for PLEKHM1 to promote lysosomal degradation
        of endocytic and autophagic cargo.
- term:
    id: GO:1902774
    label: late endosome to lysosome transport
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:28325809
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: late endosome to lysosome transport is supported by ARL8B loss-of-function cargo-delivery
      assays and HOPS recruitment evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: This captures ARL8B-dependent delivery of endocytic cargo to lysosomes, a core
      part of its endolysosomal trafficking role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
        receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b was found to bind and recruit the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS (homotypic
        fusion and protein sorting) complex to lysosomes.
    - reference_id: PMID:28325809
      supporting_text: Arl8b, along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and
        fusion.
- term:
    id: GO:0001778
    label: plasma membrane repair
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:29592961
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: plasma membrane repair is supported in membrane injury and Mycobacterium infection
      models.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: ARL8B-dependent lysosome exocytosis is real but context-dependent, so it should
      be retained as non-core rather than used to define the main gene function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:29592961
      supporting_text: Arl8b is required for the process of plasma membrane repair in controlling
        the Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes
    - reference_id: PMID:29592961
      supporting_text: Arl8b-depleted MDMs become necrotic after infection with H37Ra instead
        of apoptotic.
- term:
    id: GO:0005764
    label: lysosome
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:29592961
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies
      and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0032418
    label: lysosome localization
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:29592961
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome
      positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent
        redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane
        and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
- term:
    id: GO:1990927
    label: calcium ion regulated lysosome exocytosis
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:29592961
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: calcium ion regulated lysosome exocytosis is supported in membrane injury and
      Mycobacterium infection models.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: ARL8B-dependent lysosome exocytosis is real but context-dependent, so it should
      be retained as non-core rather than used to define the main gene function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:29592961
      supporting_text: Arl8b is required for the process of plasma membrane repair in controlling
        the Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes
- term:
    id: GO:0002747
    label: antigen processing and presentation following phagocytosis
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:21802320
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: antigen processing and presentation following phagocytosis is supported by immune-cell
      lysosomal trafficking studies but is context-specific.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: ARL8B controls delivery of antigen-containing cargo to lysosomal compartments;
      antigen presentation is a downstream immune-cell outcome rather than the core molecular
      role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: phagosome to lysosome delivery and fusion were delayed by Arl8b silencing
        resulting in a defect in microbial killing.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21802320
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: VPS41/HOPS binding supports ARL8B-mediated lysosomal cargo delivery, but protein
      binding is too broad and should not be treated as a useful molecular function term.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to
      endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology
      and is therefore over-annotated.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b was found to bind and recruit the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS (homotypic
        fusion and protein sorting) complex to lysosomes.
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
        receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
- term:
    id: GO:0005525
    label: GTP binding
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:16650381
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTP binding annotation is consistent with
      direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features
      of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
- term:
    id: GO:0005764
    label: lysosome
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:16650381
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies
      and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0005764
    label: lysosome
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:21802320
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: lysosome is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization studies
      and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0019003
    label: GDP binding
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:16650381
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GDP binding annotation is consistent with
      direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features
      of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
- term:
    id: GO:0032418
    label: lysosome localization
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:16650381
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome
      positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent
        redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane
        and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0032418
    label: lysosome localization
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:21802320
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome
      positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent
        redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane
        and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0090117
    label: endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:21802320
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle is supported
      by ARL8B loss-of-function cargo-delivery assays and HOPS recruitment evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: This captures ARL8B-dependent delivery of endocytic cargo to lysosomes, a core
      part of its endolysosomal trafficking role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
        receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
- term:
    id: GO:0090385
    label: phagosome-lysosome fusion
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:21802320
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Phagosome-lysosome fusion is directly supported in host-defense assays, but it
      is a context-specific branch of ARL8B lysosomal trafficking.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation is biologically sound, but phagocytic killing is not the broad
      core role of ARL8B across cell types.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: phagosome to lysosome delivery and fusion were delayed by Arl8b silencing
        resulting in a defect in microbial killing.
