PSMA1 encodes proteasome subunit alpha type-1, a non-catalytic alpha-ring component of the human 20S core proteasome. It contributes to the architecture and gated entry surface of the 20S core, thereby supporting proteasomal protein catabolism in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome complexes.
Summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing PSMA1.
Reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
GO:0043161
proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
PSMA1 is thus part of the **execution machinery** for UPS-mediated proteolysis by enabling regulated access to catalytic sites.
Summary: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation for PSMA1.
Reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product role.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
PSMA1 is one of PSMA1-7 forming the outer Ξ± rings that regulate access to the proteolytic chamber.
Summary: cytoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: proteasome core complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation for PSMA1.
Reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product role.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
The 20S CP is a barrel made of **four stacked heteroheptameric rings** arranged **Ξ±1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ±1β7**; the **two outer Ξ± rings** act as a **gate** that restricts access to the proteolytic chamber.
GO:0006511
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
IEA
GO_REF:0000002
MODIFY
Summary: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process is directionally related to the proteasome role but is less specific than the supported proteasome term.
Reason: Replace the broad annotation with proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, which better captures the gene product role supported by proteasome literature and existing specific GOA annotations.
Summary: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation for PSMA1.
Reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product role.
Summary: protein catabolic process is directionally related to the proteasome role but is less specific than the supported proteasome term.
Reason: Replace the broad annotation with proteasomal protein catabolic process, which better captures the gene product role supported by proteasome literature and existing specific GOA annotations.
IPI
PMID:12376572
Mapping and structural dissection of human 20 S proteasome u...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:14733938
Protein-protein interactions among human 20S proteasome subu...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:15225636
The alpha4 and alpha7 subunits and assembly of the 20S prote...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:16189514
Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein in...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:17948026
The proteasome maturation protein POMP facilitates major ste...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:19060904
An empirical framework for binary interactome mapping.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:21516116
Next-generation sequencing to generate interactome datasets.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:21988832
Toward an understanding of the protein interaction network o...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:25416956
A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:25599644
Crystal structure of the human 20S proteasome in complex wit...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:29568061
An AP-MS- and BioID-compatible MAC-tag enables comprehensive...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:29636472
Structural mechanism for nucleotide-driven remodeling of the...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:29892012
An interactome perturbation framework prioritizes damaging m...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:31473102
Characterization of Fully Recombinant Human 20S and 20S-PA20...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:31515488
Extensive disruption of protein interactions by genetic vari...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:32296183
A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:32814053
Interactome Mapping Provides a Network of Neurodegenerative ...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:34702852
The 20S as a stand-alone proteasome in cells can degrade the...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:35271311
OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human ce...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:35858375
Structural insights into the human PA28-20S proteasome enabl...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IPI
PMID:37776851
Analysis of proteome-wide degradation dynamics in ALS SOD1 i...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
Summary: Lipopolysaccharide binding is not supported as a human PSMA1 core function.
Reason: This is an automated computational projection and is not supported by the human PSMA1 UniProt functional summary or the proteasome structural literature reviewed here.
GO:0002862
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
IEA
GO_REF:0000107
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
IDA
PMID:27493187
The inhibition mechanism of human 20S proteasomes enables ne...
ACCEPT
Summary: PSMA1 is a non-catalytic alpha-ring subunit whose core molecular role is structural contribution to the 20S proteasome.
Reason: Human proteasome structures and reviews support alpha subunits as structural components of the 20S core; PSMA1 should receive structural constituent/complex membership, not catalytic protease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
PSMA1βs primary function is to serve as an essential **structural subunit of the 20S Ξ± ring**, contributing to:
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
Importantly, **PSMA1 is not a catalytic peptidase active site**; proteolysis occurs at catalytic **Ξ² subunits**.
NAS
PMID:29636472
Structural mechanism for nucleotide-driven remodeling of the...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
NAS
PMID:33729481
Proteasome in action: substrate degradation by the 26S prote...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
NAS
PMID:37228199
An abundance of free regulatory (19S) proteasome particles r...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
NAS
PMID:37228199
An abundance of free regulatory (19S) proteasome particles r...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: synaptic vesicle is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
NAS
PMID:33729481
Proteasome in action: substrate degradation by the 26S prote...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
GO:0043161
proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
NAS
PMID:19489727
Recognition and processing of ubiquitin-protein conjugates b...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
GO:0043161
proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
NAS
PMID:33729481
Proteasome in action: substrate degradation by the 26S prote...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
GO:0061136
regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
NAS
PMID:12032076
Properties of the hybrid form of the 26S proteasome containi...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:30104634
The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evoluti...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
IPI
PMID:31283222
Design and Evaluation of Highly Selective Human Immunoprotea...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
NAS
PMID:32134919
Cryo-EM structures of the human PA200 and PA200-20S complex ...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
IPI
PMID:34702852
The 20S as a stand-alone proteasome in cells can degrade the...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
IPI
PMID:35858375
Structural insights into the human PA28-20S proteasome enabl...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
NAS
PMID:33019542
Adaptation of Proteasomes and Lysosomes to Cellular Environm...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: immune system process is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:35858375
Structural insights into the human PA28-20S proteasome enabl...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: cytoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
IPI
PMID:34702852
The 20S as a stand-alone proteasome in cells can degrade the...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasome core complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation for PSMA1.
Reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product role.
NAS
PMID:32134919
Cryo-EM structures of the human PA200 and PA200-20S complex ...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: DNA repair is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
Summary: apoptotic process is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:32134919
Cryo-EM structures of the human PA200 and PA200-20S complex ...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: DNA damage response is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
IDA
PMID:34702852
The 20S as a stand-alone proteasome in cells can degrade the...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: response to oxidative stress is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:35858375
Structural insights into the human PA28-20S proteasome enabl...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: response to oxidative stress is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:23706739
Acetylation-mediated proteasomal degradation of core histone...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: spermatogenesis is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:23569244
Thymoproteasome subunit-Ξ²5T generates peptide-MHC complexes ...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
NAS
PMID:23706739
Acetylation-mediated proteasomal degradation of core histone...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
NAS
PMID:30104634
The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evoluti...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
IDA
PMID:34702852
The 20S as a stand-alone proteasome in cells can degrade the...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
Identified substrates are enriched for intrinsically disordered RNA- and DNA-binding proteins, especially nuclear and stress-granule proteins.
GO:0010499
proteasomal ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process
NAS
PMID:31473102
Characterization of Fully Recombinant Human 20S and 20S-PA20...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasomal ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome. Falcon deep research reinforces this, noting that about half of cellular proteasomes exist as free 20S complexes that degrade substrates (especially intrinsically disordered, nuclear, and stress-granule proteins) independently of ubiquitin, and PSMA1 is a constitutive alpha-ring subunit of these free 20S cores.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context. Ubiquitin-independent degradation by free 20S is now a systematically characterized pathway in which PSMA1-containing cores participate.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
Pepelnjak et al. (2024) emphasize that **~half of cellular proteasomes** can exist as **free 20S complexes**, enabling ubiquitin-independent turnover of certain substratesβespecially proteins with **intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs)** and enrichment among **nuclear and stress granule proteins**.
NAS
PMID:23706739
Acetylation-mediated proteasomal degradation of core histone...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: flagellated sperm motility is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:27003159
Proteasome activators, PA28Ξ³ and PA200, play indispensable r...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: flagellated sperm motility is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
GO:0032729
positive regulation of type II interferon production
NAS
PMID:30104634
The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evoluti...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: positive regulation of type II interferon production is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
GO:0032743
positive regulation of interleukin-2 production
NAS
PMID:30104634
The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evoluti...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: positive regulation of interleukin-2 production is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
GO:0032760
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
NAS
PMID:30104634
The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evoluti...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:30104634
The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evoluti...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: response to type II interferon is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:31380390
Regulation of Proteasome Activity by (Post-)transcriptional ...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome storage granule is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
GO:0043161
proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
IDA
PMID:34702852
The 20S as a stand-alone proteasome in cells can degrade the...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
Reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
GO:0043374
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
NAS
PMID:33019542
Adaptation of Proteasomes and Lysosomes to Cellular Environm...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:30650357
Restricted Expression of the Thymoproteasome Is Required for...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: thymic T cell selection is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:30104634
The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evoluti...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: T-helper 1 cell differentiation is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
GO:0045590
negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
NAS
PMID:30104634
The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evoluti...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:23706739
Acetylation-mediated proteasomal degradation of core histone...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: meiotic cell cycle is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
GO:0061136
regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
IDA
PMID:35714770
Proteasome activator 28Ξ³ (PA28Ξ³) allosterically activates tr...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
GO:0061136
regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
NAS
PMID:35714770
Proteasome activator 28Ξ³ (PA28Ξ³) allosterically activates tr...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:31380390
Regulation of Proteasome Activity by (Post-)transcriptional ...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: cellular response to type I interferon is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:30104634
The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evoluti...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: T-helper 17 cell differentiation is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
GO:0160165
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell homeostasis
Summary: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell homeostasis is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
NAS
PMID:35377789
Proteasome complexes experience profound structural and func...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: spermatoproteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
GO:2000045
regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
Summary: regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
Reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual subunit core functions.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nuclear body is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
EXP
PMID:12181345
Clastosome: a subtype of nuclear body enriched in 19S and 20...
ACCEPT
Summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing PSMA1.
Reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
Supporting Evidence:
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
Proteasomes exist in both the **cytoplasm and nucleus**.
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
Under PSMD1 knockdown (reducing intact 26S), the authors observed that ββfreeβ 20S CPs remained nuclear, whereas the 19S RP accumulated in the cytoplasm,β indicating compartment-specific dynamics of PSMA1-containing cores versus 19S components.
