IL15

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term	Evidence	Action	Reason
GO:0001819 positive regulation of cytokine production	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 stimulates cytokine production. UniProt states IL15 "promotes the secretion of several cytokines" and "induces the production of IL8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1/CCL2" in monocytes.
GO:0050778 positive regulation of immune response	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 positively regulates immune responses by stimulating NK cells, T-cells, and B-cells. UniProt: "plays a major role in the development of inflammatory and protective immune responses to microbial invaders and parasites."
GO:0005125 cytokine activity	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 is definitively a cytokine. UniProt RecName is "Interleukin-15" and function description begins "Cytokine that plays a major role..."
GO:0005615 extracellular space	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 (isoform S48AA) is secreted. UniProt SUBCELLULAR LOCATION states "Isoform IL15-S48AA: Secreted."
GO:0042102 positive regulation of T cell proliferation	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 stimulates T cell proliferation. UniProt: "Stimulates the proliferation of natural killer cells, T-cells and B-cells."
GO:0042119 neutrophil activation	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 activates neutrophils. PMID:15123770 cited in UniProt shows IL15 enhances neutrophil phagocytosis.
GO:0005125 cytokine activity	IEA GO_REF:0000120	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Redundant with IBA annotation but correct. IL15 has cytokine activity.
GO:0005126 cytokine receptor binding	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 binds cytokine receptors. UniProt INTERACTION section shows IL15 binds IL15RA and IL2RB. This is core to its function.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	IEA GO_REF:0000120	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 is found in extracellular region when secreted (isoform S48AA).
GO:0005615 extracellular space	IEA GO_REF:0000043	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Redundant but correct. Secreted isoform found in extracellular space.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IEA GO_REF:0000044	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: UniProt states "Isoform IL15-S21AA: Cytoplasm. Nucleus." The intracellular isoform localizes to the nucleus.
GO:0005737 cytoplasm	IEA GO_REF:0000120	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: UniProt states "Isoform IL15-S21AA: Cytoplasm." The intracellular isoform localizes to cytoplasm.
GO:0006955 immune response	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 functions in immune response. UniProt: "plays a major role in the development of inflammatory and protective immune responses."
GO:0008284 positive regulation of cell population proliferation	IEA GO_REF:0000117	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: This is true but overly general. IL15 stimulates proliferation of specific immune cell types (NK, T, B cells), not general cell proliferation. More specific terms are preferred.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:16284400 Soluble interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R alpha)-sushi a...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED: "Protein binding" is uninformative. The specific interaction (IL15 binds IL15RA) is better captured by "cytokine receptor binding" (GO:0005126). Per curation guidelines, avoid generic "protein binding." Supporting Evidence: PMID:16284400 Nov 11. Soluble interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R alpha)-sushi as a selective and potent agonist of IL-15 action through IL-15R beta/gamma.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:23104097 Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dicho...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED: Same as above - "protein binding" is uninformative. The IL15-receptor interaction is better captured by specific MF terms. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23104097 Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25416956 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network.	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED: High-throughput interactome study. Generic protein binding is not informative for cytokine function annotation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25416956 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network.
GO:0120163 negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: Transferred from mouse. PMID:27684068 shows IL15 deficiency enhances thermogenic function of adipose tissue. This is a secondary/pleiotropic effect, not a core function of IL15 as a cytokine.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	IDA GO_REF:0000052	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: HPA immunofluorescence data. Consistent with UniProt statement that isoform IL15-S21AA localizes to nucleus.
GO:0016607 nuclear speck	IDA GO_REF:0000052	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: HPA immunofluorescence data showing nuclear speck localization. More specific than general nucleus annotation.
GO:0007259 cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	NAS PMID:23104097 Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dicho...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Core pathway for IL15 signaling. UniProt explicitly states IL15 "triggers the phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK3 and the recruitment and subsequent phosphorylation of...STAT3 and STAT5." Supporting Evidence: PMID:23104097 Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15.