- term:
    id: GO:0002505
    label: antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
      is supported by immune-cell lysosomal trafficking studies but is context-specific.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: ARL8B controls delivery of antigen-containing cargo to lysosomal compartments;
      antigen presentation is a downstream immune-cell outcome rather than the core molecular
      role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
        receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
- term:
    id: GO:1902774
    label: late endosome to lysosome transport
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: late endosome to lysosome transport is supported by ARL8B loss-of-function cargo-delivery
      assays and HOPS recruitment evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: This captures ARL8B-dependent delivery of endocytic cargo to lysosomes, a core
      part of its endolysosomal trafficking role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
        receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
    - reference_id: PMID:21802320
      supporting_text: Arl8b was found to bind and recruit the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS (homotypic
        fusion and protein sorting) complex to lysosomes.
    - reference_id: PMID:28325809
      supporting_text: Arl8b, along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and
        fusion.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25898167
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: BORCS5/BORC interaction supports ARL8B lysosomal recruitment and positioning,
      but generic protein binding is not curator-informative.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: ARL8B functions as a regulated small GTPase that recruits specific effectors to
      endolysosomal membranes; a generic protein binding annotation obscures that biology
      and is therefore over-annotated.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC functions to recruit Arl8 to lysosomes, thereby initiating a chain
        of interactions that promotes microtubule-guided transport of lysosomes toward the
        cell periphery.
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane
        and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:25898167
  qualifier: colocalizes_with
  review:
    summary: lysosomal membrane is a core localization for ARL8B based on direct localization
      studies and UniProt synthesis.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ARL8B acts from lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes to recruit effectors controlling
      motility, tethering, fusion, and cargo sorting.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0032418
    label: lysosome localization
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:25898167
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Lysosome localization is the best-supported core biological process for ARL8B.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Multiple independent studies show ARL8B-dependent peripheral/anterograde lysosome
      positioning through BORC, SKIP/kinesin, and regulation by RNF167.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent
        redistribution of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
    - reference_id: PMID:22172677
      supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
    - reference_id: PMID:25898167
      supporting_text: BORC acts at an early stage, recruiting Arl8b to the lysosomal membrane
        and therefore enabling coupling to the SKIP-Kinesin-1 complex
- term:
    id: GO:0016020
    label: membrane
  evidence_type: HDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:19946888
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Generic membrane localization from high-throughput NK-cell membrane proteomics
      is much less informative than lysosomal membrane localization.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: The more specific lysosomal/cytolytic-granule membrane annotations should carry
      this biology; generic membrane is over-annotated.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:19946888
      supporting_text: Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0070062
    label: extracellular exosome
  evidence_type: HDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:19056867
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Extracellular exosome comes from broad high-throughput proteomics and is not
      a defining ARL8B localization or function.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: This does not fit the strong mechanistic consensus that ARL8B functions on endolysosomal/lysosomal
      membranes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:19056867
      supporting_text: Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
    - reference_id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
      supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
        lysosomal motility
- term:
    id: GO:0003924
    label: GTPase activity
  evidence_type: NAS
  original_reference_id: PMID:15331635
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTPase activity annotation is consistent
      with direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features
      of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
- term:
    id: GO:0005525
    label: GTP binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15331635
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GTP binding annotation is consistent with
      direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features
      of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16537643
      supporting_text: Arl8a and Arl8b (also known as Arl10b/c and Gie1/2), localise to lysosomes
        in
- term:
    id: GO:0005737
    label: cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15331635
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: cytoplasm comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal
      small-GTPase role established by later work.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules
        on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0007059
    label: chromosome segregation
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:14871887
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: The term is supported by the ARL8/GIE chromosome-segregation study, but the seeded
      GOA original PMID points to an unrelated Drosophila Topors paper.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Keep as non-core because PMID:15331635 supports a mitotic phenotype for GIE/ARL8
      proteins. The original_reference_id is retained as fetched GOA provenance, while
      the corrected supporting ARL8B reference is recorded in additional_reference_ids
      and the upstream source should be checked.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:15331635
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:14871887
      supporting_text: Drosophila Topors is a RING finger-containing protein that functions
        as a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase for the hairy basic helix-loop-helix repressor
        protein.
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Expression of dominant-negative Gie mutants in mammalian cells or knockdown
        of Gie transcripts using RNA interference in Drosophila S2 cells induced abnormal
        morphology in the chromosome segregation.
- term:
    id: GO:0019003
    label: GDP binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15331635
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ARL8B is a small Arf-like GTPase; the GDP binding annotation is consistent with
      direct biochemical and sequence evidence.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: GTP binding/hydrolysis and small G-protein switching are core molecular features
      of ARL8B that underlie effector recruitment on endolysosomal membranes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Here, we identify novel GTPases (human Gie1 and Gie2) that form a distinct
        subfamily of the small GTPases
    - reference_id: PMID:16650381
      supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution to the periphery of the cell and into membrane projections.
