RAD51

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term	Evidence	Action	Reason
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
GO:0000730 DNA recombinase assembly	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: Assembly of the RAD51 recombinase (presynaptic) filament on ssDNA. Reason: Captures nucleation/assembly of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament, a core step; IBA-supported and consistent with biochemistry.
GO:0003697 single-stranded DNA binding	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament. Reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
GO:0008094 ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 exhibits ATP-dependent activity acting on DNA (DNA-stimulated ATPase within the nucleoprotein filament). Reason: Accurate parent term capturing the DNA-dependent ATPase activity that drives filament dynamics; consistent with the specific ATP hydrolysis and strand-exchange activities. Retained as a broad but correct grouping (IBA/IEA).
GO:0003690 double-stranded DNA binding	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds double-stranded DNA, required for homology search and filament interactions with duplex donor. Reason: RAD51 binds dsDNA (donor duplex during homology search and forms filaments on dsDNA); demonstrated biochemically (IDA/IMP) and inferred by IBA/IEA.
GO:0042148 DNA strand invasion	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes DNA strand invasion, base-pairing the presynaptic filament ssDNA into homologous duplex to form the D-loop. Reason: Directly demonstrated (PMID:27694622) and inferred by IBA; a defining step of the recombinase mechanism.
GO:0007131 reciprocal meiotic recombination	IBA GO_REF:0000033	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Reciprocal meiotic recombination (crossover). Reason: RAD51 supports meiotic HR as a non-catalytic accessory to the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1; a real but tissue-restricted, non-core role.
GO:0006312 mitotic recombination	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in mitotic (somatic) homologous recombination. Reason: Core somatic role; IBA and TAS supported.
GO:0000794 condensed nuclear chromosome	IBA GO_REF:0000033	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Condensed nuclear chromosome. Reason: Localization to condensed chromosomes (meiotic/mitotic); non-core (IBA/ISS).
GO:0070192 chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle	IBA GO_REF:0000033	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle. Reason: Meiotic role, non-core in the human somatic context (IBA).
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
GO:0000166 nucleotide binding	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: Nucleotide binding (broad parent of ATP binding). Reason: Broad InterPro-derived parent term; accurate given RAD51's ATP binding, retained as a correct generalization.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IEA GO_REF:0000120	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0003677 DNA binding	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: DNA binding (broad parent of ss/dsDNA binding). Reason: Broad InterPro-derived DNA-binding term; correct but general, subsumed by the specific ssDNA and dsDNA binding annotations.
GO:0003690 double-stranded DNA binding	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds double-stranded DNA, required for homology search and filament interactions with duplex donor. Reason: RAD51 binds dsDNA (donor duplex during homology search and forms filaments on dsDNA); demonstrated biochemically (IDA/IMP) and inferred by IBA/IEA.
GO:0003697 single-stranded DNA binding	IEA GO_REF:0000120	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament. Reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
GO:0005524 ATP binding	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds ATP; nucleotide state governs the active vs inactive conformation of the filament. Reason: ATP binding is intrinsic to RAD51 (Walker A/B motifs) and regulates filament activity; supported experimentally (IDA PMID:16428451) and by IEA.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IEA GO_REF:0000120	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005694 chromosome	IEA GO_REF:0000120	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci). Reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
GO:0005737 cytoplasm	IEA GO_REF:0000120	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cytoplasm localization. Reason: Cytoplasmic reservoir of RAD51 prior to nuclear import/loading; non-core relative to its nuclear function.
GO:0005759 mitochondrial matrix	IEA GO_REF:0000044	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Mitochondrial matrix localization. Reason: Mitochondrial matrix pool consistent with mtDNA maintenance role (PMID:20413593); non-core.
GO:0005813 centrosome	IEA GO_REF:0000044	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Centrosome localization. Reason: Documented minor localization (UniProt, PMID:21276791); non-core.
GO:0006259 DNA metabolic process	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: DNA metabolic process (broad parent). Reason: Very broad InterPro-derived grouping; correct but uninformative, subsumed by specific HR/repair terms. Acceptable as a broad IEA.
GO:0006281 DNA repair	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in DNA repair (homologous recombination arm). Reason: Broad but accurate core process (parent of DSBR via HR); retained.
GO:0008094 ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 exhibits ATP-dependent activity acting on DNA (DNA-stimulated ATPase within the nucleoprotein filament). Reason: Accurate parent term capturing the DNA-dependent ATPase activity that drives filament dynamics; consistent with the specific ATP hydrolysis and strand-exchange activities. Retained as a broad but correct grouping (IBA/IEA).
GO:0048471 perinuclear region of cytoplasm	IEA GO_REF:0000044	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Reason: Perinuclear cytoplasmic localization (PMID:16215984); non-core.
GO:0140664 ATP-dependent DNA damage sensor activity	IEA GO_REF:0000002	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: ATP-dependent DNA damage sensor activity (InterPro2GO IEA). Reason: RAD51 is a recombinase, not a checkpoint DNA-damage sensor; this InterPro-derived mapping over-interprets the ATP-dependent DNA-acting activity. The accurate MF is DNA strand exchange / ATP-dependent activity acting on DNA.
GO:1990426 mitotic recombination-dependent replication fork processing	IEA GO_REF:0000002	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 acts in mitotic recombination-dependent replication fork processing. Reason: Specific and accurate IEA term for RAD51's role in recombination-mediated fork restart; consistent with the experimental fork-processing annotations.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:10551859 Expression of BRC repeats in breast cancer cells disrupts th...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:11842113 Involvement of Rad51C in two distinct protein complexes of R...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:12442171 Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD5...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:12750383 WRN interacts physically and functionally with the recombina...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:15665856 The cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1 is required for mammal...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:15800615 CDK-dependent phosphorylation of BRCA2 as a regulatory mecha...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:16186822 MDC1 interacts with Rad51 and facilitates homologous recombi...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:16395335 Interplay between human DNA repair proteins at a unique doub...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:17541404 Interactions between human BRCA2 protein and the meiosis-spe...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:18264088 Resistance to therapy caused by intragenic deletion in BRCA2...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:19303847 The BRC repeats of BRCA2 modulate the DNA-binding selectivit...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:19338310 Streamline proteomic approach for characterizing protein-pro...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:19628690 The BRC repeats of human BRCA2 differentially regulate RAD51...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:20729832 Purified human BRCA2 stimulates RAD51-mediated recombination...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:20729859 Human BRCA2 protein promotes RAD51 filament formation on RPA...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:20871616 Enhancement of RAD51 recombinase activity by the tumor suppr...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:20871616 Enhancement of RAD51 recombinase activity by the tumor suppr...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:21307306 Molecular basis for enhancement of the meiotic DMC1 recombin...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:21307306 Molecular basis for enhancement of the meiotic DMC1 recombin...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:21399666 A mitotic function for the high-mobility group protein HMG20...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:21601571 Valine 1532 of human BRC repeat 4 plays an important role in...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:21903585 RAD51-associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1) interacts with the mei...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:21903585 RAD51-associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1) interacts with the mei...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:21965664 hSWS1·SWSAP1 is an evolutionarily conserved complex required...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:22116401 Synaptonemal complex protein SYCP3 impairs mitotic recombina...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:22193777 ChAM, a novel motif that mediates PALB2 intrinsic chromatin ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:22293751 APRIN is a cell cycle specific BRCA2-interacting protein req...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:23509288 Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndro...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:24141787 Breast cancer-associated missense mutants of the PALB2 WD40 ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:24141787 Breast cancer-associated missense mutants of the PALB2 WD40 ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:24981860 Human-chromatin-related protein interactions identify a deme...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25282148 Structure and mechanism of action of the BRCA2 breast cancer...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25640309 Systematic identification of molecular links between core an...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25640309 Systematic identification of molecular links between core an...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25640309 Systematic identification of molecular links between core an...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25640309 Systematic identification of molecular links between core an...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25642963 Homologous-recombination-deficient tumours are dependent on ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:28319063 Compromised BRCA1-PALB2 interaction is associated with breas...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:28514442 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein commun...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:28864920 Discovery of mutations in homologous recombination genes in ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:33941620 Autism-Associated Vigilin Depletion Impairs DNA Damage Repai...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:33961781 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:33961781 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:9380510 Interaction of p53 with the human Rad51 protein.	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:9396801 A novel nucleic acid-binding protein that interacts with hum...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:9396801 A novel nucleic acid-binding protein that interacts with hum...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:9560268 The BRC repeats in BRCA2 are critical for RAD51 binding and ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:9660962 XRCC2 and XRCC3, new human Rad51-family members, promote chr...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:12442171 Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD5...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament. Reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:19622740 Structural transitions within human Rad51 nucleoprotein fila...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament. Reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:19628690 The BRC repeats of human BRCA2 differentially regulate RAD51...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament. Reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:25282148 Structure and mechanism of action of the BRCA2 breast cancer...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament. Reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:27941862 Cryo-EM structures of human RAD51 recombinase filaments duri...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament. Reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:28864920 Discovery of mutations in homologous recombination genes in ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament. Reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:9396801 A novel nucleic acid-binding protein that interacts with hum...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament. Reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:9469824 Isolation and characterization of RAD51C, a new human member...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament. Reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:9660962 XRCC2 and XRCC3, new human Rad51-family members, promote chr...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament. Reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
GO:0000722 telomere maintenance via recombination	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Telomere maintenance via recombination (ALT context). Reason: Recombination-based telomere maintenance; a context-specific role (ortholog ISS/IEA), non-core.
GO:0000781 chromosome, telomeric region	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Chromosome, telomeric region (localization). Reason: Telomeric localization in the ALT/recombination context; non-core (IDA/IEA).
GO:0007127 meiosis I	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Meiosis I. Reason: Meiotic process; non-core (ortholog IEA).
GO:0009410 response to xenobiotic stimulus	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Response to xenobiotic stimulus (ortholog IEA). Reason: Ortholog-based, tangential stimulus-response term; non-core.
GO:0009636 response to toxic substance	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Response to toxic substance (ortholog IEA). Reason: Ortholog-based, tangential stimulus-response term; non-core.
GO:0010165 response to X-ray	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Response to X-ray (ortholog IEA). Reason: Ortholog-based stimulus response; non-core.
GO:0010833 telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening. Reason: Telomere-lengthening role in recombination-based maintenance; non-core (ISS/IEA).
GO:0035861 site of double-strand break	IEA GO_REF:0000107	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers). Reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
GO:0071480 cellular response to gamma radiation	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cellular response to gamma radiation (ortholog IEA). Reason: Ortholog-based stimulus response; non-core wrapper around DDR.
GO:0072719 cellular response to cisplatin	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cellular response to cisplatin (ortholog IEA). Reason: Ortholog-based stimulus response consistent with ICL/crosslink repair; non-core.
GO:1904631 response to glucoside	IEA GO_REF:0000107	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Response to glucoside (ortholog IEA). Reason: Highly tangential ortholog-projected term with no clear relation to RAD51's characterized functions; over-annotation.
GO:1990918 double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination. Reason: Meiotic DSB repair role; non-core (ISS/IEA).
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:18417535 Identification of a novel human Rad51 variant that promotes ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0003697 single-stranded DNA binding	ISS GO_REF:0000024	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament. Reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
GO:0007131 reciprocal meiotic recombination	ISS GO_REF:0000024	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Reciprocal meiotic recombination (crossover). Reason: RAD51 supports meiotic HR as a non-catalytic accessory to the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1; a real but tissue-restricted, non-core role.
GO:0031297 replication fork processing	IDA PMID:18417535 Identification of a novel human Rad51 variant that promotes ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 acts in replication fork processing — protection and restart of stalled/damaged forks. Reason: Core replication-stress function; supported experimentally (PMID:18417535, PMID:22778135, PMID:25585578) and by ortholog inference. RAD51 protects nascent DNA and enables fork restart.