EXP
PMID:12181345
Clastosome: a subtype of nuclear body enriched in 19S and 20...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: cytoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
IDA
PMID:34711951
AKIRIN2 controls the nuclear import of proteasomes in verteb...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: cytoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
IDA
PMID:34711951
AKIRIN2 controls the nuclear import of proteasomes in verteb...
ACCEPT
Summary: proteasome core complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation for PSMA1.
Reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product role.
IPI
PMID:29804830
ZFAND1 Recruits p97 and the 26S Proteasome to Promote the Cl...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
IDA
PMID:17323924
Mass spectrometric characterization of the affinity-purified...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
HDA
PMID:23533145
In-depth proteomic analyses of exosomes isolated from expres...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: extracellular exosome is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
HDA
PMID:19056867
Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exos...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: extracellular exosome is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
HDA
PMID:20458337
MHC class II-associated proteins in B-cell exosomes and pote...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: extracellular exosome is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
Reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural role.
Summary: proteasome core complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation for PSMA1.
Reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product role.
IPI
PMID:17292860
Conserved signal peptide of Notch3 inhibits interaction with...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome subunit.
Reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity, structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
Summary: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation for PSMA1.
Reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product role.
TAS
PMID:8811196
Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes.
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
Reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership; broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core context.
Core Functions
PSMA1 is a structural alpha-ring subunit of the 20S proteasome core. It does not provide the catalytic threonine nucleophile; instead, it helps form the alpha-ring architecture and gated entry/regulator-binding surface that allows the assembled proteasome to carry out protein catabolism.
The Ξ²1, Ξ²2, and Ξ²5 subunits contain the proteolytic active sites
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
A 2023 cell-biological study reiterates that **PSMA1βPSMA7 N-terminal regions form the gate controlling access to the proteolytic chamber**, situating PSMA1βs primary molecular function as **structural regulation of substrate access** rather than catalysis.
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
PSMA1 contributes to forming these Ξ±-ring interfaces and pockets that receive regulatory tails.
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
Molecular architecture and assembly of the eukaryotic proteasome.
file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
Falcon deep research report on PSMA1
PSMA1 (UniProt P25786) is a non-catalytic alpha subunit of the 20S proteasome
core particle; the catalytic protease active sites reside in beta subunits, not
in PSMA1.
"Importantly, **PSMA1 is not a catalytic peptidase active site**; proteolysis occurs at catalytic **Ξ² subunits**."
The 20S core particle is a barrel of four stacked heteroheptameric rings
(alpha1-7 beta1-7 beta1-7 alpha1-7); the two outer alpha rings act as a gate
restricting access to the proteolytic chamber, and PSMA1 is one of the
non-catalytic alpha subunits contributing to this gate architecture.
"The 20S CP is a barrel made of **four stacked heteroheptameric rings** arranged **Ξ±1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ±1β7**; the **two outer Ξ± rings** act as a **gate** that restricts access to the proteolytic chamber. PSMA1 is one of the **non-catalytic Ξ± subunits** contributing to this gate architecture."
The N-terminal regions of PSMA1-PSMA7 form the gate controlling access to the
proteolytic chamber, defining PSMA1's primary molecular function as structural
regulation of substrate access rather than catalysis.
"A 2023 cell-biological study reiterates that **PSMA1βPSMA7 N-terminal regions form the gate controlling access to the proteolytic chamber**, situating PSMA1βs primary molecular function as **structural regulation of substrate access** rather than catalysis."
PSMA1's primary function is to serve as an essential structural subunit of the
20S alpha ring, contributing to the gated entry pore and to binding interfaces
for regulators that activate or cap the core particle.
"PSMA1βs primary function is to serve as an essential **structural subunit of the 20S Ξ± ring**, contributing to:
1) **formation of the gated entry pore** (N-termini-based barrier), and
2) **binding interfaces** for regulators that activate or cap the core particle."
Gate opening is driven by C-terminal HbYX motifs of proteasome regulators (e.g.
the 19S RP) inserting into pockets between adjacent alpha subunits; as an alpha
subunit PSMA1 contributes to forming these alpha-ring interfaces and pockets.
"**C-terminal HbYX motifs of proteasome regulators** (e.g., the 19S RP) insert into **pockets between adjacent Ξ± subunits** to promote **CP gate opening**. As an Ξ± subunit, PSMA1 contributes to forming these Ξ±-ring interfaces and pockets that receive regulatory tails."
Human 20S biogenesis begins with formation of a complete alpha ring assisted by
the assembly chaperones PAC1/2 and PAC3/4, followed by sequential beta-subunit
incorporation; PSMA1 is one of the alpha-ring building blocks assembled before
catalytic maturation.
"Assembly begins with formation of a complete **Ξ± ring** assisted by **PAC1/2 and PAC3/4**, followed by sequential Ξ² incorporation to form **half-CPs** that fuse; activation requires cleavage of Ξ² propeptides."
Proteasomes are present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and osmotic/salt
stress induces rapid formation of nuclear proteasome granules containing 26S
proteasomes.
"Proteasomes exist in both the **cytoplasm and nucleus**. In a 2023 imaging and tagging study, osmotic/salt stress induced rapid formation of **nuclear proteasome granules** containing 26S proteasomes (positive for both a 20S marker and a 19S marker), consistent with regulated nuclear proteasome compartmentalization."
When 26S integrity is disrupted (PSMD1 knockdown), free 20S core particles
remain nuclear while the 19S regulatory particle accumulates in the cytoplasm,
indicating compartment-specific dynamics of PSMA1-containing cores.
"Under PSMD1 knockdown (reducing intact 26S), the authors observed that ββfreeβ 20S CPs remained nuclear, whereas the 19S RP accumulated in the cytoplasm,β indicating compartment-specific dynamics of PSMA1-containing cores versus 19S components."
About half of cellular proteasomes can exist as free 20S complexes that carry
out ubiquitin-independent turnover, especially of substrates with intrinsically
disordered regions and of nuclear and stress-granule proteins.
"Pepelnjak et al. (2024) emphasize that **~half of cellular proteasomes** can exist as **free 20S complexes**, enabling ubiquitin-independent turnover of certain substratesβespecially proteins with **intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs)** and enrichment among **nuclear and stress granule proteins**."
Approved proteasome inhibitors act on the catalytic beta subunits (especially
beta5), not on alpha subunits like PSMA1, framing PSMA1 as a biomarker/
proteasome-state indicator rather than a direct pharmacologic target.
"clinically used proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib) act on **catalytic Ξ² subunits** (especially Ξ²5), rather than Ξ± subunits like PSMA1. This frames PSMA1 more as a biomarker/proteasome-state indicator than a direct pharmacologic target."
Suggested Questions for Experts
Q: Should non-catalytic proteasome alpha subunits use contributes_to for complex-level protease activity, or should GO curation prefer structural constituent of proteasome plus part_of complex annotations?
Suggested experts: Tomko RJ Jr, Hochstrasser M
Suggested Experiments
Experiment: Use purified proteasome complexes or separation-of-function PSMA1 mutants at alpha-ring/regulator interfaces, then measure assembly, gate opening, substrate entry, and beta-subunit peptidase activity separately.
Hypothesis: PSMA1 contributes structurally to alpha-ring gating/regulator docking but does not directly catalyze peptide bond hydrolysis.
Type: structure-guided mutagenesis with proteasome activity and assembly assays
Deep Research
Falcon
(PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md)
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.FalconEdison Scientific Literature26 citations2 artifacts2026-05-30T00:05:34.284456
The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.
You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.
We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.
We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.
We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.
Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.