- term:
    id: GO:0030496
    label: midbody
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15331635
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: midbody comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal
      small-GTPase role established by later work.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules
        on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0043014
    label: alpha-tubulin binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15331635
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: alpha-tubulin binding comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis
      study.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal
      small-GTPase role established by later work.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules
        on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0048487
    label: beta-tubulin binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15331635
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: beta-tubulin binding comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal
      small-GTPase role established by later work.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules
        on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0051233
    label: spindle midzone
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15331635
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: spindle midzone comes from the early GIE/ARL8B microtubule and mitosis study.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: This appears experimentally supported but peripheral to the dominant lysosomal
      small-GTPase role established by later work.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15331635
      supporting_text: Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules
        on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
references:
- id: GO_REF:0000002
  title: Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000003
  title: Gene Ontology annotation based on Enzyme Commission mapping
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000024
  title: Manual transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs
    by curator judgment of sequence similarity
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000033
  title: Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000044
  title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary
    mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000107
  title: Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs
    using Ensembl Compara
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000108
  title: Automatic assignment of GO terms using logical inference, based on on inter-ontology
    links
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000117
  title: Electronic Gene Ontology annotations created by ARBA machine learning models
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000120
  title: Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
  findings: []
- id: PMID:14871887
  title: Drosophila Topors is a RING finger-containing protein that functions as a ubiquitin-protein
    isopeptide ligase for the hairy basic helix-loop-helix repressor protein.
  findings:
  - statement: This PMID appears unrelated to ARL8B chromosome segregation and should be checked
      as a possible upstream GOA/UniProt reference error.
    supporting_text: Drosophila Topors is a RING finger-containing protein that functions
      as a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase for the hairy basic helix-loop-helix repressor
      protein.
- id: PMID:15331635
  title: Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tubulin is required for
    chromosome segregation.
  findings:
  - statement: ARL8B/GIE is a small GTPase with tubulin binding and mitotic spindle-midzone
      localization.
    supporting_text: Gie protein has ability to bind to tubulin and localizes with microtubules
      on the spindle mid-zone in late mitosis.
- id: PMID:16537643
  title: An N-terminally acetylated Arf-like GTPase is localised to lysosomes and affects
    their motility.
  findings:
  - statement: ARL8A and ARL8B localize to lysosomes and affect lysosome motility.
    supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution
      of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
- id: PMID:16650381
  title: The Arf-family protein, Arl8b, is involved in the spatial distribution of lysosomes.
  findings:
  - statement: GTP-locked ARL8B localizes to lysosomes and redistributes lysosomes toward
      the cell periphery.
    supporting_text: GTP-restricted mutant Arl8b localizes to lysosomes and causes their redistribution
      toward the cell periphery.
- id: PMID:19056867
  title: Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19946888
  title: Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:21802320
  title: Lysosomal trafficking, antigen presentation, and microbial killing are controlled
    by the Arf-like GTPase Arl8b.
  findings:
  - statement: ARL8B is required for lysosomal cargo delivery, CD1 antigen presentation, and
      phagosome-lysosome fusion through VPS41/HOPS recruitment.
    supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
      receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
- id: PMID:22172677
  title: Arl8 and SKIP act together to link lysosomes to kinesin-1.
  findings:
  - statement: ARL8 recruits SKIP/PLEKHM2 to link lysosomes to kinesin-1 for plus-end-directed
      movement.
    supporting_text: Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed
      motility.
- id: PMID:24088571
  title: Arf-like GTPase Arl8b regulates lytic granule polarization and natural killer cell-mediated
    cytotoxicity.
  findings:
  - statement: ARL8B promotes lytic granule and MTOC polarization required for NK-cell cytotoxicity.
    supporting_text: Arl8b drives the polarization of lytic granules and microtubule-organizing
      centers (MTOCs) toward the immune synapse
- id: PMID:25898167
  title: BORC, a multisubunit complex that regulates lysosome positioning.
  findings:
  - statement: BORC recruits ARL8B to lysosomes to promote microtubule-guided peripheral lysosome
      transport.
    supporting_text: BORC functions to recruit Arl8 to lysosomes, thereby initiating a chain
      of interactions that promotes microtubule-guided transport of lysosomes toward the cell
      periphery.