GO:0035861 site of double-strand break	IDA PMID:27797818 The MMS22L-TONSL heterodimer directly promotes RAD51-depende...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers). Reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:38509361 Cryo-EM structures of RAD51 assembled on nucleosomes contain...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0031491 nucleosome binding	IDA PMID:38509361 Cryo-EM structures of RAD51 assembled on nucleosomes contain...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 filament binds nucleosomal DNA and peels it from the histone octamer at DSB-containing nucleosomes. Reason: Cryo-EM structures show the RAD51 filament directly binds nucleosomal DNA and peels it from the histone surface (PMID:38509361), a physiologically relevant chromatin substrate interaction. Supporting Evidence: PMID:38509361 directly bind to the nucleosomal DNA
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IDA PMID:39636933 Molecular basis of FIGNL1 in dissociating RAD51 from DNA and...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IDA PMID:41166468 FIGNL1 inhibits homologous recombination in BRCA2 deficient ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:39636933 Molecular basis of FIGNL1 in dissociating RAD51 from DNA and...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:41166468 FIGNL1 inhibits homologous recombination in BRCA2 deficient ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:37499663 Visualization of direct and diffusion-assisted RAD51 nucleat...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0003697 single-stranded DNA binding	IDA PMID:37499663 Visualization of direct and diffusion-assisted RAD51 nucleat...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament. Reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:27941124 A phosphorylation-deubiquitination cascade regulates the BRC...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0035861 site of double-strand break	IDA PMID:27941124 A phosphorylation-deubiquitination cascade regulates the BRC...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers). Reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
GO:1990918 double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination	ISS GO_REF:0000024	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination. Reason: Meiotic DSB repair role; non-core (ISS/IEA).
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IDA PMID:19303847 The BRC repeats of BRCA2 modulate the DNA-binding selectivit...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IMP PMID:26681308 A novel Fanconi anaemia subtype associated with a dominant-n...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IDA PMID:7988572 Purification and characterization of the human Rad51 protein...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference. Supporting Evidence: PMID:7988572 The human Rad51 protein binds to single- and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity.
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IDA PMID:8929543 Human Rad51 protein promotes ATP-dependent homologous pairin...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8929543 hRad51 promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange reactions in vitro.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:12442171 Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD5...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:15937124 BRCA2 BRC motifs bind RAD51-DNA filaments.	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:17515903 Interaction with the BRCA2 C terminus protects RAD51-DNA fil...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:17515904 Stabilization of RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments by the C-term...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:19303847 The BRC repeats of BRCA2 modulate the DNA-binding selectivit...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0003697 single-stranded DNA binding	IDA PMID:19303847 The BRC repeats of BRCA2 modulate the DNA-binding selectivit...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament. Reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
GO:0006974 DNA damage response	IDA PMID:12442171 Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD5...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci. Reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
GO:0035861 site of double-strand break	IDA PMID:19303847 The BRC repeats of BRCA2 modulate the DNA-binding selectivit...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers). Reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
GO:0000152 nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex	IDA PMID:14636569 Regulation of BRCC, a holoenzyme complex containing BRCA1 an...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex (BRCC holoenzyme) membership. Reason: ComplexPortal IDA places RAD51 in the BRCC (BRCA1/BRCA2-containing) holoenzyme reported to have ubiquitin ligase activity (PMID:14636569). Experimental; retained but non-core, deferring to the ComplexPortal curator.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:14636569 Regulation of BRCC, a holoenzyme complex containing BRCA1 an...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0071479 cellular response to ionizing radiation	IMP PMID:14636569 Regulation of BRCC, a holoenzyme complex containing BRCA1 an...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cellular response to ionizing radiation (RAD51 focus formation after IR). Reason: Experimentally supported stimulus-response wrapper around the core DSB-repair function; kept as non-core.
GO:2000001 regulation of DNA damage checkpoint	NAS PMID:14636569 Regulation of BRCC, a holoenzyme complex containing BRCA1 an...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Regulation of DNA damage checkpoint. Reason: NAS-supported regulatory role linked to the BRCC complex (PMID:14636569); non-core.
GO:0005730 nucleolus	IDA GO_REF:0000052	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Nucleolus localization (HPA). Reason: HPA imaging-based nucleolar signal; minor localization, non-core.
GO:0005739 mitochondrion	IDA GO_REF:0000052	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Mitochondrion localization. Reason: RAD51 has a separable mitochondrial pool involved in mtDNA copy-number maintenance under oxidative stress (PMID:20413593); non-core relative to nuclear HR.
GO:0005829 cytosol	IDA GO_REF:0000052	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cytosol localization (HPA). Reason: Cytosolic pool; RAD51 is predominantly nuclear with a diffuse cytoplasmic reservoir. Non-core.
GO:0005634 nucleus	EXP PMID:15665856 The cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1 is required for mammal...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005634 nucleus	EXP PMID:19783859 Cellular redistribution of Rad51 in response to DNA damage: ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005634 nucleus	EXP PMID:23401855 The MCM8-MCM9 complex promotes RAD51 recruitment at DNA dama...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005634 nucleus	EXP PMID:23509288 Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndro...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005634 nucleus	EXP PMID:9192668 RAB22 and RAB163/mouse BRCA2: proteins that specifically int...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005694 chromosome	EXP PMID:22325354 Plk1 and CK2 act in concert to regulate Rad51 during DNA dou...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci). Reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
GO:0005694 chromosome	EXP PMID:23401855 The MCM8-MCM9 complex promotes RAD51 recruitment at DNA dama...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci). Reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
GO:0005694 chromosome	EXP PMID:26811421 TOPBP1 regulates RAD51 phosphorylation and chromatin loading...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci). Reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
GO:0005694 chromosome	EXP PMID:27797818 The MMS22L-TONSL heterodimer directly promotes RAD51-depende...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci). Reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
GO:0005694 chromosome	EXP PMID:31844045 ATAD5 promotes replication restart by regulating RAD51 and P...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci). Reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
GO:0005759 mitochondrial matrix	EXP PMID:20413593 Discovery of a novel function for human Rad51: maintenance o...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Mitochondrial matrix localization. Reason: Mitochondrial matrix pool consistent with mtDNA maintenance role (PMID:20413593); non-core. Supporting Evidence: PMID:20413593 identify human mtDNA as a novel Rad51 substrate
GO:0016887 ATP hydrolysis activity	EXP PMID:15226506 Ca2+ activates human homologous recombination protein Rad51 ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 hydrolyzes ATP; the self-inactivating ATPase controls presynaptic filament turnover. Reason: Experimentally demonstrated DNA-dependent ATPase; rapid ATP hydrolysis with slow ADP release converts the filament to an inactive state, and Ca2+/slowed hydrolysis stimulates strand exchange (PMID:15226506). Supporting Evidence: PMID:15226506 due to relatively rapid ATP hydrolysis and slow dissociation of ADP
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IDA PMID:15226506 Ca2+ activates human homologous recombination protein Rad51 ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15226506 stimulates DNA strand exchange activity of hRad51 protein
GO:0032993 protein-DNA complex	IDA PMID:15226506 Ca2+ activates human homologous recombination protein Rad51 ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is part of a protein-DNA complex (the nucleoprotein filament). Reason: Accurate cellular-component/complex term for the RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament (PMID:15226506).
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IDA PMID:27694622 The β-isoform of BCCIP promotes ADP release from the RAD51 p...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
GO:0042148 DNA strand invasion	IDA PMID:27694622 The β-isoform of BCCIP promotes ADP release from the RAD51 p...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes DNA strand invasion, base-pairing the presynaptic filament ssDNA into homologous duplex to form the D-loop. Reason: Directly demonstrated (PMID:27694622) and inferred by IBA; a defining step of the recombinase mechanism. Supporting Evidence: PMID:27694622 displacing the homologous strand to form a displacement loop (D-loop)
GO:0006310 DNA recombination	IDA PMID:8929543 Human Rad51 protein promotes ATP-dependent homologous pairin...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 mediates DNA recombination (homologous recombination). Reason: Broad but core process term for RAD51's recombinase role; supported by IDA and TAS.
GO:0005739 mitochondrion	HTP PMID:34800366 Quantitative high-confidence human mitochondrial proteome an...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Mitochondrion localization. Reason: RAD51 has a separable mitochondrial pool involved in mtDNA copy-number maintenance under oxidative stress (PMID:20413593); non-core relative to nuclear HR.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:26811421 TOPBP1 regulates RAD51 phosphorylation and chromatin loading...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0035861 site of double-strand break	IDA PMID:26811421 TOPBP1 regulates RAD51 phosphorylation and chromatin loading...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers). Reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:32640219 The ZGRF1 Helicase Promotes Recombinational Repair of Replic...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:32640219 The ZGRF1 Helicase Promotes Recombinational Repair of Replic...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0000150 DNA strand exchange activity	IDA PMID:18417535 Identification of a novel human Rad51 variant that promotes ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination. Reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference. Supporting Evidence: PMID:18417535 Identification of a novel human Rad51 variant that promotes DNA strand exchange
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:27797818 The MMS22L-TONSL heterodimer directly promotes RAD51-depende...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0003697 single-stranded DNA binding	IDA PMID:8929543 Human Rad51 protein promotes ATP-dependent homologous pairin...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament. Reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
GO:0099182 presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton	IDA PMID:18003859 RECQL5/Recql5 helicase regulates homologous recombination an...	MODIFY	Summary: Annotation places RAD51 in the 'presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton' (a neuronal synapse term). Reason: This is a misnomer-driven mis-mapping: PMID:18003859 concerns disruption of the RAD51 presynaptic (nucleoprotein) filament of homologous recombination, not a neuronal presynaptic cytoskeleton. The correct component is the RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament. Proposed replacements: protein-DNA complex Supporting Evidence: PMID:18003859 disruption of Rad51 presynaptic filaments
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:26833090 Non-catalytic Roles for XPG with BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Homologo...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:26833090 Non-catalytic Roles for XPG with BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Homologo...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0032991 protein-containing complex	IDA PMID:26833090 Non-catalytic Roles for XPG with BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Homologo...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Protein-containing complex (generic). Reason: Uninformative generic complex term; the specific relevant assemblies (HR/BRCA2-PALB2 complex, nucleoprotein filament) are captured elsewhere.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:17996710 RAD51AP1 is a structure-specific DNA binding protein that st...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:17996711 Promotion of homologous recombination and genomic stability ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:27239033 Promotion of RAD51-Mediated Homologous DNA Pairing by the RA...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:17996710 RAD51AP1 is a structure-specific DNA binding protein that st...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:17996711 Promotion of homologous recombination and genomic stability ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0006974 DNA damage response	IDA PMID:17996710 RAD51AP1 is a structure-specific DNA binding protein that st...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci. Reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
GO:0006974 DNA damage response	IDA PMID:17996711 Promotion of homologous recombination and genomic stability ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci. Reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
GO:0006974 DNA damage response	IDA PMID:27239033 Promotion of RAD51-Mediated Homologous DNA Pairing by the RA...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci. Reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
GO:0003682 chromatin binding	IDA PMID:23401855 The MCM8-MCM9 complex promotes RAD51 recruitment at DNA dama...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds chromatin, consistent with its recruitment to damaged chromatin. Reason: RAD51 associates with chromatin (e.g. via MCM8-MCM9-dependent recruitment); IDA PMID:23401855.
GO:0019899 enzyme binding	IPI PMID:23401855 The MCM8-MCM9 complex promotes RAD51 recruitment at DNA dama...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Enzyme binding (interactions with MCM8/MCM9 helicase complex, PMID:23401855). Reason: Generic binding term; the underlying interaction is real but does not by itself convey a molecular function. Non-core.
GO:0019899 enzyme binding	IPI PMID:23401855 The MCM8-MCM9 complex promotes RAD51 recruitment at DNA dama...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Enzyme binding (interactions with MCM8/MCM9 helicase complex, PMID:23401855). Reason: Generic binding term; the underlying interaction is real but does not by itself convey a molecular function. Non-core.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:28575657 RPA-Mediated Recruitment of the E3 Ligase RFWD3 Is Vital for...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:16990250 RAD51AP2, a novel vertebrate- and meiotic-specific protein, ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:16990250 RAD51AP2, a novel vertebrate- and meiotic-specific protein, ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:16990250 RAD51AP2, a novel vertebrate- and meiotic-specific protein, ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0032991 protein-containing complex	IDA PMID:16990250 RAD51AP2, a novel vertebrate- and meiotic-specific protein, ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Protein-containing complex (generic). Reason: Uninformative generic complex term; the specific relevant assemblies (HR/BRCA2-PALB2 complex, nucleoprotein filament) are captured elsewhere.
GO:0036297 interstrand cross-link repair	IMP PMID:26253028 A Dominant Mutation in Human RAD51 Reveals Its Function in D...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 participates in interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair. Reason: A dominant RAD51 variant (FANCR) reveals a role in ICL repair separable from HR (PMID:26253028); IMP-supported. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26253028 Function in DNA Interstrand Crosslink Repair Independent of Homologous Recombination
GO:0000800 lateral element	IDA PMID:9774970 Stable interaction between the products of the BRCA1 and BRC...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Lateral element (meiotic synaptonemal complex structure). Reason: Meiosis-specific localization; non-core in somatic context (IDA PMID:9774970).