Research report: Human PSMA1 (UniProt P25786) β functional annotation
1) Target verification (critical disambiguation)
PSMA1 (proteasome 20S subunit alpha 1; UniProt P25786) is a proteasome Ξ±-ring subunit and should not be confused with the acronym PSMA used in oncology for prostate-specific membrane antigen (gene FOLH1). The sources synthesized here explicitly use PSMA1 in the context of the 20S/26S proteasome Ξ±-ring (PSMA1βPSMA7), consistent with UniProt P25786. (xiong2024thecoherencebetween pages 6-7, larsson2022pancanceranalysisof pages 1-2, steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 1-2)
2) Key concepts and definitions (current understanding)
2.1 The proteasome and where PSMA1 fits
The eukaryotic proteasome comprises a 20S core particle (CP) that performs proteolysis and regulatory particles (e.g., 19S) that recognize substrates and control entry. The 20S CP is a barrel made of four stacked heteroheptameric rings arranged Ξ±1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ±1β7; the two outer Ξ± rings act as a gate that restricts access to the proteolytic chamber. PSMA1 is one of the non-catalytic Ξ± subunits contributing to this gate architecture. (larsson2022pancanceranalysisof pages 1-2, steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 1-2)
Importantly, PSMA1 is not a catalytic peptidase active site; proteolysis occurs at catalytic Ξ² subunits. Structural/functional descriptions emphasize that active sites are sequestered inside the CP and are only accessible through the Ξ±-ring pore. (adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2, larsson2022pancanceranalysisof pages 1-2)
2.2 βGate openingβ and PSMA1βs structural role
Gate opening is a regulated conformational transition in which the Ξ±-ring pore becomes permissive for substrate entry. Multiple sources describe a key mechanism: C-terminal HbYX motifs of proteasome regulators (e.g., the 19S RP) insert into pockets between adjacent Ξ± subunits to promote CP gate opening. As an Ξ± subunit, PSMA1 contributes to forming these Ξ±-ring interfaces and pockets that receive regulatory tails. (adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2, xiong2024thecoherencebetween pages 6-7)
A 2023 cell-biological study reiterates that PSMA1βPSMA7 N-terminal regions form the gate controlling access to the proteolytic chamber, situating PSMA1βs primary molecular function as structural regulation of substrate access rather than catalysis. (steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 1-2)
3) Molecular function, substrate specificity, and pathways
3.1 Primary function: structural component of the proteasome Ξ± ring
PSMA1βs primary function is to serve as an essential structural subunit of the 20S Ξ± ring, contributing to:
1) formation of the gated entry pore (N-termini-based barrier), and
2) binding interfaces for regulators that activate or cap the core particle. (xiong2024thecoherencebetween pages 6-7, steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 1-2)
Because PSMA1 is non-catalytic, βsubstrate specificityβ is not attributable to PSMA1 as an enzyme active site. Instead, substrate routing and selectivity emerge from (i) which regulatory caps engage the Ξ± ring (e.g., 19S, PA28, PA200), and (ii) properties of substrates, including ubiquitin dependence and structural disorder. (xiong2024thecoherencebetween pages 6-7)
3.2 Canonical UPS pathway (26S proteasome)
In canonical ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) degradation, substrates are polyubiquitylated and recognized by the 19S; the 19S base includes six AAA ATPases (PSMC1βPSMC6) that unfold substrates and translocate them into the 20S core, with Ξ±-ring gating serving as the entry control point. PSMA1 is thus part of the execution machinery for UPS-mediated proteolysis by enabling regulated access to catalytic sites. (xiong2024thecoherencebetween pages 6-7)
3.3 Non-canonical ubiquitin-independent degradation by free 20S
A major recent development is the systematic characterization of ubiquitin-independent degradation by free 20S particles. Pepelnjak et al. (2024) emphasize that ~half of cellular proteasomes can exist as free 20S complexes, enabling ubiquitin-independent turnover of certain substratesβespecially proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) and enrichment among nuclear and stress granule proteins. This provides a pathway-level context in which PSMA1-containing 20S cores contribute to proteostasis beyond classical ubiquitin-dependent 26S degradation. (monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 1-1, monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 1-2)
Pepelnjak et al. developed a proteomics workflow (PiP-MS) and reported 280 candidate 20S substrates supported by 2,180 peptides marking proteasome-cleaved regions, and also used cellular perturbations consistent with ubiquitin-independent turnover for selected proteins. (monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 5-6)
4) Subcellular localization: where PSMA1-containing complexes act
4.1 Basal localization and stress-induced nuclear proteasome granules
Proteasomes exist in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. In a 2023 imaging and tagging study, osmotic/salt stress induced rapid formation of nuclear proteasome granules containing 26S proteasomes (positive for both a 20S marker and a 19S marker), consistent with regulated nuclear proteasome compartmentalization. (steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 1-2, steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 6-8)
4.2 Compartment-specific behavior of free 20S vs 19S material
The same 2023 study provided direct evidence for subcellular segregation when 26S integrity is disrupted. Under PSMD1 knockdown (reducing intact 26S), the authors observed that ββfreeβ 20S CPs remained nuclear, whereas the 19S RP accumulated in the cytoplasm,β indicating compartment-specific dynamics of PSMA1-containing cores versus 19S components. (steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 2-4, steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 8-11)
5) Recent developments and latest research (prioritizing 2023β2024)
5.1 2024: Human 20S proteasome assembly pathway visualized by cryo-EM
Adolf et al. (Apr 2024, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology) presented cryo-EM reconstructions of multiple human 20S assembly intermediates and summarized key quantitative and mechanistic features of 20S biogenesis:
- 20S CP is a ~700 kDa barrel, with active sites sequestered inside and accessed via the Ξ±-ring gated pore. (adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2)
- Assembly begins with formation of a complete Ξ± ring assisted by PAC1/2 and PAC3/4, followed by sequential Ξ² incorporation to form half-CPs that fuse; activation requires cleavage of Ξ² propeptides. (adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2)
- Quantitatively, they estimated ~3,000 CPs/min are produced in proliferating HeLa cells and a CP copy number of ~4Γ10^6 per cell. (adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2)
These results strengthen mechanistic understanding of how PSMA1-containing Ξ± rings form early and set the stage for catalytic maturation of the CP. (adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2)
A cropped figure from Adolf et al. explicitly labels the Ξ±1βΞ±7 subunits forming the Ξ± ring and shows the gate/pore, providing structural context for PSMA1 as Ξ±1. (adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep media 190794a0, adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep media 67df21f7)
5.2 2024: Systematic identification of free-20S substrates
Pepelnjak et al. (Jan 2024, Molecular Systems Biology) broadened the substrate landscape for PSMA1-containing 20S cores by mapping ubiquitin-independent substrates enriched for nuclear/stress-granule and IDR-containing proteins and identifying 280 candidates. (monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 5-6, monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 1-2)
Xiong et al. (Jan 2024, Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience) analyzed transcriptomic datasets using Ξ±-ring genes PSMA1βPSMA7 as a module together with PSMC6, reporting computational associations between coordinated downregulation of these subunits and Alzheimerβs disease progression/risk; the authors explicitly caution that these results require experimental validation. (xiong2024thecoherencebetween pages 1-2)
6) Current applications and real-world implementations
6.1 PSMA1 as a prognostic biomarker candidate in cancer
A lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) study (Liu et al., Feb 2023, Disease Markers) reported that PSMA1 is overexpressed in tumors relative to normal tissue in TCGA (Normal n=52 vs Primary tumor n=503) and is associated with worse survival:
- Overall survival: HR 1.33 (95% CI 1.05β1.69), log-rank P=0.017. (liu2023psma1apoor pages 5-7)
- First progression: HR 1.6 (95% CI 0.93β2.74), P=0.087. (liu2023psma1apoor pages 5-7)
In a clinical tissue cohort (30 patients; 15 low vs 15 high PSMA1), high PSMA1 expression associated with TNM stage (P=0.02) and pathological grading (P=0.046). (liu2023psma1apoor pages 7-9)
The same study provided in vitro functional evidence that PSMA1 knockdown reduces viability and clonogenicity and increases apoptosis, while overexpression shows the opposite trends, supporting PSMA1 as a potential tumor-promoting factor in LUSC (though mechanistic pathways remain unresolved). (liu2023psma1apoor pages 1-2, liu2023psma1apoor pages 11-12)
6.2 Proteasome inhibitors: clinical relevance but not PSMA1-specific targeting
Pan-cancer analysis emphasizes that proteasome genes (including PSMA1) are often upregulated and prognostically informative, but also highlights that clinically used proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib) act on catalytic Ξ² subunits (especially Ξ²5), rather than Ξ± subunits like PSMA1. This frames PSMA1 more as a biomarker/proteasome-state indicator than a direct pharmacologic target. (larsson2022pancanceranalysisof pages 1-2)
6.3 Evidence platform linkages
Open Targets lists PSMA1 associations spanning neoplasm and hematologic malignancies (e.g., multiple myeloma), reflecting the broader clinical relevance of proteasome biology and inhibition; these entries should be interpreted cautiously as pathway/target-family evidence rather than proof PSMA1 is the direct drug target. (OpenTargets Search: -PSMA1)
7) Expert analysis and synthesis
1) Functional core concept: PSMA1βs most defensible βprimary functionβ is structuralβforming part of the Ξ± ring gate and regulator-binding interfaces. Multiple sources converge on the Ξ±-subunit N-termini as gate-forming elements and regulator tail insertion (HbYX) as a conserved activation mechanism. (steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 1-2, adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2)
2) Emerging view (2023β2024): The proteasome system should be conceptualized as a dynamic set of proteolytic states, including abundant free 20S particles executing ubiquitin-independent degradation, particularly of nuclear/IDR proteins and stress-granule biologyβareas where PSMA1 is mechanistically implicated by virtue of being a constitutive Ξ±-ring subunit. (monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 1-1, monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 5-6)
3) Compartmentalization as regulation: Nuclear granule formation and the observation that free 20S cores can remain nuclear while 19S material accumulates cytoplasmically upon 26S destabilization suggests compartmental regulation of proteasome forms that could influence which substrates are accessible, especially under stress. (steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 8-11, steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 2-4)
4) Translational angle: Cancer studies support PSMA1 expression as prognostic in specific contexts (e.g., LUSC with HR~1.33 for OS), and pan-cancer analyses suggest broad prognostic relevance across cancer types. However, because PSMA1 is non-catalytic, direct therapeutic targeting is less straightforward than targeting Ξ² active sites; PSMA1 likely reflects proteasome abundance/assembly state and tumor proteostasis dependence. (liu2023psma1apoor pages 5-7, larsson2022pancanceranalysisof pages 1-2)
8) Evidence summary table
The following table consolidates key findings, statistics, dates, and URLs across the main sources.
Topic
Key findings (1-2 sentences)
Quantitative/statistical details
Source (author year journal)
Publication date (month year)
URL
Evidence context id(s)
Identity / complex role
PSMA1 (UniProt P25786) is the human proteasome 20S subunit alpha 1, a non-catalytic Ξ±-ring subunit of the 20S core particle; the catalytic protease active sites reside in Ξ² subunits, not PSMA1. In the 20S/26S architecture, PSMA1 is one of PSMA1-7 forming the outer Ξ± rings that regulate access to the proteolytic chamber.
20S core is arranged as Ξ±1-7 Ξ²1-7 Ξ²1-7 Ξ±1-7; the PSM family comprises 49 genes including 19 20S Ξ±/Ξ² ring subunits.
Larsson et al. 2022 BMC Cancer
Sep 2022
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-10079-4
(larsson2022pancanceranalysisof pages 1-2)
Gate / structure
PSMA1 belongs to the Ξ± ring that forms the gated pore of the 20S core; Ξ±-subunit N termini create the gate controlling substrate entry, whereas proteolysis is executed by Ξ² catalytic subunits. Activator docking and gate opening occur through interactions at Ξ±-ring pockets, linking PSMA1 structurally to proteasome regulation rather than catalysis.