GO:0035723 interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway	NAS PMID:23104097 Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dicho...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: This IS the core signaling pathway for IL15. The gene product is literally the ligand that initiates this pathway. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23104097 Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15.
GO:0043066 negative regulation of apoptotic process	NAS PMID:10627470 Expression of functional interleukin-15 receptor and autocri...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: PMID:10627470 shows IL15 promotes multiple myeloma cell survival. Anti-apoptotic effects are downstream of cytokine signaling, not a core function. May be context-dependent. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10627470 Expression of functional interleukin-15 receptor and autocrine production of interleukin-15 as mechanisms of tumor propagation in multiple myeloma.
GO:0043410 positive regulation of MAPK cascade	NAS PMID:23104097 Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dicho...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 activates MAPK in addition to JAK-STAT. This is part of its signaling mechanism. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23104097 Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15.
GO:0005125 cytokine activity	IDA PMID:9097905 Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated hypergammaglobulinaemia.	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Direct experimental evidence for cytokine activity. PMID:9097905 demonstrates IL15 function in HIV context. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9097905 Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated hypergammaglobulinaemia.
GO:0005615 extracellular space	IDA PMID:9097905 Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated hypergammaglobulinaemia.	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Direct evidence IL15 is secreted and found extracellularly. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9097905 Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated hypergammaglobulinaemia.
GO:0035723 interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway	IDA PMID:9097905 Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated hypergammaglobulinaemia.	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Direct evidence for IL15-mediated signaling. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9097905 Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated hypergammaglobulinaemia.
GO:0030225 macrophage differentiation	IDA PMID:24942581 CD4 ligation on human blood monocytes triggers macrophage di...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: PMID:24942581 shows CD4 ligation on monocytes triggers macrophage differentiation enhanced by IL15. This is a downstream effect of IL15 signaling, not a core function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:24942581 CD4 ligation on human blood monocytes triggers macrophage differentiation and enhances HIV infection.
GO:0035723 interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway	IDA PMID:15123770 Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis by a S...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Direct evidence from study on IL15 signaling in neutrophils. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15123770 Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis by a Syk-dependent mechanism: importance of the IL-15Ralpha chain.
GO:0050731 positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	IDA PMID:15123770 Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis by a S...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 positively regulates tyrosine phosphorylation through JAK-STAT pathway activation. This is mechanistically correct - IL15 binding triggers JAK kinase activation which phosphorylates STATs. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15123770 Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis by a Syk-dependent mechanism: importance of the IL-15Ralpha chain.
GO:0050766 positive regulation of phagocytosis	IDA PMID:15123770 Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis by a S...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: PMID:15123770 title is "Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis." Direct experimental evidence. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15123770 Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis by a Syk-dependent mechanism: importance of the IL-15Ralpha chain.
GO:0042119 neutrophil activation	IDA PMID:15123770 Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis by a S...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: PMID:15123770 demonstrates IL15 activates neutrophils (enhances phagocytosis). Consistent with IBA annotation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15123770 Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis by a Syk-dependent mechanism: importance of the IL-15Ralpha chain.
GO:0120163 negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	ISS PMID:27684068 Deficiency of Interleukin-15 Confers Resistance to Obesity b...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: Redundant with IEA annotation. Pleiotropic effect via adipose tissue regulation, not core cytokine function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:27684068 eCollection 2016. Deficiency of Interleukin-15 Confers Resistance to Obesity by Diminishing Inflammation and Enhancing the Thermogenic Function of Adipose Tissues.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-449115	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome pathway shows IL15:IL15RA complex formation. IL15 is found extracellularly.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-8983298	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step. Redundant but correct.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-8983300	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-8983307	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-8983335	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step showing receptor complex translocation.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-8983371	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-8983374	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-8983378	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-8983384	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
GO:0005768 endosome	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-8983335	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Reactome shows IL15 receptor complex translocates to endosome during signaling.