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IMP PMID:26681308 A novel Fanconi anaemia subtype associated with a dominant-n...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26681308 dominant-negative mutation
GO:0003690 double-stranded DNA binding	IMP PMID:26681308 A novel Fanconi anaemia subtype associated with a dominant-n...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds double-stranded DNA, required for homology search and filament interactions with duplex donor. Reason: RAD51 binds dsDNA (donor duplex during homology search and forms filaments on dsDNA); demonstrated biochemically (IDA/IMP) and inferred by IBA/IEA.
GO:0003697 single-stranded DNA binding	IMP PMID:26681308 A novel Fanconi anaemia subtype associated with a dominant-n...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament. Reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:26681308 A novel Fanconi anaemia subtype associated with a dominant-n...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005737 cytoplasm	IDA PMID:26681308 A novel Fanconi anaemia subtype associated with a dominant-n...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cytoplasm localization. Reason: Cytoplasmic reservoir of RAD51 prior to nuclear import/loading; non-core relative to its nuclear function.
GO:0006974 DNA damage response	IMP PMID:26681308 A novel Fanconi anaemia subtype associated with a dominant-n...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci. Reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
GO:0000785 chromatin	IDA PMID:26323318 NUCKS1 is a novel RAD51AP1 paralog important for homologous ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to chromatin. Reason: Chromatin localization consistent with recruitment to damaged/replicating chromatin (IDA).
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:26323318 NUCKS1 is a novel RAD51AP1 paralog important for homologous ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:26323318 NUCKS1 is a novel RAD51AP1 paralog important for homologous ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:22641345 Nucleostemin prevents telomere damage by promoting PML-IV re...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0000722 telomere maintenance via recombination	ISS PMID:21076401 BRCA2 acts as a RAD51 loader to facilitate telomere replicat...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Telomere maintenance via recombination (ALT context). Reason: Recombination-based telomere maintenance; a context-specific role (ortholog ISS/IEA), non-core.
GO:0010833 telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	ISS PMID:21076401 BRCA2 acts as a RAD51 loader to facilitate telomere replicat...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening. Reason: Telomere-lengthening role in recombination-based maintenance; non-core (ISS/IEA).
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IMP PMID:22778135 RAD51 mutants cause replication defects and chromosomal inst...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0000781 chromosome, telomeric region	IDA PMID:21076401 BRCA2 acts as a RAD51 loader to facilitate telomere replicat...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Chromosome, telomeric region (localization). Reason: Telomeric localization in the ALT/recombination context; non-core (IDA/IEA).
GO:0031297 replication fork processing	IMP PMID:22778135 RAD51 mutants cause replication defects and chromosomal inst...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 acts in replication fork processing — protection and restart of stalled/damaged forks. Reason: Core replication-stress function; supported experimentally (PMID:18417535, PMID:22778135, PMID:25585578) and by ortholog inference. RAD51 protects nascent DNA and enables fork restart. Supporting Evidence: PMID:22778135 RAD51 mutants cause replication defects and chromosomal instability
GO:0000785 chromatin	IDA PMID:25585578 FBH1 influences DNA replication fork stability and homologou...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to chromatin. Reason: Chromatin localization consistent with recruitment to damaged/replicating chromatin (IDA).
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:23393192 Single-molecule sorting reveals how ubiquitylation affects s...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:24108124 FBH1 helicase disrupts RAD51 filaments in vitro and modulate...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25585578 FBH1 influences DNA replication fork stability and homologou...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25585578 FBH1 influences DNA replication fork stability and homologou...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:25585578 FBH1 influences DNA replication fork stability and homologou...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005737 cytoplasm	IDA PMID:25585578 FBH1 influences DNA replication fork stability and homologou...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cytoplasm localization. Reason: Cytoplasmic reservoir of RAD51 prior to nuclear import/loading; non-core relative to its nuclear function.
GO:0006974 DNA damage response	IDA PMID:25585578 FBH1 influences DNA replication fork stability and homologou...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci. Reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
GO:0031297 replication fork processing	IDA PMID:25585578 FBH1 influences DNA replication fork stability and homologou...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 acts in replication fork processing — protection and restart of stalled/damaged forks. Reason: Core replication-stress function; supported experimentally (PMID:18417535, PMID:22778135, PMID:25585578) and by ortholog inference. RAD51 protects nascent DNA and enables fork restart.
GO:0035861 site of double-strand break	IDA PMID:24550317 PARP1-dependent recruitment of KDM4D histone demethylase to ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers). Reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5685230	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5685341	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5685838	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5686410	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5686440	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5686469	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5686483	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5693539	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5693561	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5693584	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5693589	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5693593	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5693620	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9701199	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9704330	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9704408	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9709571	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9709601	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9853389	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:25642963 Homologous-recombination-deficient tumours are dependent on ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IMP PMID:23509288 Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndro...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:23509288 Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndro...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0006974 DNA damage response	IDA PMID:23509288 Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndro...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci. Reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
GO:0071479 cellular response to ionizing radiation	IDA PMID:23509288 Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndro...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cellular response to ionizing radiation (RAD51 focus formation after IR). Reason: Experimentally supported stimulus-response wrapper around the core DSB-repair function; kept as non-core.
GO:0072757 cellular response to camptothecin	IDA PMID:23509288 Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndro...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cellular response to camptothecin. Reason: Stimulus-specific response (CPT induces replication-associated DSBs); non-core context (PMID:23509288).
GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome	IDA PMID:23754376 FIGNL1-containing protein complex is required for efficient ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nuclear chromosome. Reason: Nuclear chromosome localization at damage-induced foci (IDA PMID:23754376).
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:23754376 FIGNL1-containing protein complex is required for efficient ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:23754376 FIGNL1-containing protein complex is required for efficient ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:23754376 FIGNL1-containing protein complex is required for efficient ...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0010569 regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:23754376 FIGNL1-containing protein complex is required for efficient ...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Regulation of DSB repair via homologous recombination. Reason: RAD51 filament dynamics/abundance modulate HR outcome (e.g. via FIGNL1, PMID:23754376); regulatory framing, non-core relative to the effector recombinase role.
GO:0071479 cellular response to ionizing radiation	IDA PMID:23754376 FIGNL1-containing protein complex is required for efficient ...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cellular response to ionizing radiation (RAD51 focus formation after IR). Reason: Experimentally supported stimulus-response wrapper around the core DSB-repair function; kept as non-core.
GO:0070182 DNA polymerase binding	IPI PMID:19995904 DNA polymerase POLN participates in cross-link repair and ho...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: DNA polymerase binding — direct interaction with POLN (DNA polymerase nu). Reason: More specific than 'protein binding'; documents a real interaction (PMID:19995904) relevant to a subset of repair, but not a core RAD51 function.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5686642	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5686657	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5686663	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-5693564	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9007582	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9853878	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9980006	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm	TAS Reactome:R-HSA-9980021	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm. Reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:22153967 Inhibition of homologous recombination by the PCNA-interacti...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:15665856 The cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1 is required for mammal...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:9461559 Regulation of Rad51 function by c-Abl in response to DNA dam...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:18417535 Identification of a novel human Rad51 variant that promotes ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:20154705 A PP4 phosphatase complex dephosphorylates RPA2 to facilitat...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:21252223 The role of the human SWI5-MEI5 complex in homologous recomb...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:21252223 The role of the human SWI5-MEI5 complex in homologous recomb...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:20871616 Enhancement of RAD51 recombinase activity by the tumor suppr...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:20729832 Purified human BRCA2 stimulates RAD51-mediated recombination...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:16215984 Cellular localization of human Rad51C and regulation of ubiq...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005737 cytoplasm	IDA PMID:16215984 Cellular localization of human Rad51C and regulation of ubiq...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Cytoplasm localization. Reason: Cytoplasmic reservoir of RAD51 prior to nuclear import/loading; non-core relative to its nuclear function.
GO:0048471 perinuclear region of cytoplasm	IDA PMID:16215984 Cellular localization of human Rad51C and regulation of ubiq...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Reason: Perinuclear cytoplasmic localization (PMID:16215984); non-core.
GO:0005739 mitochondrion	IDA PMID:20413593 Discovery of a novel function for human Rad51: maintenance o...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Mitochondrion localization. Reason: RAD51 has a separable mitochondrial pool involved in mtDNA copy-number maintenance under oxidative stress (PMID:20413593); non-core relative to nuclear HR. Supporting Evidence: PMID:20413593 identify human mtDNA as a novel Rad51 substrate
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:11309417 Regulation and localization of the Bloom syndrome protein in...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0016605 PML body	IDA PMID:11309417 Regulation and localization of the Bloom syndrome protein in...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: PML body localization. Reason: RAD51 localizes to PML nuclear bodies (PMID:11309417); minor, non-core.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:16756962 XPA versus ERCC1 as chemosensitising agents to cisplatin and...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:17515903 Interaction with the BRCA2 C terminus protects RAD51-DNA fil...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	IDA PMID:16428451 Differential contributions of mammalian Rad54 paralogs to re...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0005524 ATP binding	IDA PMID:16428451 Differential contributions of mammalian Rad54 paralogs to re...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds ATP; nucleotide state governs the active vs inactive conformation of the filament. Reason: ATP binding is intrinsic to RAD51 (Walker A/B motifs) and regulates filament activity; supported experimentally (IDA PMID:16428451) and by IEA.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:12242698 Highlight: BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins in breast cancer.	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:9396801 A novel nucleic acid-binding protein that interacts with hum...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0005634 nucleus	ISS GO_REF:0000024	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0000793 condensed chromosome	ISS GO_REF:0000024	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Condensed chromosome. Reason: Chromosome-condensation-associated localization (largely meiotic/mitotic); non-core (ISS).
GO:0000794 condensed nuclear chromosome	ISS GO_REF:0000024	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Condensed nuclear chromosome. Reason: Localization to condensed chromosomes (meiotic/mitotic); non-core (IBA/ISS).
GO:0006310 DNA recombination	TAS PMID:7988572 Purification and characterization of the human Rad51 protein...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 mediates DNA recombination (homologous recombination). Reason: Broad but core process term for RAD51's recombinase role; supported by IDA and TAS.
GO:0051321 meiotic cell cycle	ISS GO_REF:0000024	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Meiotic cell cycle. Reason: Meiotic role; non-core (ISS).
GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	TAS PMID:12427746 Complex formation by the human Rad51B and Rad51C DNA repair ...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
GO:0003690 double-stranded DNA binding	IDA PMID:7988572 Purification and characterization of the human Rad51 protein...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds double-stranded DNA, required for homology search and filament interactions with duplex donor. Reason: RAD51 binds dsDNA (donor duplex during homology search and forms filaments on dsDNA); demonstrated biochemically (IDA/IMP) and inferred by IBA/IEA. Supporting Evidence: PMID:7988572 The human Rad51 protein binds to single- and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity.
GO:0003697 single-stranded DNA binding	IDA PMID:7988572 Purification and characterization of the human Rad51 protein...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament. Reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS. Supporting Evidence: PMID:7988572 The human Rad51 protein binds to single- and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:8675009 The XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-medi...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
GO:0006281 DNA repair	TAS PMID:8358431 Cloning of human, mouse and fission yeast recombination gene...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in DNA repair (homologous recombination arm). Reason: Broad but accurate core process (parent of DSBR via HR); retained.
GO:0006312 mitotic recombination	TAS PMID:8358431 Cloning of human, mouse and fission yeast recombination gene...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 functions in mitotic (somatic) homologous recombination. Reason: Core somatic role; IBA and TAS supported.
GO:0007131 reciprocal meiotic recombination	TAS PMID:8358431 Cloning of human, mouse and fission yeast recombination gene...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: Reciprocal meiotic recombination (crossover). Reason: RAD51 supports meiotic HR as a non-catalytic accessory to the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1; a real but tissue-restricted, non-core role.
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:12442171 Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD5...	ACCEPT	Summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action. Reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:12442171 Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD5...	MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED	Summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.). Reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.