Ξ±-ring surface binds regulators such as PA700/19S, PA28, and PA200; gate opening is mediated by C-terminal HbYX motifs from regulators inserting between adjacent Ξ± subunits.
Xiong et al. 2024 Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience; Steinberger et al. 2023 Biomolecules
Human 20S biogenesis begins with formation of a complete Ξ± ring assisted by PAC1/2 and PAC3/4, followed by ordered Ξ²-subunit addition, half-core formation, half-core fusion, and Ξ²-propeptide cleavage. These structural studies are directly relevant to PSMA1 because it is one of the Ξ±-ring building blocks assembled before catalytic maturation of Ξ² sites.
~3,000 core particles/min are produced in proliferating HeLa cells; total CP copy number is ~4 Γ 10^6. Five immature intermediates were resolved by cryo-EM at 2.67-2.95 Γ ; mature CP superimposed with r.m.s.d. 0.703 Γ .
Adolf et al. 2024 Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
Apr 2024
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01268-9
(adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2, adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep media 190794a0)
Localization
Proteasomes are present in both cytoplasm and nucleus, and stress can drive formation of nuclear proteasome granules containing 26S complexes. When 26S integrity is perturbed, free 20S-containing complexes remain predominantly nuclear while liberated 19S material accumulates in the cytoplasm, supporting compartment-specific behavior of PSMA1-containing cores.
Under osmotic/salt stress, nuclear 26S granules appear within minutes and peak at ~4-12 min. PSMD1 knockdown causes marked loss of intact 26S and increase in 20S signal; PSMD1-depleted cells die after 4-5 days of doxycycline treatment.
PSMA1-containing free 20S particles represent a major proteasome pool and can degrade proteins independently of ubiquitin/26S. Identified substrates are enriched for intrinsically disordered RNA- and DNA-binding proteins, especially nuclear and stress-granule proteins, highlighting a pathway context in stress responses and non-canonical proteostasis.
Approximately half of cellular proteasomes are free 20S; PiP-MS identified 280 candidate 20S substrates from 2,180 cleavage-informative peptides. About 20% of proteins in the proteomic analysis had at least three peptides indicative of 20S cleavage.
Across TCGA pan-cancer data, PSMA1 expression is frequently elevated in tumors and is associated with worse prognosis in many cancer types, suggesting biomarker value rather than direct catalytic druggability. This aligns with proteasome dependence in cancer, although approved proteasome inhibitors primarily target catalytic Ξ² subunits (especially PSMB5), not PSMA1.
~11,000 TCGA samples across 33 cancer types were analyzed; PSMA1 and PSMD11 were linked to unfavorable OS and PFI in β₯30% of cancer types.
Larsson et al. 2022 BMC Cancer
Sep 2022
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-10079-4
(larsson2022pancanceranalysisof pages 1-2)
Disease / cancer association
In lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), PSMA1 is overexpressed in tumors and behaves as a poor prognostic factor; functional perturbation shows PSMA1 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in vitro. The study supports PSMA1 as a candidate prognostic biomarker, while noting mechanism remains unresolved.
TCGA comparison used normal n = 52 vs primary tumor n = 503. Survival: OS HR = 1.33 (95% CI 1.05-1.69), log-rank P = 0.017; first progression HR = 1.6 (95% CI 0.93-2.74), P = 0.087. Clinical cohort: 30 patients split into 15 low vs 15 high PSMA1; high expression associated with TNM stage (P = 0.02) and pathological grading (P = 0.046).
In Alzheimer disease transcriptomic analyses, PSMA1 was analyzed as part of the Ξ±-ring module (PSMA1-7) together with the ATPase subunit PSMC6. The study suggests coordinated downregulation of Ξ±-ring genes and PSMC6 tracks AD progression, but these are computational associations requiring biological validation.
PCA/SVM analyses used GSE1297 and GSE5281; no PSMA1-specific effect size or AUC was provided in the extracted evidence. The authors report decreased total proteasome numbers with progression but inferred compensatory coordination/activity in remaining complexes.
Xiong et al. 2024 Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
Open Targets lists PSMA1 disease associations largely reflecting the broader therapeutic relevance of proteasome inhibition in oncology and related disorders; these associations should be interpreted as pathway-level/target-family evidence, not proof that PSMA1 itself is the direct pharmacologic target.
Reported disease associations include neoplasm (score 0.6318), multiple myeloma (0.5999), mantle cell lymphoma (0.5023), HIV infection (0.4771), and amyloidosis (0.3992); evidence rows include approval/Phase 4 records.
Table: This table summarizes key evidence for human PSMA1/P25786 across structural biology, localization, free-20S proteostasis, and disease-association studies. It is useful for distinguishing PSMA1βs structural non-catalytic role in the proteasome from the catalytic functions of proteasomal beta subunits and for highlighting recent 2023-2024 findings.
Cropped images from Adolf et al. 2024 provide a labeled view of the Ξ± ring (Ξ±1βΞ±7) and a stepwise assembly schematic, supporting the mapping of PSMA1 to the Ξ±1 position and its gate-related role. (adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep media 190794a0, adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep media 67df21f7)
References (URLs and publication dates)
Adolf F. et al. βVisualizing chaperone-mediated multistep assembly of the human 20S proteasome.β Nat Struct Mol Biol (Apr 2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01268-9 (adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2)
Pepelnjak M. et al. βSystematic identification of 20S proteasome substrates.β Mol Syst Biol (Jan 2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44320-024-00015-y (monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 5-6)
Xiong J. et al. βThe coherence between PSMC6 and Ξ±-ring in the 26S proteasome is associated with Alzheimerβs disease.β Front Mol Neurosci (Jan 2024). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1330853 (xiong2024thecoherencebetween pages 1-2)
Steinberger S. et al. βMethod of Monitoring 26S Proteasome in Cells Revealed the Crucial Role of PSMA3 C-Terminus in 26S Integrity.β Biomolecules (Jun 2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13060992 (steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 1-2)
Liu Z. et al. βPSMA1, a Poor Prognostic Factor, Promotes Tumor Growth in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma.β Disease Markers (Feb 2023). https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5386635 (liu2023psma1apoor pages 5-7)
Larsson P. et al. βPan-cancer analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data reveals the prognostic relevance of human proteasome genes in different cancer types.β BMC Cancer (Sep 2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-10079-4 (larsson2022pancanceranalysisof pages 1-2)
(xiong2024thecoherencebetween pages 6-7): Jing Xiong, Xinping Pang, Xianghu Song, Lin Yang, and Chaoyang Pang. The coherence between psmc6 and Ξ±-ring in the 26s proteasome is associated with alzheimerβs disease. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1330853, doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1330853. This article has 8 citations.
(larsson2022pancanceranalysisof pages 1-2): Peter Larsson, Daniella Pettersson, Hanna Engqvist, Elisabeth Werner RΓΆnnerman, Eva Forssell-Aronsson, AnikΓ³ KovΓ‘cs, Per Karlsson, Khalil Helou, and Toshima Z. Parris. Pan-cancer analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data reveals the prognostic relevance of human proteasome genes in different cancer types. BMC Cancer, Sep 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-10079-4, doi:10.1186/s12885-022-10079-4. This article has 15 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 1-2): Shirel Steinberger, Julia Adler, and Yosef Shaul. Method of monitoring 26s proteasome in cells revealed the crucial role of psma3 c-terminus in 26s integrity. Biomolecules, 13:992, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13060992, doi:10.3390/biom13060992. This article has 1 citations.
(adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep pages 1-2): Frank Adolf, Jiale Du, Ellen A. Goodall, Richard M. Walsh, Shaun Rawson, Susanne von Gronau, J. Wade Harper, John Hanna, and Brenda A. Schulman. Visualizing chaperone-mediated multistep assembly of the human 20s proteasome. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 31:1176-1188, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01268-9, doi:10.1038/s41594-024-01268-9. This article has 35 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 1-1): Monika Pepelnjak, Rivkah Rogawski, Galina Arkind, Yegor Leushkin, Irit Fainer, Gili Ben-Nissan, Paola Picotti, and Michal Sharon. Systematic identification of 20s proteasome substrates. Molecular Systems Biology, 20:403-427, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44320-024-00015-y, doi:10.1038/s44320-024-00015-y. This article has 35 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 1-2): Monika Pepelnjak, Rivkah Rogawski, Galina Arkind, Yegor Leushkin, Irit Fainer, Gili Ben-Nissan, Paola Picotti, and Michal Sharon. Systematic identification of 20s proteasome substrates. Molecular Systems Biology, 20:403-427, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44320-024-00015-y, doi:10.1038/s44320-024-00015-y. This article has 35 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 5-6): Monika Pepelnjak, Rivkah Rogawski, Galina Arkind, Yegor Leushkin, Irit Fainer, Gili Ben-Nissan, Paola Picotti, and Michal Sharon. Systematic identification of 20s proteasome substrates. Molecular Systems Biology, 20:403-427, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44320-024-00015-y, doi:10.1038/s44320-024-00015-y. This article has 35 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 6-8): Shirel Steinberger, Julia Adler, and Yosef Shaul. Method of monitoring 26s proteasome in cells revealed the crucial role of psma3 c-terminus in 26s integrity. Biomolecules, 13:992, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13060992, doi:10.3390/biom13060992. This article has 1 citations.
(steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 2-4): Shirel Steinberger, Julia Adler, and Yosef Shaul. Method of monitoring 26s proteasome in cells revealed the crucial role of psma3 c-terminus in 26s integrity. Biomolecules, 13:992, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13060992, doi:10.3390/biom13060992. This article has 1 citations.
(steinberger2023methodofmonitoring pages 8-11): Shirel Steinberger, Julia Adler, and Yosef Shaul. Method of monitoring 26s proteasome in cells revealed the crucial role of psma3 c-terminus in 26s integrity. Biomolecules, 13:992, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13060992, doi:10.3390/biom13060992. This article has 1 citations.
(adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep media 190794a0): Frank Adolf, Jiale Du, Ellen A. Goodall, Richard M. Walsh, Shaun Rawson, Susanne von Gronau, J. Wade Harper, John Hanna, and Brenda A. Schulman. Visualizing chaperone-mediated multistep assembly of the human 20s proteasome. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 31:1176-1188, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01268-9, doi:10.1038/s41594-024-01268-9. This article has 35 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(adolf2024visualizingchaperonemediatedmultistep media 67df21f7): Frank Adolf, Jiale Du, Ellen A. Goodall, Richard M. Walsh, Shaun Rawson, Susanne von Gronau, J. Wade Harper, John Hanna, and Brenda A. Schulman. Visualizing chaperone-mediated multistep assembly of the human 20s proteasome. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 31:1176-1188, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01268-9, doi:10.1038/s41594-024-01268-9. This article has 35 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(xiong2024thecoherencebetween pages 1-2): Jing Xiong, Xinping Pang, Xianghu Song, Lin Yang, and Chaoyang Pang. The coherence between psmc6 and Ξ±-ring in the 26s proteasome is associated with alzheimerβs disease. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1330853, doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1330853. This article has 8 citations.
(liu2023psma1apoor pages 5-7): Zhao Liu, Wuping Wang, Yan-Wu Zhou, Linfeng Li, and Wolong Zhou. Psma1, a poor prognostic factor, promotes tumor growth in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Disease Markers, 2023:1-12, Feb 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5386635, doi:10.1155/2023/5386635. This article has 10 citations.
(liu2023psma1apoor pages 7-9): Zhao Liu, Wuping Wang, Yan-Wu Zhou, Linfeng Li, and Wolong Zhou. Psma1, a poor prognostic factor, promotes tumor growth in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Disease Markers, 2023:1-12, Feb 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5386635, doi:10.1155/2023/5386635. This article has 10 citations.
(liu2023psma1apoor pages 1-2): Zhao Liu, Wuping Wang, Yan-Wu Zhou, Linfeng Li, and Wolong Zhou. Psma1, a poor prognostic factor, promotes tumor growth in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Disease Markers, 2023:1-12, Feb 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5386635, doi:10.1155/2023/5386635. This article has 10 citations.
(liu2023psma1apoor pages 11-12): Zhao Liu, Wuping Wang, Yan-Wu Zhou, Linfeng Li, and Wolong Zhou. Psma1, a poor prognostic factor, promotes tumor growth in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Disease Markers, 2023:1-12, Feb 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5386635, doi:10.1155/2023/5386635. This article has 10 citations.
(OpenTargets Search: -PSMA1): Open Targets Query (-PSMA1, 5 results). Buniello, A. et al. (2025). Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery. Nucleic Acids Research.
(monika2024systematicidentificationof pages 12-13): Monika Pepelnjak, Rivkah Rogawski, Galina Arkind, Yegor Leushkin, Irit Fainer, Gili Ben-Nissan, Paola Picotti, and Michal Sharon. Systematic identification of 20s proteasome substrates. Molecular Systems Biology, 20:403-427, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44320-024-00015-y, doi:10.1038/s44320-024-00015-y. This article has 35 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
PSMA1 encodes proteasome subunit alpha type-1, a non-catalytic alpha-ring component
of the 20S core proteasome. The key curation distinction is that PSMA1 is a
structural constituent of the proteasome, not an executor of the beta-subunit
threonine protease chemistry.
Evidence summary:
The eukaryotic 26S proteasome contains a 20S core particle of 28 subunits capped
by 19S regulatory particles PMID:23495936.
The 20S core has alpha outer rings and beta inner rings; beta1, beta2, and beta5
contain the proteolytic active sites PMID:23495936.
Human structural studies of the 20S proteasome support the assembled complex context
for PSMA1 PMID:27493187.
Proteasomes are found in cytoplasmic and nuclear contexts, including clastosomes
enriched for 19S and 20S proteasomes PMID:12181345.
AKIRIN2 binds fully assembled 20S proteasomes and mediates nuclear import, supporting
nuclear active-location annotations for proteasome subunits PMID:34711951.
Curation decisions:
Accept structural constituent of proteasome and specific 20S alpha/core complex
membership as the core PSMA1 annotations.
Keep cytosol, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleoplasm, nuclear body, and other localization
annotations as non-core context.
Accept proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process annotations only when they
stay at the proteasome-process level.
Avoid annotating PSMA1 as independently enabling protease activity; the reviewed
evidence supports a non-catalytic alpha-ring structural role, while proteolytic
chemistry occurs at beta subunits.
Mark generic protein binding as over-annotated. The interactions may be real, but
the term does not distinguish PSMA1's proteasome-specific role.
Mark immune, DNA repair, apoptosis, spermatogenesis, cell-cycle, and similar
pathway-level process exports as over-annotated for the individual PSMA1 subunit.
Remove the automated lipopolysaccharide binding annotation because it is not
supported as a human PSMA1 function by the proteasome evidence reviewed here.
π View Raw YAML
id: P25786
gene_symbol: PSMA1
product_type: PROTEIN
status: COMPLETE
taxon:
id: NCBITaxon:9606
label: Homo sapiens
description: 'PSMA1 encodes proteasome subunit alpha type-1, a non-catalytic alpha-ring
component of the human 20S core proteasome. It contributes to the architecture and
gated entry surface of the 20S core, thereby supporting proteasomal protein catabolism
in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome complexes.'
alternative_products:
- name: Short
id: P25786-1
- name: Long
id: P25786-2
sequence_note: VSP_005279
existing_annotations:
- term:
id: GO:0005634
label: nucleus
evidence_type: IBA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
review:
summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: is_active_in
- term:
id: GO:0043161
label: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
evidence_type: IBA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
review:
summary: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process captures
the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit
as part of the proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
additional_reference_ids:
- file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supported_by:
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: PSMA1 is thus part of the **execution machinery** for UPS-mediated
proteolysis by enabling regulated access to catalytic sites.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0019773
label: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex
evidence_type: IBA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
review:
summary: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex is the appropriate core-complex
membership annotation for PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S
proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product
role.
additional_reference_ids:
- file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supported_by:
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: PSMA1 is one of PSMA1-7 forming the outer Ξ± rings that regulate
access to the proteolytic chamber.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0005634
label: nucleus
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
review:
summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005737
label: cytoplasm
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
review:
summary: cytoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for
proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000117
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005839
label: proteasome core complex
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
review:
summary: proteasome core complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation
for PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S
proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product
role.
additional_reference_ids:
- file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supported_by:
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: The 20S CP is a barrel made of **four stacked heteroheptameric
rings** arranged **Ξ±1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ±1β7**; the **two outer Ξ± rings** act as
a **gate** that restricts access to the proteolytic chamber.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0006511
label: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
review:
summary: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process is directionally related
to the proteasome role but is less specific than the supported proteasome term.
action: MODIFY
reason: Replace the broad annotation with proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent
protein catabolic process, which better captures the gene product role supported
by proteasome literature and existing specific GOA annotations.
proposed_replacement_terms:
- id: GO:0043161
label: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0019773
label: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
review:
summary: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex is the appropriate core-complex
membership annotation for PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S
proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product
role.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0030163
label: protein catabolic process
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
review:
summary: protein catabolic process is directionally related to the proteasome
role but is less specific than the supported proteasome term.
action: MODIFY
reason: Replace the broad annotation with proteasomal protein catabolic process,
which better captures the gene product role supported by proteasome literature
and existing specific GOA annotations.
proposed_replacement_terms:
- id: GO:0010498
label: proteasomal protein catabolic process
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:12376572
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:14733938
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:15225636
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:16189514
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:17948026
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:19060904
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:21516116
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:21988832
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:25416956
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:25599644
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:29568061
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:29636472
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:29892012
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:31473102
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:31515488
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:32296183
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:32814053
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:33961781
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:34702852
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:35271311
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:35858375
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:37776851
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0001530
label: lipopolysaccharide binding
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
review:
summary: Lipopolysaccharide binding is not supported as a human PSMA1 core function.
action: REMOVE
reason: This is an automated computational projection and is not supported by
the human PSMA1 UniProt functional summary or the proteasome structural literature
reviewed here.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0002862
label: negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
review:
summary: negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus is
a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than
a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0140756
label: structural constituent of proteasome
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:27493187
review:
summary: PSMA1 is a non-catalytic alpha-ring subunit whose core molecular role
is structural contribution to the 20S proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: Human proteasome structures and reviews support alpha subunits as structural
components of the 20S core; PSMA1 should receive structural constituent/complex
membership, not catalytic protease activity.