GO:0035723 interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway	IDA PMID:24942581 CD4 ligation on human blood monocytes triggers macrophage di...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Direct evidence for IL15-mediated signaling pathway. Supporting Evidence: PMID:24942581 CD4 ligation on human blood monocytes triggers macrophage differentiation and enhances HIV infection.
GO:0007260 tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein	IDA PMID:12244150 IL-21 up-regulates the expression of genes associated with i...	MODIFY	Summary: OVER-ANNOTATION: IL15 is a cytokine that INDUCES STAT phosphorylation via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, but does NOT catalyze the phosphorylation reaction itself. Cytokines are signaling ligands that trigger downstream JAK kinases to phosphorylate STAT proteins. IL15 has no kinase activity. The appropriate term is GO:0042531 "positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein". Proposed replacements: positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein Supporting Evidence: PMID:12244150 IL-21 up-regulates the expression of genes associated with innate immunity and Th1 response.
GO:0032740 positive regulation of interleukin-17 production	IDA PMID:16482511 Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 promotes IL-17 production. This is part of its cytokine production stimulation function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16482511 Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL-17 by human T cells.
GO:0034105 positive regulation of tissue remodeling	IC PMID:16482511 Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: Inferred from GO:0032740 (IL-17 production). Tissue remodeling is a downstream consequence of cytokine signaling, several steps removed from IL15's direct activity. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16482511 Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL-17 by human T cells.
GO:0050729 positive regulation of inflammatory response	IC PMID:16482511 Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Inferred from IL-17 production. IL15 promotes inflammation through multiple mechanisms including cytokine induction. UniProt states IL15 is involved in "inflammatory...immune responses." Supporting Evidence: PMID:16482511 Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL-17 by human T cells.
GO:0005576 extracellular region	NAS PMID:14718574 The human plasma proteome: a nonredundant list developed by ...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Human plasma proteome study detected IL15 extracellularly. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14718574 Epub 2004 Jan 12. The human plasma proteome: a nonredundant list developed by combination of four separate sources.
GO:0005615 extracellular space	TAS PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progeni...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 found in extracellular space. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
GO:0005737 cytoplasm	TAS PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progeni...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15-S21AA isoform is cytoplasmic per UniProt. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
GO:0005768 endosome	TAS PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progeni...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 traffics through endosomal pathway. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus	TAS PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progeni...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 transits through Golgi during secretory pathway. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
GO:0006955 immune response	TAS PMID:8178155 Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the be...	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: Original cloning paper. IL15 functions in immune response. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8178155 Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor.
GO:0007165 signal transduction	TAS PMID:8178155 Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the be...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: Very general term. IL15 does participate in signal transduction but more specific pathway terms are preferred. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8178155 Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor.
GO:0007267 cell-cell signaling	TAS PMID:7759105 Chromosomal assignment and genomic structure of Il15.	ACCEPT	Summary: ACCEPT: IL15 mediates cell-cell signaling via trans-presentation (IL15 on one cell presents to receptors on another cell). Supporting Evidence: PMID:7759105 Chromosomal assignment and genomic structure of Il15.
GO:0008284 positive regulation of cell population proliferation	TAS PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progeni...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: True but overly general. IL15 stimulates specific immune cell proliferation. More specific terms preferred. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10851076 Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.