Year	Confidence	Finding	PMIDs	Journal
2010	High	Purified full-length human BRCA2 promotes assembly of RAD51 onto single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) by targeting RAD51 to ssDNA over double-stranded DNA, enabling RAD51 to displace RPA from ssDNA, and stabilizing RAD51-ssDNA filaments by blocking ATP hydrolysis. BRCA2 does not mediate ssDNA annealing.	PMID:20729832	Nature
1998	High	Yeast Rad52 protein stimulates DNA strand exchange by Rad51 by targeting Rad51 to RPA-coated ssDNA, overcoming the inhibitory effect of RPA on presynaptic filament formation; stimulation requires concerted action of Rad51, Rad52, and RPA via specific protein-protein interactions.	PMID:9450760, PMID:9450758	Nature
1998	High	Yeast Rad54 protein physically interacts with Rad51 and strongly stimulates the rate of homologous DNA pairing between ssDNA and dsDNA catalyzed by Rad51; Rad54 possesses a dsDNA-dependent ATPase activity.	PMID:9590697	Nature
1997	High	Purified human RAD51 (HsRad51) catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous pairing and DNA strand exchange in vitro; rates of ATP hydrolysis, homologous pairing, and strand exchange by HsRad51 are less than 1/10 those of RecA. In the presence of ATP-γS, HsRad51 forms stable presynaptic complexes and promotes renaturation but does not catalyze strand exchange or homologous pairing with duplex DNA, suggesting that homologous pairing and strand exchange by HsRad51 are more closely linked to ATP hydrolysis than in RecA.	PMID:9012806	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1998	High	Human Rad52 stimulates homologous pairing by human Rad51; hRad52 binds ssDNA and is involved in an early stage of Rad51-mediated recombination.	PMID:9450758	Nature
2005	High	BRCA2 BRC repeats (BRC3 and BRC4) bind RAD51-DNA nucleoprotein filaments at lower molar ratios and only disrupt filaments at high concentrations. BRC3 contacts the N-terminal domain of RAD51 and BRC4 contacts the nucleotide-binding core, showing that BRC repeats are non-equivalent in their mode of interaction with RAD51 filaments.	PMID:15937124	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2000	Medium	Human Rad51 redistributes to selectively UV-damaged, halogenated-thymidine-labeled chromatin after UV microirradiation, with recruitment occurring from pre-existing S-phase nuclear foci. Rad51 foci associate preferentially with postreplicative rather than replicating chromatin, supporting a role in recombinational repair of damage in postreplicative chromatin.	PMID:10908572	The Journal of cell biology
2004	Medium	RAD51 is required for more than 95% of break-induced replication (BIR) events at unique chromosomal sequences in yeast, demonstrating a genetic requirement for RAD51 in strand invasion during BIR.	PMID:14993274	Molecular and cellular biology
2000	Medium	Human RAD51 paralogs (XRCC2, XRCC3, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D) form simultaneous protein interactions with each other and with HsRAD51; three-hybrid and baculovirus co-purification experiments show that some interactions (e.g., RAD51B-RAD51D) require a third paralog (RAD51C) to occur, suggesting they may form multi-protein complexes.	PMID:10749867	The Journal of biological chemistry
1999	Medium	The C-terminal region of HsRad51 contains amino acid residues required for binding to HsRad52; mutations in this region (not the N-terminal domain) impair HsRad52 binding. The HsRad51 F259V mutation, which abrogates HsRad52 binding, reduces the stimulation of homologous pairing that occurs with both proteins together without affecting HsRad51-only pairing, establishing that the HsRad51-HsRad52 interaction is important for cooperative homologous pairing.	PMID:10448035	Journal of molecular biology
2007	Medium	Efficient turnover of Rad51 from dsDNA after strand exchange requires both the Rad51 ATPase activity and the Rad54 ATPase activity; the catalytic efficiency of Rad54's ATPase is stimulated by Rad51 partial filaments on dsDNA. The Rad51-K191R ATPase-dead mutant forms filaments with significantly increased stability on DNA.	PMID:17567608	Nucleic acids research
2008	High	Rad51 inhibits Rad52-mediated annealing of complementary ssDNA in an ATP-dependent manner through specific protein-protein interaction; the Rad51 nucleoprotein filament is more inhibitory than free Rad51. Rad59 partially restores Rad52 annealing in the presence of Rad51, suggesting coordinated channeling of processed DSBs to either strand invasion or annealing pathways.	PMID:18337252	The Journal of biological chemistry
2008	Medium	Human Rad51 specifically stimulates the branch migration activity of human Rad54 through protein-protein interactions; the active conformation of the hRad51 filament is more stimulatory than the inactive form. This stimulation is evolutionarily conserved (also observed with yeast proteins).	PMID:18617519	The Journal of biological chemistry
2009	Medium	Human PSF directly interacts with RAD51 through its N-terminal region and modulates RAD51-mediated homologous pairing and strand exchange in a concentration-dependent biphasic manner: stimulating at low RAD51 concentrations and inhibiting at optimal RAD51 concentrations.	PMID:19447914	Nucleic acids research
2015	High	The C. elegans RAD51 paralog complex RFS-1/RIP-1 binds pre-synaptic RAD51 filaments and remodels them to a stabilized, 'open,' and flexible conformation in which ssDNA is more accessible and RAD51 dissociation rate is reduced. Walker box mutations in RFS-1 that abolish filament remodeling also abolish stimulation of RAD51 strand exchange, demonstrating that remodeling activity is essential for function.	PMID:26186187	Cell
2016	Medium	TOPBP1 promotes PLK1 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of RAD51 at serine 14, which is required for RAD51 recruitment to chromatin (chromatin loading and foci formation) during homologous recombination repair; TOPBP1 BRCT domains 7/8 are essential for RAD51 foci formation.	PMID:26811421	The Journal of cell biology
2018	Medium	RADX antagonizes RAD51 by competing with RAD51 for binding to ssDNA, modulating the amount of RAD51 at stalled replication forks. Loss of RADX restores fork protection in BRCA1-, BRCA2-, FANCA-, FANCD2-, or BOD1L-deficient cells; overexpression of RADX causes fork degradation dependent on MRE11 and DNA2 nucleases and fork reversal.	PMID:30021152	Cell reports
2021	High	RADX directly and selectively interacts with ATP-bound RAD51, stimulates RAD51 ATP hydrolysis, and destabilizes RAD51 nucleofilaments, thereby inhibiting RAD51 strand exchange and D-loop formation. BRCA2 can overcome RADX-dependent RAD51 inhibition, placing RADX in functional opposition to BRCA2 in regulating RAD51 nucleofilament stability during DNA replication.	PMID:33453169	Molecular cell
2020	High	RADX condenses ssDNA filaments (including RPA-coated ssDNA) via higher-order assemblies, blocks RPA displacement by RAD51, and prevents RAD51 loading onto ssDNA, functioning as a negative regulator of RAD51 filament formation.	PMID:32621611	Nucleic acids research
2023	Medium	RAD51 uses its strand exchange activity to bypass the CMG replicative helicase (which remains bound to a stalled fork) during replication fork reversal. If the helicase is unloaded, RAD51 is no longer required for fork reversal. Thus RAD51 creates a parental DNA duplex behind the helicase that DNA translocases use for branch migration to generate the reversed fork structure.	PMID:37104614	Science (New York, N.Y.)
2017	Medium	RAD51 deficiency leads to accumulation of self-DNA in the cytoplasm, triggering a STING-mediated innate immune response; the unprotected nascent genome in RAD51-deficient cells is degraded by MRE11 exonuclease, and the resulting fragmented nascent DNA accumulates in the cytosol to initiate innate immune signaling.	PMID:28334891	Nucleic acids research
2016	Medium	FANCI-FANCD2 (I-D) complex directly binds RAD51 and stabilizes the RAD51-DNA filament in a manner requiring the DNA-binding activity of FANCI; the stabilized filament protects the 5'-DNA end from FAN1 nucleolytic degradation. The RAD51 mutant from FANCR patient cells fails to achieve this protection.	PMID:27694619	Nucleic acids research
2014	High	HOP2-MND1 heterodimer stimulates RAD51 DNA strand exchange by inducing conformational changes in RAD51 that enhance interaction with nucleotide cofactors, modify DNA-binding specificity, facilitate RAD51 loading onto ssDNA, and promote dsDNA binding during the homology search; HOP2-MND1 enables strand exchange in the absence of divalent metal ions and offsets the K133A ATP-binding mutation.	PMID:24943459	Nature communications
2012	High	The conserved aspartate at the inter-subunit ATP cap (Asp-316 in human RAD51) forms a salt bridge with the ATP γ-phosphate in the nucleoprotein filament, enhancing filament turnover at the expense of recombinase activity; substitution of Asp-316 with lysine (HsRAD51-D316K) decreases NPF turnover and markedly improves strand exchange activity in the absence of salt.	PMID:22275364	The Journal of biological chemistry
2011	Medium	Yeast Rad51 is phosphorylated on Ser192 in a DNA-damage-responsive manner primarily mediated by the Mec1 kinase; Ser192 Ala and Glu mutations confer hypersensitivity to DNA damage and homologous recombination defects. Ser192 is required for Rad51 ATPase activity and DNA-binding activity in vitro but not for multimer formation.	PMID:21738226	EMBO reports
2013	Medium	The HsRAD51B-HsRAD51C heterodimer forms a stable complex on ssDNA and partially stabilizes HsRAD51 nucleoprotein filaments against BLM helicase anti-recombinogenic activity; HsRAD51B-HsRAD51C also stimulates HsRAD51-mediated D-loop formation in the presence of RPA but does not facilitate RAD51 nucleation on RPA-coated ssDNA.	PMID:23810717	DNA repair
2022	Medium	TOPORS acts as a SUMO E3 ligase that SUMOylates RAD51 at lysine residues 57 and 70 in response to DNA damage; TOPORS SUMOylation is facilitated by ATM-induced phosphorylation of TOPORS at Thr515. SUMOylation of RAD51 is required for its chromatin recruitment and homologous recombination repair; SUMOylation-deficient RAD51 has reduced association with BRCA2.	PMID:35061896	Nucleic acids research
2021	Medium	RAD51 protects under-replicated DNA in mitotic cells and promotes mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) and successful chromosome segregation; MiDAS requires de novo RAD51 recruitment to ssDNA supported by Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1)-mediated phosphorylation of RAD51. Acute inhibition of MiDAS delays anaphase onset and induces centromere fragility.	PMID:34508092	Nature communications
2023	High	BRCA2's C-terminal TR2 motif binds across the protomer interface in the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament, acting as a brace for adjacent RAD51 molecules by targeting an acidic-patch motif on RAD51; structure-guided mutagenesis validated the functional importance of this interaction for filament stabilization.	PMID:37919288	Nature communications
2023	High	BRCA2 accelerates nucleation of RAD51 onto RPA-coated ssDNA to a rate approaching RAD51 association with naked ssDNA, eliminating the rate-limiting nucleation step by chaperoning a short preassembled RAD51 filament onto the ssDNA; a RAD51 dimer is the minimal unit required for spontaneous nucleation but growth self-terminates below the diffraction limit in the absence of BRCA2.	PMID:36976771	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2024	High	RAD51 nucleofilaments specifically recognize and protect abasic sites in ssDNA; abasic sites increase the RAD51 association rate to DNA. In the absence of BRCA2 or RAD51, abasic sites accumulate and induce abasic ssDNA gaps that make replicating DNA fibers sensitive to APE1. RAD51 assembled on abasic DNA prevents cleavage by the MRE11-RAD50 complex, suppressing replication fork breakage.	PMID:39178838	Molecular cell
2021	Medium	RAD51 physically interacts with TERRA lncRNA and catalyzes R-loop formation with TERRA in vitro, directly promoting TERRA recruitment to telomeres by strand invasion in trans; this process is counteracted by RNaseH1 and TRF1.	PMID:33057192	Nature
2021	Medium	RAD51 helicase HELQ is strongly stimulated by RAD51 during DNA unwinding via direct complex formation; conversely, RPA inhibits HELQ DNA unwinding but stimulates its DNA strand annealing activity.	PMID:34937945	Nature
2021	Medium	FANCD2, independent of FANCI dimerization, stabilizes RAD51 filaments to inhibit DNA2, MRE11, and EXO1 nucleases at stalled replication forks; additionally, FANCD2 acts as a RAD51 mediator to stimulate RAD51 strand exchange activity, providing a mechanistic link between FANCD2 and BRCA2 in the FA/BRCA fork protection pathway.	PMID:37526271	Nucleic acids research
1998	Medium	HsRad51 is proteolytically cleaved during apoptosis in human T-lymphocyte cell lines with similar kinetics to PARP cleavage; cleavage is blocked by the caspase inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO, implicating a DEVD-specific caspase, though purified caspases 2, 3, or 6-10 could not individually cleave HsRad51 in vitro.	PMID:9607320	FEBS letters
2001	Medium	Depletion of HsRad51 from human cell-free extracts diminishes triplex-induced recombination, and supplementation with purified HsRad51 restores it, establishing that HsRad51 is required for triplex-induced intermolecular recombination in human cell extracts.	PMID:11278954	The Journal of biological chemistry
2022	Medium	RAD51 Cys319 is a functionally significant redox-regulated site; oxidation of Cys319 disrupts DNA binding (molecular dynamics simulations show DNA dissociation from oxidized Cys319 RAD51 filament). Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) maintains Cys319 in a reduced state, and loss of PRDX1 leads to increased sulfenylation of RAD51 Cys319, impaired RAD51 foci formation, and decreased homologous recombination.	PMID:36058112	Redox biology
2023	Medium	Centromeric DNA breaks in quiescent human cells are resolved enzymatically by RAD51 recombinase, which safeguards the specification of functional centromeres.	PMID:36702125	Molecular cell
2021	Medium	RAD51 protects replication forks from transcription-replication conflicts (TRCs); RAD51-deficient regions enriched for early-S-phase replication and transcription show increased fork breakage, and inhibiting early S-phase transcription ameliorates many adverse effects of RAD51 depletion.	PMID:36002000	Molecular cell
2021	High	Cryo-EM structures of human RAD51-DNA complexes reveal that Loop2 residues V273 and D274 in RAD51 (vs. P274 and G275 in DMC1) are key determinants of mismatch intolerance during strand exchange; these differences in Loop2 that contact both ssDNA and the complementary strand explain why RAD51 does not permit HR in the presence of mismatches whereas DMC1 does.	PMID:34871438	Nucleic acids research
2023	High	In vivo, Rad51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filaments in budding yeast span the entire nucleus following DSB induction, adopting diverse shapes not seen in vitro; the filaments undergo cycles of compaction and extension modulated by Rad54 (promotes extension) and Srs2 (promotes compaction), and this compaction-extension dynamic constitutes a robust nuclear homology search strategy.	PMID:37605042	Nature structural & molecular biology
2020	Medium	Rad51 facilitates Dmc1 nucleoprotein filament assembly during meiosis through direct physical interaction; Dmc1 nucleation is stimulated by short Rad51 patches on DNA, and pull-down assays confirm a physical interaction between ScDmc1 and ScRad51 but not between ScDmc1 and EcRecA.	PMID:32404423	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2018	Medium	Rad51 and Dmc1 have an intrinsic ability to self-segregate within mixed presynaptic filaments in vitro, without any accessory proteins; Dmc1 stabilizes adjacent Rad51 filament segments, suggesting cross-talk between the two recombinases.	PMID:29382724	The Journal of biological chemistry
2017	Medium	Human RAD52 binds tightly to RPA-ssDNA and imposes an inhibitory effect on RPA turnover; during RAD51 presynaptic complex assembly, most RPA and RAD52 are displaced but some RAD52-RPA-ssDNA clusters persist interspersed within RAD51 filaments; once RAD51 filament assembles, it restricts new RAD52 binding events but RAD52 re-binds after RAD51 dissociation.	PMID:28551686	The Journal of biological chemistry
1998	Medium	BRCA2 gene product forms in vivo complexes with both RAD51 and p53 in human cells; BRCA2 is a nuclear phosphoprotein, and exogenous BRCA2 expression inhibits p53's transcriptional activity with RAD51 coexpression enhancing this inhibitory effect.	PMID:9811893	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