- id: PMID:27808481
  title: RNF167 targets Arl8B for degradation to regulate lysosome positioning and endocytic
    trafficking.
  findings:
  - statement: RNF167 ubiquitinates ARL8B and thereby regulates ARL8B-dependent lysosome positioning.
    supporting_text: RNF167 ubiquitinates Arl8B at the lysine residue K141 and reduces the
      level of the Arl8B protein.
- id: PMID:28325809
  title: The Rab7 effector PLEKHM1 binds Arl8b to promote cargo traffic to lysosomes.
  findings:
  - statement: PLEKHM1 connects Rab7 and ARL8B to recruit HOPS and promote lysosomal degradation
      of endocytic and autophagic cargo.
    supporting_text: Arl8b binding is crucial for PLEKHM1 to promote lysosomal degradation
      of endocytic and autophagic cargo.
- id: PMID:29592961
  title: Lysosome-Mediated Plasma Membrane Repair Is Dependent on the Small GTPase Arl8b and
    Determines Cell Death Type in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.
  findings:
  - statement: ARL8B-dependent lysosome exocytosis supports plasma membrane repair during
      Mycobacterium infection.
    supporting_text: Arl8b is required for the process of plasma membrane repair in controlling
      the Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes
- id: PMID:32296183
  title: A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:33157038
  title: β-Coronaviruses Use Lysosomes for Egress Instead of the Biosynthetic Secretory Pathway.
  findings:
  - statement: Beta-coronaviruses use an ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytic egress pathway.
    supporting_text: these viruses use a lysosomal, Arl8b-dependent exocytic pathway for release
      into the extracellular environment.
- id: PMID:35314674
  title: RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin.
  findings:
  - statement: RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that couple endolysosomes to dynein-dynactin
      for retrograde transport.
    supporting_text: RUFY3 and RUFY4 are ARL8 effectors that promote coupling of endolysosomes
      to dynein-dynactin
- id: PMID:36282215
  title: RUFY1 binds Arl8b and mediates endosome-to-TGN CI-M6PR retrieval for cargo sorting
    to lysosomes.
  findings:
  - statement: ARL8B regulates RUFY1 endosomal localization and CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes
      to the TGN.
    supporting_text: RUFY1 depletion led to a delay in CI-M6PR retrieval from endosomes to
      the TGN, resulting in impaired delivery of newly synthesized hydrolases to lysosomes.
- id: PMID:38296963
  title: DENND6A links Arl8b to a Rab34/RILP/dynein complex, regulating lysosomal positioning
    and autophagy.
  full_text_unavailable: true
  findings:
  - statement: DENND6A is a direct ARL8B effector recruited to peripheral lysosomes, where
      it acts as a GEF for Rab34; activated Rab34 recruits a RILP/dynein complex to drive
      retrograde lysosome transport and nutrient-dependent juxtanuclear repositioning, and
      loss of DENND6A impairs autophagic flux. This positions ARL8B as a bidirectional
      transport coordinator, distinct from the RUFY3/RUFY4 dynein-dynactin coupling.
- id: PMID:38128568
  title: Biallelic BORCS8 variants cause an infantile-onset neurodegenerative disorder with
    altered lysosome dynamics.
  full_text_unavailable: true
  findings:
  - statement: Biallelic loss-of-function variants in the BORC subunit BORCS8 cause an
      infantile-onset neurodegenerative disorder; BORC sequentially recruits ARL8 and
      kinesin motors to lysosomes, and variant alleles reduce BORC assembly and peripheral
      lysosome distribution. This is human disease evidence for the upstream BORC-to-ARL8B
      anterograde axis, but concerns BORCS8 rather than an ARL8B coding mutation.