📄 View Raw YAML

id: P40933
gene_symbol: IL15
product_type: PROTEIN
status: IN_PROGRESS
taxon:
  id: NCBITaxon:9606
  label: Homo sapiens
aliases:
  - IL-15
description: >-
  Interleukin-15 is a cytokine that plays a major role in the development of
  inflammatory and protective immune responses. It stimulates proliferation
  of natural killer cells, T-cells, and B-cells, and promotes secretion of
  cytokines. Unlike most cytokines, IL15 is expressed in association with its
  high affinity receptor IL15RA on the cell surface (trans-presentation) and
  signals through the IL2RB/IL2RG receptor complex, triggering JAK1/JAK3
  phosphorylation and STAT3/STAT5 activation. Two isoforms exist: IL15-S48AA
  (secreted) and IL15-S21AA (intracellular, localized to cytoplasm and nucleus).
existing_annotations:
# === IBA (Phylogenetic) Annotations ===
  - term:
      id: GO:0001819
      label: positive regulation of cytokine production
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 stimulates cytokine production. UniProt states IL15 "promotes
        the secretion of several cytokines" and "induces the production of IL8 and
        monocyte chemotactic protein 1/CCL2" in monocytes.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0050778
      label: positive regulation of immune response
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 positively regulates immune responses by stimulating NK cells,
        T-cells, and B-cells. UniProt: "plays a major role in the development of
        inflammatory and protective immune responses to microbial invaders and parasites."
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005125
      label: cytokine activity
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 is definitively a cytokine. UniProt RecName is "Interleukin-15"
        and function description begins "Cytokine that plays a major role..."
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005615
      label: extracellular space
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 (isoform S48AA) is secreted. UniProt SUBCELLULAR LOCATION
        states "Isoform IL15-S48AA: Secreted."
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0042102
      label: positive regulation of T cell proliferation
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 stimulates T cell proliferation. UniProt: "Stimulates the
        proliferation of natural killer cells, T-cells and B-cells."
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0042119
      label: neutrophil activation
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 activates neutrophils. PMID:15123770 cited in UniProt shows
        IL15 enhances neutrophil phagocytosis.
      action: ACCEPT
# === IEA (Electronic) Annotations ===
  - term:
      id: GO:0005125
      label: cytokine activity
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Redundant with IBA annotation but correct. IL15 has cytokine activity.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005126
      label: cytokine receptor binding
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 binds cytokine receptors. UniProt INTERACTION section shows
        IL15 binds IL15RA and IL2RB. This is core to its function.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 is found in extracellular region when secreted (isoform S48AA).
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005615
      label: extracellular space
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000043
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Redundant but correct. Secreted isoform found in extracellular space.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005634
      label: nucleus
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: UniProt states "Isoform IL15-S21AA: Cytoplasm. Nucleus." The
        intracellular isoform localizes to the nucleus.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005737
      label: cytoplasm
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: UniProt states "Isoform IL15-S21AA: Cytoplasm." The intracellular
        isoform localizes to cytoplasm.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0006955
      label: immune response
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 functions in immune response. UniProt: "plays a major role in
        the development of inflammatory and protective immune responses."
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0008284
      label: positive regulation of cell population proliferation
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000117
    review:
      summary: >-
        KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: This is true but overly general. IL15 stimulates
        proliferation of specific immune cell types (NK, T, B cells), not general
        cell proliferation. More specific terms are preferred.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
# === IPI (Physical Interaction) Annotations ===
  - term:
      id: GO:0005515
      label: protein binding
    evidence_type: IPI
    original_reference_id: PMID:16284400
    review:
      summary: >-
        MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED: "Protein binding" is uninformative. The specific
        interaction (IL15 binds IL15RA) is better captured by "cytokine receptor
        binding" (GO:0005126). Per curation guidelines, avoid generic "protein binding."
      action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16284400
          supporting_text: Nov 11. Soluble interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R
            alpha)-sushi as a selective and potent agonist of IL-15 action 
            through IL-15R beta/gamma.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005515
      label: protein binding
    evidence_type: IPI
    original_reference_id: PMID:23104097
    review:
      summary: >-
        MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED: Same as above - "protein binding" is uninformative.