📄 View Raw YAML

id: Q06609
gene_symbol: RAD51
product_type: PROTEIN
status: COMPLETE
taxon:
  id: NCBITaxon:9606
  label: Homo sapiens
description: 'RAD51 is the central eukaryotic recombinase of homologous recombination (HR), the ortholog of bacterial RecA and yeast Rad51. It binds single-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to assemble a helical nucleoprotein (presynaptic) filament on the 3'' single-stranded overhangs generated by end resection, after being loaded onto RPA-coated ssDNA by BRCA2/PALB2 and the RAD51 paralog mediators (the BCDX2 and CX3 complexes; RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, XRCC2, XRCC3). The active ATP-bound filament performs homology search within duplex DNA and catalyzes DNA strand invasion and strand exchange, base-pairing the invading strand with the homologous template to form a displacement loop (D-loop). RAD51 is a self-inactivating, DNA-dependent ATPase: ATP binding and hydrolysis, modulated by cofactors such as Ca2+, control filament assembly, stability and turnover. Through this recombinase activity RAD51 is essential for error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks by HR, for protection and restart of stalled or damaged replication forks, and for interstrand crosslink repair; it also acts at chromatin and can peel nucleosomal DNA at break sites. Additional context- specific roles include meiotic recombination (as a non-catalytic accessory to the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1), recombination-based telomere maintenance, and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA copy number under oxidative stress. RAD51 is nuclear and concentrates in damage-induced foci at sites of double-strand breaks. A dominant- negative RAD51 variant causes a Fanconi anemia-like disorder (Fanconi anemia complementation group R, FANCR).'
alternative_products:
- name: '1'
  id: Q06609-1
- name: '2'
  id: Q06609-2
  sequence_note: VSP_005556
- name: '3'
  id: Q06609-3
  sequence_note: VSP_041724, VSP_041725
- name: '4'
  id: Q06609-4
  sequence_note: VSP_043655
existing_annotations:
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
- term:
    id: GO:0000730
    label: DNA recombinase assembly
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Assembly of the RAD51 recombinase (presynaptic) filament on ssDNA.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Captures nucleation/assembly of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament, a core step; IBA-supported and consistent with biochemistry.
- term:
    id: GO:0003697
    label: single-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
- term:
    id: GO:0008094
    label: ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 exhibits ATP-dependent activity acting on DNA (DNA-stimulated ATPase within the nucleoprotein filament).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Accurate parent term capturing the DNA-dependent ATPase activity that drives filament dynamics; consistent with the specific ATP hydrolysis and strand-exchange activities. Retained as a broad but correct grouping (IBA/IEA).
- term:
    id: GO:0003690
    label: double-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds double-stranded DNA, required for homology search and filament interactions with duplex donor.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 binds dsDNA (donor duplex during homology search and forms filaments on dsDNA); demonstrated biochemically (IDA/IMP) and inferred by IBA/IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0042148
    label: DNA strand invasion
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes DNA strand invasion, base-pairing the presynaptic filament ssDNA into homologous duplex to form the D-loop.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Directly demonstrated (PMID:27694622) and inferred by IBA; a defining step of the recombinase mechanism.
- term:
    id: GO:0007131
    label: reciprocal meiotic recombination
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Reciprocal meiotic recombination (crossover).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: RAD51 supports meiotic HR as a non-catalytic accessory to the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1; a real but tissue-restricted, non-core role.
- term:
    id: GO:0006312
    label: mitotic recombination
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in mitotic (somatic) homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core somatic role; IBA and TAS supported.
- term:
    id: GO:0000794
    label: condensed nuclear chromosome
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: Condensed nuclear chromosome.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Localization to condensed chromosomes (meiotic/mitotic); non-core (IBA/ISS).
- term:
    id: GO:0070192
    label: chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Meiotic role, non-core in the human somatic context (IBA).
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
- term:
    id: GO:0000166
    label: nucleotide binding
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Nucleotide binding (broad parent of ATP binding).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Broad InterPro-derived parent term; accurate given RAD51's ATP binding, retained as a correct generalization.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0003677
    label: DNA binding
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: DNA binding (broad parent of ss/dsDNA binding).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Broad InterPro-derived DNA-binding term; correct but general, subsumed by the specific ssDNA and dsDNA binding annotations.
- term:
    id: GO:0003690
    label: double-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds double-stranded DNA, required for homology search and filament interactions with duplex donor.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 binds dsDNA (donor duplex during homology search and forms filaments on dsDNA); demonstrated biochemically (IDA/IMP) and inferred by IBA/IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0003697
    label: single-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
- term:
    id: GO:0005524
    label: ATP binding
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds ATP; nucleotide state governs the active vs inactive conformation of the filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ATP binding is intrinsic to RAD51 (Walker A/B motifs) and regulates filament activity; supported experimentally (IDA PMID:16428451) and by IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005694
    label: chromosome
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005737
    label: cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Cytoplasm localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Cytoplasmic reservoir of RAD51 prior to nuclear import/loading; non-core relative to its nuclear function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005759
    label: mitochondrial matrix
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Mitochondrial matrix localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Mitochondrial matrix pool consistent with mtDNA maintenance role (PMID:20413593); non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0005813
    label: centrosome
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Centrosome localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Documented minor localization (UniProt, PMID:21276791); non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0006259
    label: DNA metabolic process
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: DNA metabolic process (broad parent).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Very broad InterPro-derived grouping; correct but uninformative, subsumed by specific HR/repair terms. Acceptable as a broad IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0006281
    label: DNA repair
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in DNA repair (homologous recombination arm).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Broad but accurate core process (parent of DSBR via HR); retained.
- term:
    id: GO:0008094
    label: ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 exhibits ATP-dependent activity acting on DNA (DNA-stimulated ATPase within the nucleoprotein filament).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Accurate parent term capturing the DNA-dependent ATPase activity that drives filament dynamics; consistent with the specific ATP hydrolysis and strand-exchange activities. Retained as a broad but correct grouping (IBA/IEA).
- term:
    id: GO:0048471
    label: perinuclear region of cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Perinuclear region of cytoplasm.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Perinuclear cytoplasmic localization (PMID:16215984); non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0140664
    label: ATP-dependent DNA damage sensor activity
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: ATP-dependent DNA damage sensor activity (InterPro2GO IEA).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: RAD51 is a recombinase, not a checkpoint DNA-damage sensor; this InterPro-derived mapping over-interprets the ATP-dependent DNA-acting activity. The accurate MF is DNA strand exchange / ATP-dependent activity acting on DNA.
- term:
    id: GO:1990426
    label: mitotic recombination-dependent replication fork processing
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000002
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 acts in mitotic recombination-dependent replication fork processing.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Specific and accurate IEA term for RAD51's role in recombination-mediated fork restart; consistent with the experimental fork-processing annotations.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:10551859
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:11842113
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:12442171
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:12750383
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:15665856
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:15800615
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:16186822
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:16395335
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:17541404
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:18264088
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:19303847
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:19338310
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:19628690
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:20729832
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:20729859
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:20871616
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:20871616
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21307306
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21307306
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21399666
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21601571
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21903585
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21903585
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21965664
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:22116401
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:22193777
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:22293751
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:23509288
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:24141787
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:24141787
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:24981860
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25282148
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25640309
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25640309
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25640309
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25640309
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25642963
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:28319063
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:28514442
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:28864920
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:33941620
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:33961781
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:33961781
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9380510
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9396801
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9396801
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9560268
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9660962
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0042802
    label: identical protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:12442171
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
- term:
    id: GO:0042802
    label: identical protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:19622740
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
- term:
    id: GO:0042802
    label: identical protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:19628690
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
- term:
    id: GO:0042802
    label: identical protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25282148
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
- term:
    id: GO:0042802
    label: identical protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:27941862
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
- term:
    id: GO:0042802
    label: identical protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:28864920
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
- term:
    id: GO:0042802
    label: identical protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9396801
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
- term:
    id: GO:0042802
    label: identical protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9469824
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
- term:
    id: GO:0042802
    label: identical protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9660962
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 self-associates (identical protein binding) into homo-oligomers that constitute the nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 forms linear homo-oligomers giving rise to the recombinase filament; self-interaction is functionally central and is documented by multiple IPI studies. More informative than generic protein binding.
- term:
    id: GO:0000722
    label: telomere maintenance via recombination
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Telomere maintenance via recombination (ALT context).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Recombination-based telomere maintenance; a context-specific role (ortholog ISS/IEA), non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0000781
    label: chromosome, telomeric region
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Chromosome, telomeric region (localization).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Telomeric localization in the ALT/recombination context; non-core (IDA/IEA).
- term:
    id: GO:0007127
    label: meiosis I
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Meiosis I.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Meiotic process; non-core (ortholog IEA).
- term:
    id: GO:0009410
    label: response to xenobiotic stimulus
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Response to xenobiotic stimulus (ortholog IEA).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Ortholog-based, tangential stimulus-response term; non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0009636
    label: response to toxic substance
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Response to toxic substance (ortholog IEA).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Ortholog-based, tangential stimulus-response term; non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0010165
    label: response to X-ray
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Response to X-ray (ortholog IEA).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Ortholog-based stimulus response; non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0010833
    label: telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Telomere-lengthening role in recombination-based maintenance; non-core (ISS/IEA).