additional_reference_ids:
- file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supported_by:
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: |-
PSMA1βs primary function is to serve as an essential **structural subunit of the 20S Ξ± ring**, contributing to:
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: Importantly, **PSMA1 is not a catalytic peptidase active site**;
proteolysis occurs at catalytic **Ξ² subunits**.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:29636472
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:33729481
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:37228199
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:12032076
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0008021
label: synaptic vesicle
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:37228199
review:
summary: synaptic vesicle is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0010498
label: proteasomal protein catabolic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:33729481
review:
summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated
protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0043161
label: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:19489727
review:
summary: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process captures
the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit
as part of the proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0043161
label: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:33729481
review:
summary: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process captures
the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit
as part of the proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0061136
label: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:12032076
review:
summary: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process is a pathway- or
physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function
of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30104634
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:31283222
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:32134919
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:34702852
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:35714770
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:35858375
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0002376
label: immune system process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:33019542
review:
summary: immune system process is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of
proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0005634
label: nucleus
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:32134919
review:
summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005634
label: nucleus
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:33019542
review:
summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005634
label: nucleus
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:35858375
review:
summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005737
label: cytoplasm
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:35858375
review:
summary: cytoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for
proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005839
label: proteasome core complex
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:34702852
review:
summary: proteasome core complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation
for PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S
proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product
role.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0006281
label: DNA repair
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:32134919
review:
summary: DNA repair is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome
activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0006915
label: apoptotic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:32935661
review:
summary: apoptotic process is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome
activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0006974
label: DNA damage response
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:32134919
review:
summary: DNA damage response is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of
proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0006979
label: response to oxidative stress
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:34702852
review:
summary: response to oxidative stress is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence
of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0006979
label: response to oxidative stress
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:35858375
review:
summary: response to oxidative stress is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence
of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0007283
label: spermatogenesis
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:23706739
review:
summary: spermatogenesis is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome
activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0010498
label: proteasomal protein catabolic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:23569244
review:
summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated
protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0010498
label: proteasomal protein catabolic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:23706739
review:
summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated
protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0010498
label: proteasomal protein catabolic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30104634
review:
summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated
protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0010498
label: proteasomal protein catabolic process
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:34702852
review:
summary: proteasomal protein catabolic process captures the proteasome-mediated
protein catabolism process supported for this subunit as part of the proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
additional_reference_ids:
- file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supported_by:
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: Identified substrates are enriched for intrinsically disordered
RNA- and DNA-binding proteins, especially nuclear and stress-granule proteins.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0010499
label: proteasomal ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:31473102
review:
summary: >-
proteasomal ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process captures the
proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit
as part of the proteasome. Falcon deep research reinforces this, noting that
about half of cellular proteasomes exist as free 20S complexes that degrade
substrates (especially intrinsically disordered, nuclear, and stress-granule
proteins) independently of ubiquitin, and PSMA1 is a constitutive alpha-ring
subunit of these free 20S cores.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context. Ubiquitin-independent
degradation by free 20S is now a systematically characterized pathway in which
PSMA1-containing cores participate.
additional_reference_ids:
- file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supported_by:
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: |-
Pepelnjak et al. (2024) emphasize that **~half of cellular proteasomes** can exist as **free 20S complexes**, enabling ubiquitin-independent turnover of certain substratesβespecially proteins with **intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs)** and enrichment among **nuclear and stress granule proteins**.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0030317
label: flagellated sperm motility
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:23706739
review:
summary: flagellated sperm motility is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence
of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0030317
label: flagellated sperm motility
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:27003159
review:
summary: flagellated sperm motility is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence
of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0032729
label: positive regulation of type II interferon production
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30104634
review:
summary: positive regulation of type II interferon production is a pathway- or
physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function
of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0032743
label: positive regulation of interleukin-2 production
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30104634
review:
summary: positive regulation of interleukin-2 production is a pathway- or physiology-level
consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0032760
label: positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30104634
review:
summary: positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production is a pathway-
or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific
function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0034341
label: response to type II interferon
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30104634
review:
summary: response to type II interferon is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence
of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0034515
label: proteasome storage granule
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:31380390
review:
summary: proteasome storage granule is a supported localization or active-location
annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0043161
label: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:34702852
review:
summary: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process captures
the proteasome-mediated protein catabolism process supported for this subunit
as part of the proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The gene product is a core 20S proteasome subunit, so proteasomal protein
catabolism is an appropriate core biological-process context.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0043374
label: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:33019542
review:
summary: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation is a pathway- or physiology-level
consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0045061
label: thymic T cell selection
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30650357
review:
summary: thymic T cell selection is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence
of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0045063
label: T-helper 1 cell differentiation
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30104634
review:
summary: T-helper 1 cell differentiation is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence
of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0045590
label: negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30104634
review:
summary: negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation is a pathway-
or physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific
function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0051321
label: meiotic cell cycle
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:23706739
review:
summary: meiotic cell cycle is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence of proteasome
activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0061136
label: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:35714770
review:
summary: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process is a pathway- or
physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function
of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0061136
label: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:35714770
review:
summary: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process is a pathway- or
physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function
of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0071357
label: cellular response to type I interferon
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:31380390
review:
summary: cellular response to type I interferon is a pathway- or physiology-level
consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0072539
label: T-helper 17 cell differentiation
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:30104634
review:
summary: T-helper 17 cell differentiation is a pathway- or physiology-level consequence
of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0160165
label: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell homeostasis
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:33815406
review:
summary: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell homeostasis is a pathway- or physiology-level
consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:1990111
label: spermatoproteasome complex
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:35377789
review:
summary: spermatoproteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or
more context-specific than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:2000045
label: regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
evidence_type: NAS
original_reference_id: PMID:32935661
review:
summary: regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle is a pathway- or
physiology-level consequence of proteasome activity rather than a specific function
of PSMA1.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: These annotations are largely projected from whole proteasome complexes
or specialized proteasome variants; they should not be interpreted as individual
subunit core functions.
qualifier: involved_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0016604
label: nuclear body
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
review:
summary: nuclear body is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005634
label: nucleus
evidence_type: EXP
original_reference_id: PMID:12181345
review:
summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
additional_reference_ids:
- file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supported_by:
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: Proteasomes exist in both the **cytoplasm and nucleus**.
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: 'Under PSMD1 knockdown (reducing intact 26S), the authors observed
that ββfreeβ 20S CPs remained nuclear, whereas the 19S RP accumulated in the
cytoplasm,β indicating compartment-specific dynamics of PSMA1-containing cores
versus 19S components.'
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005737
label: cytoplasm
evidence_type: EXP
original_reference_id: PMID:12181345
review:
summary: cytoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for
proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-1168640
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-1234159
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-1236970
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-1504193
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-174105
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-174202
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-174203
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-174255
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-180573
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-180603
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-209061
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-2130282
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-264458
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-353125
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-3640874
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-450466
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-4608855
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-4641256
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-4641260
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5362448
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5387392
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5607724
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5607731
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5610754
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5610758
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5610760
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5635868
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5658430
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5665854
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5665871
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5668481
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5668520
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5687112
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5689539
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-68948
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-69016
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-75825
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8850992
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8852354
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8854044
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8854071
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8866553
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8866858
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8932355
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8956140
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8956184
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8957265
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9755303
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9755306
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9766223
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-983150
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907898
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907912
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907919
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907925
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907928
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907940
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907941
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908052
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908069
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908101
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908178
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908709
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908721
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9912636
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9912655
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9912747
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9912751
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9929352
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9929486
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9931314
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9934893
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9954728
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-NUL-212917
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-NUL-5610751
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-NUL-9011324
review:
summary: cytosol is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005634
label: nucleus
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:34711951
review:
summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: is_active_in
- term:
id: GO:0005737
label: cytoplasm
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:34711951
review:
summary: cytoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation for
proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: is_active_in
- term:
id: GO:0005839
label: proteasome core complex
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:34711951
review:
summary: proteasome core complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation
for PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S
proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product
role.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:29804830
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:17323924
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0070062
label: extracellular exosome
evidence_type: HDA
original_reference_id: PMID:23533145
review:
summary: extracellular exosome is a supported localization or active-location
annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005634
label: nucleus
evidence_type: HDA
original_reference_id: PMID:21630459
review:
summary: nucleus is a core cellular context for the assembled proteasome containing
PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: The reviewed core function occurs in cytosolic and nuclear proteasome
pools, supported by proteasome localization and nuclear-import evidence.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0070062
label: extracellular exosome
evidence_type: HDA
original_reference_id: PMID:19056867
review:
summary: extracellular exosome is a supported localization or active-location
annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0070062
label: extracellular exosome
evidence_type: HDA
original_reference_id: PMID:20458337
review:
summary: extracellular exosome is a supported localization or active-location
annotation for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-174058
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-187574
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-188191
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5635854
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-68825
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-69600
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8939801
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-8952408
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9762096
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005654
label: nucleoplasm
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-NUL-9604648
review:
summary: nucleoplasm is a supported localization or active-location annotation
for proteasomes but not the gene-specific core function.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: Proteasomes operate in cytosolic and nuclear compartments; localization
annotations should be retained as context without replacing the core catalytic/structural
role.
qualifier: located_in
- term:
id: GO:0005839
label: proteasome core complex
evidence_type: ISS
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
review:
summary: proteasome core complex is the appropriate core-complex membership annotation
for PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S
proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product
role.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:17292860
review:
summary: The interaction evidence may show physical association, but generic protein
binding is too low-information for the reviewed function of this proteasome
subunit.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: For proteasome subunits, the informative annotations are catalytic activity,
structural constituent activity, complex membership, and proteasomal protein
catabolism; generic protein binding should not be treated as a core function.
qualifier: enables
- term:
id: GO:0019773
label: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex
evidence_type: ISS
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
review:
summary: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex is the appropriate core-complex
membership annotation for PSMA1.
action: ACCEPT
reason: Structural studies and UniProt summaries place the protein in the 20S
proteasome core; this complex-membership annotation is central to the gene product
role.
qualifier: part_of
- term:
id: GO:0000502
label: proteasome complex
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: PMID:8811196
review:
summary: proteasome complex is true complex membership but broader or more context-specific
than the core 20S subunit identity.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: The core review should emphasize the specific 20S core subcomplex membership;
broader proteasome or spermatoproteasome membership can be retained as non-core
context.
qualifier: part_of
references:
- id: GO_REF:0000002
title: Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO
terms
findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000024
title: Manual transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs
by curator judgment of sequence similarity
findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000033
title: Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000044
title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location
vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by
UniProt
findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000052
title: Gene Ontology annotation based on curation of immunofluorescence data
findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000107
title: Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to
orthologs using Ensembl Compara
findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000117
title: Electronic Gene Ontology annotations created by ARBA machine learning models
findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000120
title: Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
findings: []
- id: PMID:12032076
title: Properties of the hybrid form of the 26S proteasome containing both 19S and
PA28 complexes.