        The IL15-receptor interaction is better captured by specific MF terms.
      action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:23104097
          supporting_text: Mechanistic and structural insight into the 
            functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005515
      label: protein binding
    evidence_type: IPI
    original_reference_id: PMID:25416956
    review:
      summary: >-
        MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED: High-throughput interactome study. Generic protein
        binding is not informative for cytokine function annotation.
      action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
# === Ensembl/Mouse Orthologue Transfer ===
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:25416956
          supporting_text: A proteome-scale map of the human interactome 
            network.
  - term:
      id: GO:0120163
      label: negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
    review:
      summary: >-
        KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: Transferred from mouse. PMID:27684068 shows IL15 deficiency
        enhances thermogenic function of adipose tissue. This is a secondary/pleiotropic
        effect, not a core function of IL15 as a cytokine.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
# === HPA Subcellular Localization ===
  - term:
      id: GO:0005654
      label: nucleoplasm
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: HPA immunofluorescence data. Consistent with UniProt statement that
        isoform IL15-S21AA localizes to nucleus.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0016607
      label: nuclear speck
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: HPA immunofluorescence data showing nuclear speck localization.
        More specific than general nucleus annotation.
      action: ACCEPT
# === NAS (Non-traceable Author Statement) ===
  - term:
      id: GO:0007259
      label: cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT
    evidence_type: NAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:23104097
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Core pathway for IL15 signaling. UniProt explicitly states IL15
        "triggers the phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK3 and the recruitment and
        subsequent phosphorylation of...STAT3 and STAT5."
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:23104097
          supporting_text: Mechanistic and structural insight into the 
            functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15.
  - term:
      id: GO:0035723
      label: interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway
    evidence_type: NAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:23104097
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: This IS the core signaling pathway for IL15. The gene product is
        literally the ligand that initiates this pathway.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:23104097
          supporting_text: Mechanistic and structural insight into the 
            functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15.
  - term:
      id: GO:0043066
      label: negative regulation of apoptotic process
    evidence_type: NAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:10627470
    review:
      summary: >-
        KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: PMID:10627470 shows IL15 promotes multiple myeloma cell
        survival. Anti-apoptotic effects are downstream of cytokine signaling, not
        a core function. May be context-dependent.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:10627470
          supporting_text: Expression of functional interleukin-15 receptor and 
            autocrine production of interleukin-15 as mechanisms of tumor 
            propagation in multiple myeloma.
  - term:
      id: GO:0043410
      label: positive regulation of MAPK cascade
    evidence_type: NAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:23104097
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 activates MAPK in addition to JAK-STAT. This is part of its
        signaling mechanism.
      action: ACCEPT
# === IDA (Direct Assay) Annotations ===
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:23104097
          supporting_text: Mechanistic and structural insight into the 
            functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005125
      label: cytokine activity
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:9097905
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Direct experimental evidence for cytokine activity. PMID:9097905
        demonstrates IL15 function in HIV context.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:9097905
          supporting_text: Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated 
            hypergammaglobulinaemia.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005615
      label: extracellular space
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:9097905
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Direct evidence IL15 is secreted and found extracellularly.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:9097905
          supporting_text: Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated 
            hypergammaglobulinaemia.
  - term:
      id: GO:0035723
      label: interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:9097905
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Direct evidence for IL15-mediated signaling.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:9097905
          supporting_text: Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated 
            hypergammaglobulinaemia.
  - term:
      id: GO:0030225
      label: macrophage differentiation
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:24942581
    review:
      summary: >-
        KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: PMID:24942581 shows CD4 ligation on monocytes triggers
        macrophage differentiation enhanced by IL15. This is a downstream effect
        of IL15 signaling, not a core function.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:24942581
          supporting_text: CD4 ligation on human blood monocytes triggers 
            macrophage differentiation and enhances HIV infection.
  - term:
      id: GO:0035723
      label: interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:15123770
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Direct evidence from study on IL15 signaling in neutrophils.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:15123770
          supporting_text: 'Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis
            by a Syk-dependent mechanism: importance of the IL-15Ralpha chain.'