- term:
    id: GO:0035861
    label: site of double-strand break
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0071480
    label: cellular response to gamma radiation
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Cellular response to gamma radiation (ortholog IEA).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Ortholog-based stimulus response; non-core wrapper around DDR.
- term:
    id: GO:0072719
    label: cellular response to cisplatin
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Cellular response to cisplatin (ortholog IEA).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Ortholog-based stimulus response consistent with ICL/crosslink repair; non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:1904631
    label: response to glucoside
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Response to glucoside (ortholog IEA).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Highly tangential ortholog-projected term with no clear relation to RAD51's characterized functions; over-annotation.
- term:
    id: GO:1990918
    label: double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Meiotic DSB repair role; non-core (ISS/IEA).
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:18417535
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0003697
    label: single-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
- term:
    id: GO:0007131
    label: reciprocal meiotic recombination
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Reciprocal meiotic recombination (crossover).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: RAD51 supports meiotic HR as a non-catalytic accessory to the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1; a real but tissue-restricted, non-core role.
- term:
    id: GO:0031297
    label: replication fork processing
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:18417535
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 acts in replication fork processing — protection and restart of stalled/damaged forks.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core replication-stress function; supported experimentally (PMID:18417535, PMID:22778135, PMID:25585578) and by ortholog inference. RAD51 protects nascent DNA and enables fork restart.
- term:
    id: GO:0035861
    label: site of double-strand break
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27797818
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:38509361
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0031491
    label: nucleosome binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:38509361
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 filament binds nucleosomal DNA and peels it from the histone octamer at DSB-containing nucleosomes.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Cryo-EM structures show the RAD51 filament directly binds nucleosomal DNA and peels it from the histone surface (PMID:38509361), a physiologically relevant chromatin substrate interaction.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:38509361
      supporting_text: directly bind to the nucleosomal DNA
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:39636933
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:41166468
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:39636933
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:41166468
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:37499663
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0003697
    label: single-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:37499663
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27941124
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0035861
    label: site of double-strand break
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27941124
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:1990918
    label: double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Meiotic DSB repair role; non-core (ISS/IEA).
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:19303847
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:26681308
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:7988572
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:7988572
      supporting_text: The human Rad51 protein binds to single- and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity.
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:8929543
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:8929543
      supporting_text: hRad51 promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange reactions in vitro.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:12442171
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15937124
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17515903
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17515904
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:19303847
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0003697
    label: single-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:19303847
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
- term:
    id: GO:0006974
    label: DNA damage response
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:12442171
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
- term:
    id: GO:0035861
    label: site of double-strand break
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:19303847
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0000152
    label: nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:14636569
  qualifier: part_of
  review:
    summary: Nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex (BRCC holoenzyme) membership.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: ComplexPortal IDA places RAD51 in the BRCC (BRCA1/BRCA2-containing) holoenzyme reported to have ubiquitin ligase activity (PMID:14636569). Experimental; retained but non-core, deferring to the ComplexPortal curator.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:14636569
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0071479
    label: cellular response to ionizing radiation
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:14636569
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Cellular response to ionizing radiation (RAD51 focus formation after IR).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Experimentally supported stimulus-response wrapper around the core DSB-repair function; kept as non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:2000001
    label: regulation of DNA damage checkpoint
  evidence_type: NAS
  original_reference_id: PMID:14636569
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Regulation of DNA damage checkpoint.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: NAS-supported regulatory role linked to the BRCC complex (PMID:14636569); non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0005730
    label: nucleolus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Nucleolus localization (HPA).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: HPA imaging-based nucleolar signal; minor localization, non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0005739
    label: mitochondrion
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Mitochondrion localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: RAD51 has a separable mitochondrial pool involved in mtDNA copy-number maintenance under oxidative stress (PMID:20413593); non-core relative to nuclear HR.
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000052
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Cytosol localization (HPA).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Cytosolic pool; RAD51 is predominantly nuclear with a diffuse cytoplasmic reservoir. Non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:15665856
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:19783859
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:23401855
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:23509288
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:9192668
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005694
    label: chromosome
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:22325354
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005694
    label: chromosome
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:23401855
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005694
    label: chromosome
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:26811421
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005694
    label: chromosome
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:27797818
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005694
    label: chromosome
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:31844045
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to chromosomes (damaged chromatin / repair foci).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Chromosomal localization at repair sites; supported by multiple EXP studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005759
    label: mitochondrial matrix
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:20413593
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Mitochondrial matrix localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Mitochondrial matrix pool consistent with mtDNA maintenance role (PMID:20413593); non-core.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:20413593
      supporting_text: identify human mtDNA as a novel Rad51 substrate
- term:
    id: GO:0016887
    label: ATP hydrolysis activity
  evidence_type: EXP
  original_reference_id: PMID:15226506
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 hydrolyzes ATP; the self-inactivating ATPase controls presynaptic filament turnover.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Experimentally demonstrated DNA-dependent ATPase; rapid ATP hydrolysis with slow ADP release converts the filament to an inactive state, and Ca2+/slowed hydrolysis stimulates strand exchange (PMID:15226506).
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15226506
      supporting_text: due to relatively rapid ATP hydrolysis and slow dissociation of ADP
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15226506
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:15226506
      supporting_text: stimulates DNA strand exchange activity of hRad51 protein
- term:
    id: GO:0032993
    label: protein-DNA complex
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:15226506
  qualifier: part_of
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is part of a protein-DNA complex (the nucleoprotein filament).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Accurate cellular-component/complex term for the RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament (PMID:15226506).
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27694622
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
- term:
    id: GO:0042148
    label: DNA strand invasion
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27694622
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes DNA strand invasion, base-pairing the presynaptic filament ssDNA into homologous duplex to form the D-loop.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Directly demonstrated (PMID:27694622) and inferred by IBA; a defining step of the recombinase mechanism.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:27694622
      supporting_text: displacing the homologous strand to form a displacement loop (D-loop)
- term:
    id: GO:0006310
    label: DNA recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:8929543
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 mediates DNA recombination (homologous recombination).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Broad but core process term for RAD51's recombinase role; supported by IDA and TAS.
- term:
    id: GO:0005739
    label: mitochondrion
  evidence_type: HTP
  original_reference_id: PMID:34800366
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Mitochondrion localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: RAD51 has a separable mitochondrial pool involved in mtDNA copy-number maintenance under oxidative stress (PMID:20413593); non-core relative to nuclear HR.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:26811421
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0035861
    label: site of double-strand break
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:26811421
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:32640219
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:32640219
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:18417535
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, the defining recombinase activity of homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core molecular function of RAD51. The human protein forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on ssDNA and promotes homology search and strand transfer in vitro; supported by multiple independent IDA/IMP studies and the IBA phylogenetic inference.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:18417535
      supporting_text: Identification of a novel human Rad51 variant that promotes DNA strand exchange
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:27797818
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0003697
    label: single-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:8929543
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
- term:
    id: GO:0099182
    label: presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:18003859
  qualifier: is_active_in
  review:
    summary: Annotation places RAD51 in the 'presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton' (a neuronal synapse term).
    action: MODIFY
    reason: 'This is a misnomer-driven mis-mapping: PMID:18003859 concerns disruption of the RAD51 *presynaptic (nucleoprotein) filament* of homologous recombination, not a neuronal presynaptic cytoskeleton. The correct component is the RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament.'
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0032993
      label: protein-DNA complex
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:18003859
      supporting_text: disruption of Rad51 presynaptic filaments
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:26833090
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:26833090
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0032991
    label: protein-containing complex
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:26833090
  qualifier: part_of
  review:
    summary: Protein-containing complex (generic).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Uninformative generic complex term; the specific relevant assemblies (HR/BRCA2-PALB2 complex, nucleoprotein filament) are captured elsewhere.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17996710
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17996711
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27239033
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:17996710
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:17996711
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0006974
    label: DNA damage response
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17996710
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
- term:
    id: GO:0006974
    label: DNA damage response
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:17996711
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
- term:
    id: GO:0006974
    label: DNA damage response
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:27239033
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
- term:
    id: GO:0003682
    label: chromatin binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:23401855
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds chromatin, consistent with its recruitment to damaged chromatin.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 associates with chromatin (e.g. via MCM8-MCM9-dependent recruitment); IDA PMID:23401855.
- term:
    id: GO:0019899
    label: enzyme binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:23401855
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Enzyme binding (interactions with MCM8/MCM9 helicase complex, PMID:23401855).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Generic binding term; the underlying interaction is real but does not by itself convey a molecular function. Non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0019899
    label: enzyme binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:23401855
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Enzyme binding (interactions with MCM8/MCM9 helicase complex, PMID:23401855).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Generic binding term; the underlying interaction is real but does not by itself convey a molecular function. Non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:28575657
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:16990250
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:16990250
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:16990250
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0032991
    label: protein-containing complex
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:16990250
  qualifier: part_of
  review:
    summary: Protein-containing complex (generic).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Uninformative generic complex term; the specific relevant assemblies (HR/BRCA2-PALB2 complex, nucleoprotein filament) are captured elsewhere.
- term:
    id: GO:0036297
    label: interstrand cross-link repair
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:26253028
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 participates in interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: A dominant RAD51 variant (FANCR) reveals a role in ICL repair separable from HR (PMID:26253028); IMP-supported.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:26253028
      supporting_text: Function in DNA Interstrand Crosslink Repair Independent of Homologous Recombination
- term:
    id: GO:0000800
    label: lateral element
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:9774970
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Lateral element (meiotic synaptonemal complex structure).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Meiosis-specific localization; non-core in somatic context (IDA PMID:9774970).
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:26681308
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:26681308
      supporting_text: dominant-negative mutation
- term:
    id: GO:0003690
    label: double-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:26681308
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds double-stranded DNA, required for homology search and filament interactions with duplex donor.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 binds dsDNA (donor duplex during homology search and forms filaments on dsDNA); demonstrated biochemically (IDA/IMP) and inferred by IBA/IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0003697
    label: single-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:26681308
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:26681308
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005737
    label: cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:26681308
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Cytoplasm localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Cytoplasmic reservoir of RAD51 prior to nuclear import/loading; non-core relative to its nuclear function.
- term:
    id: GO:0006974
    label: DNA damage response
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:26681308
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
- term:
    id: GO:0000785
    label: chromatin
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:26323318
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to chromatin.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Chromatin localization consistent with recruitment to damaged/replicating chromatin (IDA).
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:26323318
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:26323318
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:22641345
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0000722
    label: telomere maintenance via recombination
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: PMID:21076401
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Telomere maintenance via recombination (ALT context).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Recombination-based telomere maintenance; a context-specific role (ortholog ISS/IEA), non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0010833
    label: telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: PMID:21076401
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Telomere-lengthening role in recombination-based maintenance; non-core (ISS/IEA).
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:22778135
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0000781
    label: chromosome, telomeric region
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:21076401
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Chromosome, telomeric region (localization).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Telomeric localization in the ALT/recombination context; non-core (IDA/IEA).
- term:
    id: GO:0031297
    label: replication fork processing
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:22778135
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 acts in replication fork processing — protection and restart of stalled/damaged forks.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core replication-stress function; supported experimentally (PMID:18417535, PMID:22778135, PMID:25585578) and by ortholog inference. RAD51 protects nascent DNA and enables fork restart.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:22778135
      supporting_text: RAD51 mutants cause replication defects and chromosomal instability
- term:
    id: GO:0000785
    label: chromatin
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:25585578
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to chromatin.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Chromatin localization consistent with recruitment to damaged/replicating chromatin (IDA).
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:23393192
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:24108124
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25585578
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25585578
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:25585578
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005737
    label: cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:25585578
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Cytoplasm localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Cytoplasmic reservoir of RAD51 prior to nuclear import/loading; non-core relative to its nuclear function.
- term:
    id: GO:0006974
    label: DNA damage response
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:25585578
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
- term:
    id: GO:0031297
    label: replication fork processing
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:25585578
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 acts in replication fork processing — protection and restart of stalled/damaged forks.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core replication-stress function; supported experimentally (PMID:18417535, PMID:22778135, PMID:25585578) and by ortholog inference. RAD51 protects nascent DNA and enables fork restart.