findings: []
- id: PMID:12181345
title: 'Clastosome: a subtype of nuclear body enriched in 19S and 20S proteasomes,
ubiquitin, and protein substrates of proteasome.'
findings: []
- id: PMID:12376572
title: Mapping and structural dissection of human 20 S proteasome using proteomic
approaches.
findings: []
- id: PMID:14733938
title: Protein-protein interactions among human 20S proteasome subunits and proteassemblin.
findings: []
- id: PMID:15225636
title: The alpha4 and alpha7 subunits and assembly of the 20S proteasome.
findings: []
- id: PMID:16189514
title: Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network.
findings: []
- id: PMID:17292860
title: Conserved signal peptide of Notch3 inhibits interaction with proteasome.
findings: []
- id: PMID:17323924
title: Mass spectrometric characterization of the affinity-purified human 26S proteasome
complex.
findings: []
- id: PMID:17948026
title: The proteasome maturation protein POMP facilitates major steps of 20S proteasome
formation at the endoplasmic reticulum.
findings: []
- id: PMID:19056867
title: Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
findings: []
- id: PMID:19060904
title: An empirical framework for binary interactome mapping.
findings: []
- id: PMID:19489727
title: Recognition and processing of ubiquitin-protein conjugates by the proteasome.
findings: []
- id: PMID:20458337
title: MHC class II-associated proteins in B-cell exosomes and potential functional
implications for exosome biogenesis.
findings: []
- id: PMID:21516116
title: Next-generation sequencing to generate interactome datasets.
findings: []
- id: PMID:21630459
title: Proteomic characterization of the human sperm nucleus.
findings: []
- id: PMID:21988832
title: Toward an understanding of the protein interaction network of the human liver.
findings: []
- id: PMID:23533145
title: In-depth proteomic analyses of exosomes isolated from expressed prostatic
secretions in urine.
findings: []
- id: PMID:23569244
title: Thymoproteasome subunit-Ξ²5T generates peptide-MHC complexes specialized for
positive selection.
findings: []
- id: PMID:23706739
title: Acetylation-mediated proteasomal degradation of core histones during DNA
repair and spermatogenesis.
findings: []
- id: PMID:25416956
title: A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network.
findings: []
- id: PMID:25599644
title: Crystal structure of the human 20S proteasome in complex with carfilzomib.
findings: []
- id: PMID:27003159
title: Proteasome activators, PA28Ξ³ and PA200, play indispensable roles in male
fertility.
findings: []
- id: PMID:27493187
title: The inhibition mechanism of human 20S proteasomes enables next-generation
inhibitor design.
findings: []
- id: PMID:29568061
title: An AP-MS- and BioID-compatible MAC-tag enables comprehensive mapping of protein
interactions and subcellular localizations.
findings: []
- id: PMID:29636472
title: Structural mechanism for nucleotide-driven remodeling of the AAA-ATPase unfoldase
in the activated human 26S proteasome.
findings: []
- id: PMID:29804830
title: ZFAND1 Recruits p97 and the 26S Proteasome to Promote the Clearance of Arsenite-Induced
Stress Granules.
findings: []
- id: PMID:29892012
title: An interactome perturbation framework prioritizes damaging missense mutations
for developmental disorders.
findings: []
- id: PMID:30104634
title: 'The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evolution and human
disease.'
findings: []
- id: PMID:30650357
title: Restricted Expression of the Thymoproteasome Is Required for Thymic Selection
and Peripheral Homeostasis of CD8(+) T Cells.
findings: []
- id: PMID:31283222
title: Design and Evaluation of Highly Selective Human Immunoproteasome Inhibitors
Reveal a Compensatory Process That Preserves Immune Cell Viability.
findings: []
- id: PMID:31380390
title: Regulation of Proteasome Activity by (Post-)transcriptional Mechanisms.
findings: []
- id: PMID:31473102
title: Characterization of Fully Recombinant Human 20S and 20S-PA200 Proteasome
Complexes.
findings: []
- id: PMID:31515488
title: Extensive disruption of protein interactions by genetic variants across the
allele frequency spectrum in human populations.
findings: []
- id: PMID:32134919
title: Cryo-EM structures of the human PA200 and PA200-20S complex reveal regulation
of proteasome gate opening and two PA200 apertures.
findings: []
- id: PMID:32296183
title: A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.
findings: []
- id: PMID:32814053
title: Interactome Mapping Provides a Network of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteins
and Uncovers Widespread Protein Aggregation in Affected Brains.
findings: []
- id: PMID:32935661
title: Role of oncogenic REGΞ³ in cancer.
findings: []
- id: PMID:33019542
title: Adaptation of Proteasomes and Lysosomes to Cellular Environments.
findings: []
- id: PMID:33729481
title: 'Proteasome in action: substrate degradation by the 26S proteasome.'
findings: []
- id: PMID:33815406
title: The Role of Proteasomes in the Thymus.
findings: []
- id: PMID:33961781
title: Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human
interactome.
findings: []
- id: PMID:34702852
title: The 20S as a stand-alone proteasome in cells can degrade the ubiquitin tag.
findings: []
- id: PMID:34711951
title: AKIRIN2 controls the nuclear import of proteasomes in vertebrates.
findings: []
- id: PMID:35271311
title: 'OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization.'
findings: []
- id: PMID:35377789
title: Proteasome complexes experience profound structural and functional rearrangements
throughout mammalian spermatogenesis.
findings: []
- id: PMID:35714770
title: Proteasome activator 28Ξ³ (PA28Ξ³) allosterically activates trypsin-like proteolysis
by binding to the Ξ±-ring of the 20S proteasome.
findings: []
- id: PMID:35858375
title: Structural insights into the human PA28-20S proteasome enabled by efficient
tagging and purification of endogenous proteins.
findings: []
- id: PMID:37228199
title: An abundance of free regulatory (19S) proteasome particles regulates neuronal
synapses.
findings: []
- id: PMID:37776851
title: Analysis of proteome-wide degradation dynamics in ALS SOD1 iPSC-derived patient
neurons reveals disrupted VCP homeostasis.
findings: []
- id: PMID:8811196
title: Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes.
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-1168640
title: Ubiquitinated IkB is degraded
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-1234159
title: Proteasome proteolyzes ub-HIF-alpha
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-1236970
title: Proteasomal clevage of exogenous antigen (26S proteasome catalyst)
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-1504193
title: Ubiquitinated DVL is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-174058
title: Degradation of multiubiquitinated Cdh1
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-174105
title: Degradation of multiubiquitinated cell cycle proteins
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-174202
title: Degradation of multiubiquitinated Securin
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-174203
title: SCF-mediated degradation of Emi1
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-174255
title: Degradation multiubiquitinated Cyclin A
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-180573
title: Degradation of ubiquitinated CD4
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-180603
title: Proteosome-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-187574
title: Degradation of ubiquitinated p27/p21 by the 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-188191
title: APC/C:Cdh1-mediated degradation of Skp2
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-209061
title: Ubiquitinated and phosphorylated IKBA binds to and is degraded by the proteasome
complex
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-2130282
title: Degradation of ubiquitinated beta catenin by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-264458
title: Proteasome mediated degradation of COP1
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-353125
title: 26S proteosome degrades ODC holoenzyme complex
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-3640874
title: Ub-RibC-AXIN is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-450466
title: AUF1:mRNA complex is degraded
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-4608855
title: PRICKLE1 is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-4641256
title: Ubiquitinated AXIN is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-4641260
title: Ubiquitinated DVL1 is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5362448
title: Hh C-terminal fragments are degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5387392
title: processing defective Hh variants are degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5607724
title: 26S proteasome processes K48PolyUb-K21,22-p-S32,36-IkBA:NF-kB complex to
form NF-kB complex
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5607731
title: 26S proteasome processes p-7S-p100:RELB to form p52:RELB
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5610754
title: GLI3 is partially degraded by the proteasome to yield the GLI3 repressor
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5610758
title: GLI1 is degraded by the proteasome after ubiquitination by beta-TrCP
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5610760
title: GLI1 is degraded by the proteasome after ubiquitination by ITCH
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5635854
title: GLI2,3 are degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5635868
title: ub-GLI is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5658430
title: NF1 is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5665854
title: ADRM1:26S proteaseome binds UCHL5
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5665871
title: ADRM1 binds 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5668481
title: Protesomal degradation of K48polyUb-TRAF3
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5668520
title: 26Sproteasome degrades K48polyUb-NIK
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5687112
title: MAPK6 is degraded by the 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5689539
title: ADRM1:26S proteaseome binds USP14
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-68825
title: Ubiquitinated geminin is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-68948
title: Ubiquitinated Orc1 is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-69016
title: Ubiquitinated Cdc6 is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-69600
title: Proteolytic degradation of ubiquitinated-Cdc25A
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-75825
title: Proteasome mediated degradation of Cyclin D1
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8850992
title: Proteasome degrades polyubiquitinated PTEN
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8852354
title: GTSE1 facilitates proteasome-mediated degradation of TP53
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8854044
title: Proteasome degrades AURKA ubiquitinated by SCF-FBXL7
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8854071
title: Proteasome-mediated degradation of PolyUb-FBXL7
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8866553
title: misfolded CFTR is degraded by the 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8866858
title: CFTR F508del is degraded by the 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8932355
title: 26S proteasome degrades Ub-NFE2L2
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8939801
title: 26S proteasome degrades PolyUb-RUNX2
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8952408
title: Polyubiquitinated RUNX3 is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8956140
title: NEDD8 and UBD bind NUB1 and the 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8956184
title: 26S- and NUB1-mediated degradation of NEDD8, UBD and their conjugates
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-8957265
title: 26S proteasome degrades TP73 polyubiquitinated by ITCH
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9755303
title: 26S proteasome degrades HIFalpha
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9755306
title: ub UBXN7 is degraded by the 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9762096
title: Ub,pS335,S338,T NFE2L2 is degraded
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9766223
title: Proteasome-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated CDH1
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-983150
title: Proteasomal cleavage of substrate
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907898
title: Formation of the inner ring of the 20S core particle of the 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907912
title: Formation of the outer ring of the 20S core particle
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907919
title: Formation of the preholoproteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907925
title: Formation of the inner ring of the 20S immunoproteasome core particle
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907928
title: Formation of the inner ring of the 20S thymoproteasome core particle
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907940
title: Formation of the preholothymoproteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9907941
title: Fromation of the preholoimmunoproteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908052
title: PSMG1:PSMG2 dimer binds the 20S core particle outer ring
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908069
title: POMP binds the 20S core particle outer ring
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908101
title: Maturation of the canonical 20S core particle
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908178
title: Formation of the 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908709
title: Formation of the PA28-alpha-beta-20S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9908721
title: Formation of the PA28gamma-20S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9912636
title: Proteasomal cleavage of intracellular substrate (PA28-alpha-beta-20S proteasome
catalyst)
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9912655
title: Proteasomal cleavage of intracellular substrate (immunoproteasome catalyst)
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9912747
title: Proteasomal clevage of exogenous antigen (immunoproteasome catalyst)
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9912751
title: Proteasomal cleavage of partially digested antigen (immunoproteasome catalyst)
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9929352
title: Ubiquitinated CD274 is degraded by the 26S proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9929486
title: SPOP-mediated degradation of CD274 by 26S Proteosome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9931314
title: Proteasomal degradation of polyUb-p-S195-CD274
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9934893
title: Proteolysis of K48polyUb-K,p-S-PER1,2,3
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9954728
title: The proteasome degrades the K48-polyubiquitinated alanine-tailed nascent
peptide
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-NUL-212917
title: Proteasome mediated degradation of PAK-2p34
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-NUL-5610751
title: Gli2is degraded by the proteasome
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-NUL-9011324
title: Proteasome degrades SAX-3 ubiquitinated by EBAX-1
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-NUL-9604648
title: Proteasome degrades ubiquitinated mouse NICD4
findings: []
- id: PMID:23495936
title: Molecular architecture and assembly of the eukaryotic proteasome.