  - term:
      id: GO:0050731
      label: positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:15123770
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 positively regulates tyrosine phosphorylation through JAK-STAT
        pathway activation. This is mechanistically correct - IL15 binding triggers
        JAK kinase activation which phosphorylates STATs.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:15123770
          supporting_text: 'Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis
            by a Syk-dependent mechanism: importance of the IL-15Ralpha chain.'
  - term:
      id: GO:0050766
      label: positive regulation of phagocytosis
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:15123770
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: PMID:15123770 title is "Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil
        phagocytosis." Direct experimental evidence.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:15123770
          supporting_text: 'Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis
            by a Syk-dependent mechanism: importance of the IL-15Ralpha chain.'
  - term:
      id: GO:0042119
      label: neutrophil activation
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:15123770
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: PMID:15123770 demonstrates IL15 activates neutrophils (enhances
        phagocytosis). Consistent with IBA annotation.
      action: ACCEPT
# === ISS (Sequence Similarity) ===
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:15123770
          supporting_text: 'Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis
            by a Syk-dependent mechanism: importance of the IL-15Ralpha chain.'
  - term:
      id: GO:0120163
      label: negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis
    evidence_type: ISS
    original_reference_id: PMID:27684068
    review:
      summary: >-
        KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: Redundant with IEA annotation. Pleiotropic effect via
        adipose tissue regulation, not core cytokine function.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
# === TAS/Reactome Annotations ===
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:27684068
          supporting_text: eCollection 2016. Deficiency of Interleukin-15 
            Confers Resistance to Obesity by Diminishing Inflammation and 
            Enhancing the Thermogenic Function of Adipose Tissues.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-449115
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome pathway shows IL15:IL15RA complex formation. IL15 is
        found extracellularly.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983298
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step. Redundant but correct.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983300
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983307
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983335
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step showing receptor complex translocation.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983371
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983374
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983378
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983384
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome pathway step.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0005768
      label: endosome
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983335
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Reactome shows IL15 receptor complex translocates to endosome
        during signaling.
      action: ACCEPT
  - term:
      id: GO:0035723
      label: interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:24942581
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Direct evidence for IL15-mediated signaling pathway.
      action: ACCEPT
# === GO:0007260 (Phosphorylation - Previously Reviewed) ===
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:24942581
          supporting_text: CD4 ligation on human blood monocytes triggers 
            macrophage differentiation and enhances HIV infection.
  - term:
      id: GO:0007260
      label: tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:12244150
    review:
      summary: >-
        OVER-ANNOTATION: IL15 is a cytokine that INDUCES STAT phosphorylation via
        the
        JAK-STAT signaling pathway, but does NOT catalyze the phosphorylation reaction
        itself. Cytokines are signaling ligands that trigger downstream JAK kinases
        to
        phosphorylate STAT proteins. IL15 has no kinase activity. The appropriate
        term
        is GO:0042531 "positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein".
      action: MODIFY
      proposed_replacement_terms:
        - id: GO:0042531
          label: positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
# === Additional IDA Annotations ===
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:12244150
          supporting_text: IL-21 up-regulates the expression of genes associated
            with innate immunity and Th1 response.
  - term:
      id: GO:0032740
      label: positive regulation of interleukin-17 production
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16482511
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 promotes IL-17 production. This is part of its cytokine
        production stimulation function.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16482511
          supporting_text: Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the 
            production of IL-17 by human T cells.
  - term:
      id: GO:0034105
      label: positive regulation of tissue remodeling
    evidence_type: IC
    original_reference_id: PMID:16482511
    review:
      summary: >-
        KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: Inferred from GO:0032740 (IL-17 production). Tissue
        remodeling is a downstream consequence of cytokine signaling, several
        steps removed from IL15's direct activity.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16482511
          supporting_text: Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the 
            production of IL-17 by human T cells.