- term:
    id: GO:0035861
    label: site of double-strand break
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:24550317
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is active at sites of double-strand breaks (damage-induced foci / repair centers).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The functional site of the RAD51 recombinase; supported by multiple IDA studies showing localization to DSB sites and by ortholog IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5685230
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5685341
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5685838
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686410
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686440
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686469
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686483
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693539
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693561
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693584
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693589
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693593
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693620
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9701199
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9704330
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9704408
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9709571
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9709601
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9853389
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:25642963
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:23509288
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:23509288
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0006974
    label: DNA damage response
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:23509288
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 participates in the cellular DNA damage response, forming damage-induced nuclear foci.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well supported by IDA; RAD51 is recruited to DNA damage sites and forms IR/CPT-induced foci.
- term:
    id: GO:0071479
    label: cellular response to ionizing radiation
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:23509288
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Cellular response to ionizing radiation (RAD51 focus formation after IR).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Experimentally supported stimulus-response wrapper around the core DSB-repair function; kept as non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0072757
    label: cellular response to camptothecin
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:23509288
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Cellular response to camptothecin.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Stimulus-specific response (CPT induces replication-associated DSBs); non-core context (PMID:23509288).
- term:
    id: GO:0000228
    label: nuclear chromosome
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:23754376
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nuclear chromosome.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nuclear chromosome localization at damage-induced foci (IDA PMID:23754376).
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:23754376
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:23754376
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:23754376
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0010569
    label: regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:23754376
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Regulation of DSB repair via homologous recombination.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: RAD51 filament dynamics/abundance modulate HR outcome (e.g. via FIGNL1, PMID:23754376); regulatory framing, non-core relative to the effector recombinase role.
- term:
    id: GO:0071479
    label: cellular response to ionizing radiation
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:23754376
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Cellular response to ionizing radiation (RAD51 focus formation after IR).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Experimentally supported stimulus-response wrapper around the core DSB-repair function; kept as non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0070182
    label: DNA polymerase binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:19995904
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: DNA polymerase binding — direct interaction with POLN (DNA polymerase nu).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: More specific than 'protein binding'; documents a real interaction (PMID:19995904) relevant to a subset of repair, but not a core RAD51 function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686642
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686657
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686663
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693564
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9007582
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9853878
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9980006
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9980021
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in the nucleoplasm.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Nucleoplasmic localization consistent with nuclear HR reactions; Reactome TAS pathway annotations. Accepted as a valid core location.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:22153967
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:15665856
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9461559
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:18417535
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:20154705
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21252223
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:21252223
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:20871616
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:20729832
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:16215984
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005737
    label: cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:16215984
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Cytoplasm localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Cytoplasmic reservoir of RAD51 prior to nuclear import/loading; non-core relative to its nuclear function.
- term:
    id: GO:0048471
    label: perinuclear region of cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:16215984
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Perinuclear region of cytoplasm.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Perinuclear cytoplasmic localization (PMID:16215984); non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0005739
    label: mitochondrion
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:20413593
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Mitochondrion localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: RAD51 has a separable mitochondrial pool involved in mtDNA copy-number maintenance under oxidative stress (PMID:20413593); non-core relative to nuclear HR.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:20413593
      supporting_text: identify human mtDNA as a novel Rad51 substrate
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:11309417
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0016605
    label: PML body
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:11309417
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: PML body localization.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: RAD51 localizes to PML nuclear bodies (PMID:11309417); minor, non-core.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:16756962
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:17515903
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:16428451
  qualifier: acts_upstream_of_or_within
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0005524
    label: ATP binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:16428451
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds ATP; nucleotide state governs the active vs inactive conformation of the filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: ATP binding is intrinsic to RAD51 (Walker A/B motifs) and regulates filament activity; supported experimentally (IDA PMID:16428451) and by IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:12242698
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:9396801
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0000793
    label: condensed chromosome
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Condensed chromosome.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Chromosome-condensation-associated localization (largely meiotic/mitotic); non-core (ISS).
- term:
    id: GO:0000794
    label: condensed nuclear chromosome
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: Condensed nuclear chromosome.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Localization to condensed chromosomes (meiotic/mitotic); non-core (IBA/ISS).
- term:
    id: GO:0006310
    label: DNA recombination
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: PMID:7988572
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 mediates DNA recombination (homologous recombination).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Broad but core process term for RAD51's recombinase role; supported by IDA and TAS.
- term:
    id: GO:0051321
    label: meiotic cell cycle
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Meiotic cell cycle.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: Meiotic role; non-core (ISS).
- term:
    id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: PMID:12427746
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 is the essential effector of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Central biological role of RAD51, supported by extensive experimental evidence (numerous IDA/IMP) and IBA/IEA; RAD51 performs the strand-invasion step of HR-mediated DSB repair.
- term:
    id: GO:0003690
    label: double-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:7988572
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds double-stranded DNA, required for homology search and filament interactions with duplex donor.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: RAD51 binds dsDNA (donor duplex during homology search and forms filaments on dsDNA); demonstrated biochemically (IDA/IMP) and inferred by IBA/IEA.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:7988572
      supporting_text: The human Rad51 protein binds to single- and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity.
- term:
    id: GO:0003697
    label: single-stranded DNA binding
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:7988572
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: RAD51 binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate the presynaptic nucleoprotein filament.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Well-established core activity; RAD51 binds ssDNA (the 3' resected overhang) in an ATP-dependent manner as the first step of filament assembly. Supported by biochemistry (IDA/IMP) and IBA/ISS.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:7988572
      supporting_text: The human Rad51 protein binds to single- and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:8675009
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
- term:
    id: GO:0006281
    label: DNA repair
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: PMID:8358431
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in DNA repair (homologous recombination arm).
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Broad but accurate core process (parent of DSBR via HR); retained.
- term:
    id: GO:0006312
    label: mitotic recombination
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: PMID:8358431
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 functions in mitotic (somatic) homologous recombination.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Core somatic role; IBA and TAS supported.
- term:
    id: GO:0007131
    label: reciprocal meiotic recombination
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: PMID:8358431
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: Reciprocal meiotic recombination (crossover).
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: RAD51 supports meiotic HR as a non-catalytic accessory to the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1; a real but tissue-restricted, non-core role.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:12442171
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: RAD51 localizes to the nucleus, its principal site of action.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Predominant and functionally relevant localization; supported by many EXP/IDA studies and IEA.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:12442171
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: Generic protein binding supported by many pairwise interaction (IPI) experiments with HR partners (BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51AP1, RAD54L, XRCC3, RAD51C, TP53, SPIDR, FIGNL1, TOPBP1, MCM8/9, etc.).
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Per curation guidelines, 'protein binding' is uninformative as a molecular function. The individual interactions are real and biologically important but are captured in UniProt SUBUNIT and in the specific process annotations; not a core function.
core_functions:
- description: Assembles into an ATP-dependent nucleoprotein (presynaptic) filament on single-stranded DNA and catalyzes homology search, DNA strand invasion and strand exchange to form a D-loop — the core recombinase activity that repairs double-strand breaks by homologous recombination, protects/restarts stalled replication forks, and contributes to interstrand crosslink repair.
  supported_by:
  - reference_id: PMID:8929543
    supporting_text: hRad51 promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange reactions in vitro.
  - reference_id: PMID:27694622
    supporting_text: displacing the homologous strand to form a displacement loop (D-loop)
  - reference_id: PMID:9012806
    supporting_text: The recombinant human protein carries out the hallmark reactions of RecA protein, including DNA-dependent hydrolysis of ATP, renaturation of complementary strands, homologous pairing of a single strand with duplex DNA, and strand exchange.
  molecular_function:
    id: GO:0000150
    label: DNA strand exchange activity
  directly_involved_in:
  - id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  - id: GO:0006310
    label: DNA recombination
  - id: GO:0042148
    label: DNA strand invasion
  - id: GO:0031297
    label: replication fork processing
  - id: GO:0036297
    label: interstrand cross-link repair
  locations:
  - id: GO:0035861
    label: site of double-strand break
  - id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
- description: Binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate assembly of the RAD51 recombinase filament, the first committed step of the presynaptic filament that carries out homology search and strand exchange.
  supported_by:
  - reference_id: PMID:7988572
    supporting_text: The human Rad51 protein binds to single- and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity.
  molecular_function:
    id: GO:0003697
    label: single-stranded DNA binding
  directly_involved_in:
  - id: GO:0000730
    label: DNA recombinase assembly
  - id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  locations:
  - id: GO:0035861
    label: site of double-strand break
- description: Binds and hydrolyzes ATP as a self-inactivating DNA-dependent ATPase; the nucleotide state governs assembly, stability and turnover of the nucleoprotein filament and thereby regulates strand-exchange activity.
  supported_by:
  - reference_id: PMID:15226506
    supporting_text: due to relatively rapid ATP hydrolysis and slow dissociation of ADP
  - reference_id: PMID:9012806
    supporting_text: the low rate of hydrolysis of ATP affects a rate-limiting step that is essential for both homologous pairing and strand exchange
  molecular_function:
    id: GO:0016887
    label: ATP hydrolysis activity
  directly_involved_in:
  - id: GO:0000724
    label: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  locations:
  - id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
proposed_new_terms: []
suggested_questions:
- question: To what extent are RAD51's mitochondrial mtDNA-maintenance and nuclear HR functions mechanistically separable, and does mitochondrial RAD51 act as a recombinase there?
- question: How is the balance between RAD51 filament stabilization (BRCA2, RAD51AP1) and active dismantling (FIGNL1, RECQL5, PARI/PARPBP) controlled to switch between HR and fork protection outcomes?
suggested_experiments:
- description: Separation-of-function RAD51 mutants (e.g. FANCR-type dominant variants) assayed in parallel for HR, replication fork protection, and ICL repair to map the domains/activities specific to each process.
- description: Single-molecule / cryo-EM analysis of RAD51 filament dynamics on nucleosomal versus naked DNA to quantify the nucleosome-peeling step and its ATP dependence.
references:
- id: GO_REF:0000002
  title: Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000024
  title: Manual transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs by curator judgment of sequence similarity
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000033
  title: Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000044
  title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000052
  title: Gene Ontology annotation based on curation of immunofluorescence data
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000107
  title: Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs using Ensembl Compara
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000120
  title: Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
  findings: []
- id: PMID:10551859
  title: Expression of BRC repeats in breast cancer cells disrupts the BRCA2-Rad51 complex and leads to radiation hypersensitivity and loss of G(2)/M checkpoint control.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:11309417
  title: Regulation and localization of the Bloom syndrome protein in response to DNA damage.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:11842113
  title: Involvement of Rad51C in two distinct protein complexes of Rad51 paralogs in human cells.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:12242698
  title: 'Highlight: BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins in breast cancer.'
  findings: []
- id: PMID:12427746
  title: Complex formation by the human Rad51B and Rad51C DNA repair proteins and their activities in vitro.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:12442171
  title: Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD51-BRCA2 complex.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:12750383
  title: WRN interacts physically and functionally with the recombination mediator protein RAD52.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:14636569
  title: Regulation of BRCC, a holoenzyme complex containing BRCA1 and BRCA2, by a signalosome-like subunit and its role in DNA repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:15226506
  title: Ca2+ activates human homologous recombination protein Rad51 by modulating its ATPase activity.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: Bugreev & Mazin; RAD51 DNA-dependent ATPase; Ca2+ modulation of ATP hydrolysis stimulates strand exchange. Full text available; quotes confirmed.
- id: PMID:15665856
  title: The cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1 is required for mammalian homologous recombination repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:15800615
  title: CDK-dependent phosphorylation of BRCA2 as a regulatory mechanism for recombinational repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:15937124
  title: BRCA2 BRC motifs bind RAD51-DNA filaments.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:16186822
  title: MDC1 interacts with Rad51 and facilitates homologous recombination.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:16215984
  title: Cellular localization of human Rad51C and regulation of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Rad51.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:16395335
  title: Interplay between human DNA repair proteins at a unique double-strand break in vivo.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:16428451
  title: Differential contributions of mammalian Rad54 paralogs to recombination, DNA damage repair, and meiosis.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:16756962
  title: 'XPA versus ERCC1 as chemosensitising agents to cisplatin and mitomycin C in prostate cancer cells: role of ERCC1 in homologous recombination repair.'
  findings: []
- id: PMID:16990250
  title: RAD51AP2, a novel vertebrate- and meiotic-specific protein, shares a conserved RAD51-interacting C-terminal domain with RAD51AP1/PIR51.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:17515903
  title: Interaction with the BRCA2 C terminus protects RAD51-DNA filaments from disassembly by BRC repeats.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:17515904
  title: Stabilization of RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments by the C-terminal region of BRCA2.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:17541404
  title: Interactions between human BRCA2 protein and the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:17996710
  title: RAD51AP1 is a structure-specific DNA binding protein that stimulates joint molecule formation during RAD51-mediated homologous recombination.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:17996711
  title: Promotion of homologous recombination and genomic stability by RAD51AP1 via RAD51 recombinase enhancement.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:18003859
  title: RECQL5/Recql5 helicase regulates homologous recombination and suppresses tumor formation via disruption of Rad51 presynaptic filaments.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: MEDIUM
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: RECQL5 disrupts RAD51 presynaptic (nucleoprotein) filaments — confirms the GO:0099182 annotation is a misnomer-driven mis-mapping, not a neuronal-synapse localization.