- id: file:human/ARL8B/ARL8B-uniprot.txt
  title: UniProtKB reviewed entry for human ARL8B (Q9NVJ2)
  findings:
  - statement: Reviewed UniProt synthesis places ARL8B on lysosomal/endolysosomal membranes
      as a small GTPase controlling lysosomal positioning, transport, fusion, and exocytosis.
    supporting_text: Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde
      lysosomal motility
- id: file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_candidate_additions.tsv
  title: Proteostasis PN projected candidate additions for ARL8B
  findings:
  - statement: The PN projection suggests ARL8B to GO:0061906 autophagosome localization,
      but the gene-specific review treats this conservatively because direct evidence is stronger
      for lysosome localization and autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
    supporting_text: "ARL8B\t\tGO:0061906\tautophagosome localization\tnew_to_goa"
core_functions:
- description: ARL8B is an endolysosomal small GTPase that uses GTP-dependent effector recruitment
    to control lysosome positioning and lysosome-centered cargo delivery. Its best-supported
    core role is coordinating lysosome movement and contact/fusion machinery, including BORC/SKIP-kinesin
    positioning and PLEKHM1/HOPS-dependent delivery of endocytic, phagocytic, and autophagic
    cargo to lysosomes.
  molecular_function:
    id: GO:0003924
    label: GTPase activity
  directly_involved_in:
  - id: GO:0032418
    label: lysosome localization
  - id: GO:1902774
    label: late endosome to lysosome transport
  - id: GO:0061909
    label: autophagosome-lysosome fusion
  locations:
  - id: GO:0005765
    label: lysosomal membrane
  - id: GO:0031902
    label: late endosome membrane
  - id: GO:0031901
    label: early endosome membrane
  supported_by:
  - reference_id: PMID:16537643
    supporting_text: Overexpression of Arl8a or Arl8b results in a microtubule-dependent redistribution
      of lysosomes towards the cell periphery.
  - reference_id: PMID:22172677
    supporting_text: Thus, Arl8 binding to SKIP provides a link from lysosomal membranes to plus-end-directed motility.
  - reference_id: PMID:21802320
    supporting_text: Arl8b silencing resulted in a delay in delivery of fluid phase dextran,
      receptor-internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and CD1 cargo to lysosomes.
  - reference_id: PMID:28325809
    supporting_text: Arl8b binding is crucial for PLEKHM1 to promote lysosomal degradation
      of endocytic and autophagic cargo.
  - reference_id: PMID:25898167
    supporting_text: BORC functions to recruit Arl8 to lysosomes, thereby initiating a chain
      of interactions that promotes microtubule-guided transport of lysosomes toward the cell
      periphery.
proposed_new_terms: []
suggested_questions:
- question: Should ARL8B be annotated directly to GO:0061906 autophagosome localization from
    the PN HOPS-BORC bridging projection, or is the current direct evidence better captured
    by lysosome localization and autophagosome-lysosome fusion?
- question: Can the upstream reference for the GO:0007059 chromosome segregation annotation
    be corrected from PMID:14871887 to the ARL8B/GIE study PMID:15331635?
- question: Which ARL8B effector branch should be considered core for general gene-product
    curation versus cell-type-specific extensions such as NK-cell granule polarization, Mtb
    membrane repair, or beta-coronavirus egress?
- question: Should ARL8B be annotated to retrograde lysosome transport given that it now has
    two distinct retrograde effector branches (DENND6A/Rab34/RILP/dynein and RUFY3/RUFY4/dynein-dynactin),
    and how should these be distinguished from the better-established anterograde SKIP/kinesin role?
suggested_experiments:
- description: Separate ARL8B lysosome-positioning effects from autophagosome-positioning
    effects by live imaging of autophagosomes and lysosomes after ARL8B depletion or effector-selective
    rescue.
  hypothesis: The PN autophagosome-localization signal is mainly an indirect consequence of
    ARL8B-dependent lysosome positioning and HOPS-mediated fusion rather than direct autophagosome
    positioning.
- description: Use effector-binding mutants of ARL8B to compare PLEKHM2/SKIP, PLEKHM1/HOPS,
    VPS41, RUFY1, RUFY3/4, and DENND6A outputs in the same cellular background.
  hypothesis: Distinct ARL8B effector interfaces partition lysosome positioning, cargo delivery,
    and lysosome exocytosis functions.
- description: Test whether ARL8B-dependent retrograde lysosome transport requires the
    DENND6A/Rab34/RILP/dynein cascade by measuring nutrient-dependent juxtanuclear lysosome
    repositioning and autophagic flux after depletion of DENND6A, Rab34, or RILP versus RUFY3/4.
  hypothesis: ARL8B initiates retrograde lysosome transport through at least two parallel
    dynein-recruiting branches (DENND6A/Rab34/RILP and RUFY3/4), and these jointly regulate
    nutrient-responsive lysosome positioning and autophagy.
tags:
- proteostasis
- autophagy-lysosome-pathway
- lysosome-positioning
- pn-projection-reviewed