  - term:
      id: GO:0050729
      label: positive regulation of inflammatory response
    evidence_type: IC
    original_reference_id: PMID:16482511
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Inferred from IL-17 production. IL15 promotes inflammation through
        multiple mechanisms including cytokine induction. UniProt states IL15 is
        involved in "inflammatory...immune responses."
      action: ACCEPT
# === Additional Location Annotations ===
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16482511
          supporting_text: Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the 
            production of IL-17 by human T cells.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005576
      label: extracellular region
    evidence_type: NAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:14718574
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Human plasma proteome study detected IL15 extracellularly.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:14718574
          supporting_text: 'Epub 2004 Jan 12. The human plasma proteome: a nonredundant
            list developed by combination of four separate sources.'
  - term:
      id: GO:0005615
      label: extracellular space
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:10851076
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 found in extracellular space.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:10851076
          supporting_text: Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ 
            progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005737
      label: cytoplasm
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:10851076
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15-S21AA isoform is cytoplasmic per UniProt.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:10851076
          supporting_text: Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ 
            progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005768
      label: endosome
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:10851076
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 traffics through endosomal pathway.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:10851076
          supporting_text: Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ 
            progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005794
      label: Golgi apparatus
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:10851076
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 transits through Golgi during secretory pathway.
      action: ACCEPT
# === Additional Process Annotations ===
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:10851076
          supporting_text: Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ 
            progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
  - term:
      id: GO:0006955
      label: immune response
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:8178155
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: Original cloning paper. IL15 functions in immune response.
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:8178155
          supporting_text: Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with
            the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor.
  - term:
      id: GO:0007165
      label: signal transduction
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:8178155
    review:
      summary: >-
        KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: Very general term. IL15 does participate in signal
        transduction but more specific pathway terms are preferred.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:8178155
          supporting_text: Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with
            the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor.
  - term:
      id: GO:0007267
      label: cell-cell signaling
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:7759105
    review:
      summary: >-
        ACCEPT: IL15 mediates cell-cell signaling via trans-presentation (IL15
        on one cell presents to receptors on another cell).
      action: ACCEPT
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:7759105
          supporting_text: Chromosomal assignment and genomic structure of Il15.
  - term:
      id: GO:0008284
      label: positive regulation of cell population proliferation
    evidence_type: TAS
    original_reference_id: PMID:10851076
    review:
      summary: >-
        KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: True but overly general. IL15 stimulates specific
        immune cell proliferation. More specific terms preferred.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:10851076
          supporting_text: Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ 
            progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
references:
  - id: GO_REF:0000002
    title: Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with
      GO terms
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000033
    title: Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000043
    title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot keyword 
      mapping
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000044
    title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular 
      Location vocabulary mapping
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000052
    title: Gene Ontology annotation based on curation of immunofluorescence data
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000107
    title: Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation 
      data to orthologs using Ensembl Compara
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000117
    title: Electronic Gene Ontology annotations created by ARBA machine learning
      models
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000120
    title: Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
    findings: []
  - id: PMID:10627470
    title: Expression of functional interleukin-15 receptor and autocrine 
      production of interleukin-15 as mechanisms of tumor propagation in 
      multiple myeloma.
    findings:
      - statement: IL15 promotes myeloma cell survival through autocrine 
          signaling
  - id: PMID:10851076
    title: Altered natural killer cell differentiation in CD34+ progenitors from
      chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
    findings: []
  - id: PMID:12244150
    title: IL-21 up-regulates the expression of genes associated with innate 
      immunity and Th1 response.
    findings:
      - statement: Study on IL-21 showing STAT3 activation; IL15 cited for 
          comparison
  - id: PMID:14718574
    title: 'The human plasma proteome: a nonredundant list developed by combination
      of four separate sources.'
    findings: []
  - id: PMID:15123770
    title: 'Interleukin-15 enhances human neutrophil phagocytosis by a Syk-dependent
      mechanism: importance of the IL-15Ralpha chain.'