findings: []
- id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
title: Falcon deep research report on PSMA1
findings:
- statement: |
PSMA1 (UniProt P25786) is a non-catalytic alpha subunit of the 20S proteasome
core particle; the catalytic protease active sites reside in beta subunits, not
in PSMA1.
supporting_text: |-
Importantly, **PSMA1 is not a catalytic peptidase active site**; proteolysis occurs at catalytic **Ξ² subunits**.
reference_section_type: RESULTS
- statement: |
The 20S core particle is a barrel of four stacked heteroheptameric rings
(alpha1-7 beta1-7 beta1-7 alpha1-7); the two outer alpha rings act as a gate
restricting access to the proteolytic chamber, and PSMA1 is one of the
non-catalytic alpha subunits contributing to this gate architecture.
supporting_text: |-
The 20S CP is a barrel made of **four stacked heteroheptameric rings** arranged **Ξ±1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ²1β7 Ξ±1β7**; the **two outer Ξ± rings** act as a **gate** that restricts access to the proteolytic chamber. PSMA1 is one of the **non-catalytic Ξ± subunits** contributing to this gate architecture.
reference_section_type: RESULTS
- statement: |
The N-terminal regions of PSMA1-PSMA7 form the gate controlling access to the
proteolytic chamber, defining PSMA1's primary molecular function as structural
regulation of substrate access rather than catalysis.
supporting_text: |-
A 2023 cell-biological study reiterates that **PSMA1βPSMA7 N-terminal regions form the gate controlling access to the proteolytic chamber**, situating PSMA1βs primary molecular function as **structural regulation of substrate access** rather than catalysis.
reference_section_type: RESULTS
- statement: |
PSMA1's primary function is to serve as an essential structural subunit of the
20S alpha ring, contributing to the gated entry pore and to binding interfaces
for regulators that activate or cap the core particle.
supporting_text: |-
PSMA1βs primary function is to serve as an essential **structural subunit of the 20S Ξ± ring**, contributing to:
1) **formation of the gated entry pore** (N-termini-based barrier), and
2) **binding interfaces** for regulators that activate or cap the core particle.
reference_section_type: RESULTS
- statement: |
Gate opening is driven by C-terminal HbYX motifs of proteasome regulators (e.g.
the 19S RP) inserting into pockets between adjacent alpha subunits; as an alpha
subunit PSMA1 contributes to forming these alpha-ring interfaces and pockets.
supporting_text: |-
**C-terminal HbYX motifs of proteasome regulators** (e.g., the 19S RP) insert into **pockets between adjacent Ξ± subunits** to promote **CP gate opening**. As an Ξ± subunit, PSMA1 contributes to forming these Ξ±-ring interfaces and pockets that receive regulatory tails.
reference_section_type: RESULTS
- statement: |
Human 20S biogenesis begins with formation of a complete alpha ring assisted by
the assembly chaperones PAC1/2 and PAC3/4, followed by sequential beta-subunit
incorporation; PSMA1 is one of the alpha-ring building blocks assembled before
catalytic maturation.
supporting_text: |-
Assembly begins with formation of a complete **Ξ± ring** assisted by **PAC1/2 and PAC3/4**, followed by sequential Ξ² incorporation to form **half-CPs** that fuse; activation requires cleavage of Ξ² propeptides.
reference_section_type: RESULTS
- statement: |
Proteasomes are present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and osmotic/salt
stress induces rapid formation of nuclear proteasome granules containing 26S
proteasomes.
supporting_text: |-
Proteasomes exist in both the **cytoplasm and nucleus**. In a 2023 imaging and tagging study, osmotic/salt stress induced rapid formation of **nuclear proteasome granules** containing 26S proteasomes (positive for both a 20S marker and a 19S marker), consistent with regulated nuclear proteasome compartmentalization.
reference_section_type: RESULTS
- statement: |
When 26S integrity is disrupted (PSMD1 knockdown), free 20S core particles
remain nuclear while the 19S regulatory particle accumulates in the cytoplasm,
indicating compartment-specific dynamics of PSMA1-containing cores.
supporting_text: |-
Under PSMD1 knockdown (reducing intact 26S), the authors observed that ββfreeβ 20S CPs remained nuclear, whereas the 19S RP accumulated in the cytoplasm,β indicating compartment-specific dynamics of PSMA1-containing cores versus 19S components.
reference_section_type: RESULTS
- statement: |
About half of cellular proteasomes can exist as free 20S complexes that carry
out ubiquitin-independent turnover, especially of substrates with intrinsically
disordered regions and of nuclear and stress-granule proteins.
supporting_text: |-
Pepelnjak et al. (2024) emphasize that **~half of cellular proteasomes** can exist as **free 20S complexes**, enabling ubiquitin-independent turnover of certain substratesβespecially proteins with **intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs)** and enrichment among **nuclear and stress granule proteins**.
reference_section_type: RESULTS
- statement: |
Approved proteasome inhibitors act on the catalytic beta subunits (especially
beta5), not on alpha subunits like PSMA1, framing PSMA1 as a biomarker/
proteasome-state indicator rather than a direct pharmacologic target.
supporting_text: |-
clinically used proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib) act on **catalytic Ξ² subunits** (especially Ξ²5), rather than Ξ± subunits like PSMA1. This frames PSMA1 more as a biomarker/proteasome-state indicator than a direct pharmacologic target.
reference_section_type: DISCUSSION
core_functions:
- molecular_function:
id: GO:0140756
label: structural constituent of proteasome
contributes_to_molecular_function:
id: GO:0004298
label: threonine-type endopeptidase activity
directly_involved_in:
- id: GO:0010498
label: proteasomal protein catabolic process
- id: GO:0043161
label: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
locations:
- id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
- id: GO:0005634
label: nucleus
in_complex:
id: GO:0019773
label: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex
description: PSMA1 is a structural alpha-ring subunit of the 20S proteasome core.
It does not provide the catalytic threonine nucleophile; instead, it helps form
the alpha-ring architecture and gated entry/regulator-binding surface that allows
the assembled proteasome to carry out protein catabolism.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:23495936
supporting_text: barrel-shaped proteolytic 20S core particle (CP) of 28 subunits
- reference_id: PMID:23495936
supporting_text: the outer rings consist of seven different Ξ± subunits
- reference_id: PMID:23495936
supporting_text: The Ξ²1, Ξ²2, and Ξ²5 subunits contain the proteolytic active sites
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: |-
A 2023 cell-biological study reiterates that **PSMA1βPSMA7 N-terminal regions form the gate controlling access to the proteolytic chamber**, situating PSMA1βs primary molecular function as **structural regulation of substrate access** rather than catalysis.
- reference_id: file:human/PSMA1/PSMA1-deep-research-falcon.md
supporting_text: |-
PSMA1 contributes to forming these Ξ±-ring interfaces and pockets that receive regulatory tails.
suggested_questions:
- question: Should non-catalytic proteasome alpha subunits use contributes_to for
complex-level protease activity, or should GO curation prefer structural constituent
of proteasome plus part_of complex annotations?
experts:
- Tomko RJ Jr
- Hochstrasser M
suggested_experiments:
- hypothesis: PSMA1 contributes structurally to alpha-ring gating/regulator docking
but does not directly catalyze peptide bond hydrolysis.
description: Use purified proteasome complexes or separation-of-function PSMA1 mutants
at alpha-ring/regulator interfaces, then measure assembly, gate opening, substrate
entry, and beta-subunit peptidase activity separately.
experiment_type: structure-guided mutagenesis with proteasome activity and assembly
assays