    findings:
      - statement: IL15 enhances neutrophil phagocytosis
      - statement: Mechanism involves Syk kinase and requires IL-15Ralpha
  - id: PMID:16284400
    title: Soluble interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R alpha)-sushi as a 
      selective and potent agonist of IL-15 action through IL-15R beta/gamma.
    findings: []
  - id: PMID:16482511
    title: Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL-17 by 
      human T cells.
    findings:
      - statement: IL15 contributes to IL-17 production regulation
  - id: PMID:23104097
    title: Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dichotomy 
      between IL-2 and IL-15.
    findings:
      - statement: Crystal structure of IL15 reveals signaling mechanism
      - statement: IL15 and IL2 have distinct receptor engagement modes
  - id: PMID:24942581
    title: CD4 ligation on human blood monocytes triggers macrophage 
      differentiation and enhances HIV infection.
    findings: []
  - id: PMID:25416956
    title: A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network.
    findings: []
  - id: PMID:27684068
    title: Deficiency of Interleukin-15 Confers Resistance to Obesity by 
      Diminishing Inflammation and Enhancing the Thermogenic Function of Adipose
      Tissues.
    findings:
      - statement: IL15 deficiency enhances thermogenesis - pleiotropic effect
  - id: PMID:7759105
    title: Chromosomal assignment and genomic structure of Il15.
    findings: []
  - id: PMID:8178155
    title: Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the beta chain 
      of the interleukin-2 receptor.
    findings:
      - statement: Original identification of IL15 as T cell growth factor
      - statement: IL15 signals through IL2RB (shared with IL-2)
  - id: PMID:9097905
    title: Role of IL-15 in HIV-1-associated hypergammaglobulinaemia.
    findings: []
  - id: Reactome:R-HSA-449115
    title: IL15:IL15RA binds IL2RB:JAK1 and IL2RG:JAK3
    findings: []
  - id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983298
    title: IL15 binds IL2RB:JAK1 and IL2RG:JAK3
    findings: []
  - id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983300
    title: IL15RA:IL15:IL2RB:JAK1:IL2RG:JAK3 phosphorylates JAK3 and JAK1
    findings: []
  - id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983307
    title: IL15 binds IL15RA
    findings: []
  - id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983335
    title: IL15:IL15RA:IL2RB:JAK1:IL2RG:JAK3 translocates from the plasma 
      membrane to the endosome
    findings: []
  - id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983371
    title: IL15:IL15RA:p-Y-IL2RB:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-IL2RG:p-Y-JAK3 phosphorylates 
      STAT3 and STAT5
    findings: []
  - id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983374
    title: p-Y-STAT3 and p-STAT5 dissociates from 
      IL15:IL15RA:IL2RB:p-JAK1:IL2RG:p-JAK3:p-Y-STAT3:p-STAT5
    findings: []
  - id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983378
    title: IL15:IL15RA:p-Y-IL2RB:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-IL2RG:p-Y-JAK3 binds STAT3 and 
      STAT5
    findings: []
  - id: Reactome:R-HSA-8983384
    title: IL15:IL15RA:p-Y-IL2RB:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-IL2RG:p-Y-JAK3:p-Y-SHC1:GRB2 binds
      SOS1,SOS2
    findings: []
core_functions:
  - molecular_function:
      id: GO:0005125
      label: cytokine activity
    description: >-
      IL15 functions as a cytokine, binding to its receptor complex (IL15RA/IL2RB/IL2RG)
      to trigger downstream signaling events that modulate immune cell function.
    directly_involved_in:
      - id: GO:0035723
        label: interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway
    locations:
      - id: GO:0005615
        label: extracellular space

Gene Description

Existing Annotations Review

Core Functions

IL15 functions as a cytokine, binding to its receptor complex (IL15RA/IL2RB/IL2RG) to trigger downstream signaling events that modulate immune cell function.

References

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