- id: PMID:18264088
  title: Resistance to therapy caused by intragenic deletion in BRCA2.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:18417535
  title: Identification of a novel human Rad51 variant that promotes DNA strand exchange.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19303847
  title: The BRC repeats of BRCA2 modulate the DNA-binding selectivity of RAD51.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19338310
  title: Streamline proteomic approach for characterizing protein-protein interaction network in a RAD52 protein complex.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19622740
  title: Structural transitions within human Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19628690
  title: The BRC repeats of human BRCA2 differentially regulate RAD51 binding on single- versus double-stranded DNA to stimulate strand exchange.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19783859
  title: 'Cellular redistribution of Rad51 in response to DNA damage: novel role for Rad51C.'
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19995904
  title: DNA polymerase POLN participates in cross-link repair and homologous recombination.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:20154705
  title: A PP4 phosphatase complex dephosphorylates RPA2 to facilitate DNA repair via homologous recombination.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:20413593
  title: 'Discovery of a novel function for human Rad51: maintenance of the mitochondrial genome.'
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: MEDIUM
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: Sage et al.; RAD51/RAD51C/XRCC3 maintain mtDNA copy number under oxidative stress; identifies mtDNA as a RAD51 substrate.
- id: PMID:20729832
  title: Purified human BRCA2 stimulates RAD51-mediated recombination.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: 'Jensen, Carreira & Kowalczykowski; full-length BRCA2 promotes assembly of RAD51 onto ssDNA, targets RAD51 to ssDNA over dsDNA, displaces RPA and stabilizes RAD51-ssDNA filaments by blocking ATP hydrolysis. Verified against cached full text; corroborates the Affinage narrative on BRCA2-mediated RAD51 loading. Cited here only under the over-annotated generic protein-binding rows.'
- id: PMID:20729859
  title: Human BRCA2 protein promotes RAD51 filament formation on RPA-covered single-stranded DNA.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:20871616
  title: Enhancement of RAD51 recombinase activity by the tumor suppressor PALB2.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:21076401
  title: BRCA2 acts as a RAD51 loader to facilitate telomere replication and capping.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:21252223
  title: The role of the human SWI5-MEI5 complex in homologous recombination repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:21307306
  title: Molecular basis for enhancement of the meiotic DMC1 recombinase by RAD51 associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1).
  findings: []
- id: PMID:21399666
  title: A mitotic function for the high-mobility group protein HMG20b regulated by its interaction with the BRC repeats of the BRCA2 tumor suppressor.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:21601571
  title: Valine 1532 of human BRC repeat 4 plays an important role in the interaction between BRCA2 and RAD51.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:21903585
  title: RAD51-associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1) interacts with the meiotic recombinase DMC1 through a conserved motif.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:21965664
  title: hSWS1·SWSAP1 is an evolutionarily conserved complex required for efficient homologous recombination repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:22116401
  title: Synaptonemal complex protein SYCP3 impairs mitotic recombination by interfering with BRCA2.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:22153967
  title: Inhibition of homologous recombination by the PCNA-interacting protein PARI.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:22193777
  title: ChAM, a novel motif that mediates PALB2 intrinsic chromatin binding and facilitates DNA repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:22293751
  title: APRIN is a cell cycle specific BRCA2-interacting protein required for genome integrity and a predictor of outcome after chemotherapy in breast cancer.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:22325354
  title: Plk1 and CK2 act in concert to regulate Rad51 during DNA double strand break repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:22641345
  title: Nucleostemin prevents telomere damage by promoting PML-IV recruitment to SUMOylated TRF1.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:22778135
  title: RAD51 mutants cause replication defects and chromosomal instability.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: RAD51 mutants cause replication defects and chromosomal instability; supports fork-processing role.
- id: PMID:23393192
  title: Single-molecule sorting reveals how ubiquitylation affects substrate recognition and activities of FBH1 helicase.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:23401855
  title: The MCM8-MCM9 complex promotes RAD51 recruitment at DNA damage sites to facilitate homologous recombination.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:23509288
  title: Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndrome helicase with homologous recombination repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:23754376
  title: FIGNL1-containing protein complex is required for efficient homologous recombination repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:24108124
  title: FBH1 helicase disrupts RAD51 filaments in vitro and modulates homologous recombination in mammalian cells.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:24141787
  title: Breast cancer-associated missense mutants of the PALB2 WD40 domain, which directly binds RAD51C, RAD51 and BRCA2, disrupt DNA repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:24550317
  title: PARP1-dependent recruitment of KDM4D histone demethylase to DNA damage sites promotes double-strand break repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:24981860
  title: Human-chromatin-related protein interactions identify a demethylase complex required for chromosome segregation.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:25282148
  title: Structure and mechanism of action of the BRCA2 breast cancer tumor suppressor.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:25585578
  title: FBH1 influences DNA replication fork stability and homologous recombination through ubiquitylation of RAD51.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:25640309
  title: Systematic identification of molecular links between core and candidate genes in breast cancer.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:25642963
  title: Homologous-recombination-deficient tumours are dependent on Polθ-mediated repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:26253028
  title: A Dominant Mutation in Human RAD51 Reveals Its Function in DNA Interstrand Crosslink Repair Independent of Homologous Recombination.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: Dominant RAD51 variant (FANCR) with a role in interstrand crosslink repair separable from HR. Quote confirmed.
- id: PMID:26323318
  title: NUCKS1 is a novel RAD51AP1 paralog important for homologous recombination and genome stability.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:26681308
  title: A novel Fanconi anaemia subtype associated with a dominant-negative mutation in RAD51.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: Dominant-negative RAD51 mutation defining a novel Fanconi anemia subtype (FANCR). Full text available.
- id: PMID:26811421
  title: TOPBP1 regulates RAD51 phosphorylation and chromatin loading and determines PARP inhibitor sensitivity.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: MEDIUM
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: 'Moudry et al.; TOPBP1 promotes PLK1-mediated RAD51 Ser14 phosphorylation required for RAD51 chromatin loading and foci formation in HR. Verified against cached record; supports the DSB-repair and chromosome-localization rows for which it is the original reference.'
- id: PMID:26833090
  title: Non-catalytic Roles for XPG with BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Homologous Recombination and Genome Stability.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:27239033
  title: Promotion of RAD51-Mediated Homologous DNA Pairing by the RAD51AP1-UAF1 Complex.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:27694622
  title: The β-isoform of BCCIP promotes ADP release from the RAD51 presynaptic filament and enhances homologous DNA pairing.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: Describes RAD51 presynaptic filament, homology search, strand invasion and D-loop formation. Full text; quote confirmed.
- id: PMID:27797818
  title: The MMS22L-TONSL heterodimer directly promotes RAD51-dependent recombination upon replication stress.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:27941124
  title: A phosphorylation-deubiquitination cascade regulates the BRCA2-RAD51 axis in homologous recombination.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:27941862
  title: Cryo-EM structures of human RAD51 recombinase filaments during catalysis of DNA-strand exchange.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:28319063
  title: Compromised BRCA1-PALB2 interaction is associated with breast cancer risk.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:28514442
  title: Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:28575657
  title: RPA-Mediated Recruitment of the E3 Ligase RFWD3 Is Vital for Interstrand Crosslink Repair and Human Health.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:28864920
  title: Discovery of mutations in homologous recombination genes in African-American women with breast cancer.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:31844045
  title: ATAD5 promotes replication restart by regulating RAD51 and PCNA in response to replication stress.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:32640219
  title: The ZGRF1 Helicase Promotes Recombinational Repair of Replication-Blocking DNA Damage in Human Cells.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:33941620
  title: Autism-Associated Vigilin Depletion Impairs DNA Damage Repair.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:33961781
  title: Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:34800366
  title: Quantitative high-confidence human mitochondrial proteome and its dynamics in cellular context.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:37499663
  title: Visualization of direct and diffusion-assisted RAD51 nucleation by full-length human BRCA2 protein.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:38509361
  title: Cryo-EM structures of RAD51 assembled on nucleosomes containing a DSB site.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: Cryo-EM of RAD51 assembled on DSB-containing nucleosomes; filament binds and peels nucleosomal DNA. Quote confirmed.
- id: PMID:39636933
  title: Molecular basis of FIGNL1 in dissociating RAD51 from DNA and chromatin.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:41166468
  title: FIGNL1 inhibits homologous recombination in BRCA2 deficient cells by dissociating RAD51 filaments.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:7988572
  title: Purification and characterization of the human Rad51 protein, an analogue of E. coli RecA.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: Baumann et al.; establishes human RAD51 ss/dsDNA binding, DNA-dependent ATPase and helical nucleoprotein filament formation. Verbatim quote confirmed.
- id: PMID:8358431
  title: Cloning of human, mouse and fission yeast recombination genes homologous to RAD51 and recA.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:8675009
  title: The XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:8929543
  title: Human Rad51 protein promotes ATP-dependent homologous pairing and strand transfer reactions in vitro.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: Baumann & West; human RAD51 promotes ATP-dependent homologous pairing and strand transfer in vitro. Verbatim quote confirmed.
- id: PMID:9012806
  title: Activities of human recombination protein Rad51.
  findings: []
  reference_review:
    relevance: HIGH
    correctness: VERIFIED
    review_notes: 'Gupta, Bazemore, Golub & Radding (1997 PNAS); purified human RAD51 catalyzes DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis, homologous pairing and strand exchange, and forms stable presynaptic complexes, with homologous pairing/strand exchange more tightly coupled to ATP hydrolysis than in RecA. Foundational human-RAD51 recombinase paper surfaced by the Affinage record; verified against cached full text and attached to core_functions (strand exchange, ATP hydrolysis).'
- id: PMID:9192668
  title: 'RAB22 and RAB163/mouse BRCA2: proteins that specifically interact with the RAD51 protein.'
  findings: []
- id: PMID:9380510
  title: Interaction of p53 with the human Rad51 protein.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:9396801
  title: A novel nucleic acid-binding protein that interacts with human rad51 recombinase.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:9461559
  title: Regulation of Rad51 function by c-Abl in response to DNA damage.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:9469824
  title: Isolation and characterization of RAD51C, a new human member of the RAD51 family of related genes.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:9560268
  title: The BRC repeats in BRCA2 are critical for RAD51 binding and resistance to methyl methanesulfonate treatment.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:9660962
  title: XRCC2 and XRCC3, new human Rad51-family members, promote chromosome stability and protect against DNA cross-links and other damages.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:9774970
  title: Stable interaction between the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes in mitotic and meiotic cells.
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5685230
  title: CHEK1 phosphorylates RAD51
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5685341
  title: BCDX2 complex stabilizes RAD51 filament
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5685838
  title: CX3 complex binds D-loop structures
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686410
  title: BLM mediates dissolution of double Holliday junction
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686440
  title: MUS81:EME1,EME2 cleaves D-loop
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686469
  title: Resolution of D-loops cleaved by MUS81:EME1 or MUS81:EME2
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686483
  title: Resolution of Holliday junctions cleaved by GEN1 or SLX1A:SLX4:MUS81:EME1,(MUS81:EME2)
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686642
  title: RAD52 promotes single strand annealing at resected DNA DSBs
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686657
  title: ERCC1:XPF cleaves flaps generated by SSA
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5686663
  title: Completion of SSA
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693539
  title: Ligation of DNA and formation of Holliday structures following repair synthesis
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693561
  title: RAD51 binds BRCA2 at resected DNA DSBs
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693564
  title: Association of RAD51 with RAD52:DNA double-strand break ends
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693584
  title: Cleavage of Holliday junctions by GEN1 or SLX1A:SLX4:MUS81:EME1,(MUS81:EME2)
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693589
  title: D-loop dissociation and strand annealing
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693593
  title: D-loop extension by DNA polymerases
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-5693620
  title: D-loop formation mediated by PALB2, BRCA2 and RAD51
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9007582
  title: RAD51 gene expression is stimulated by E2F1 and inhibited by E2F6
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9701199
  title: Defective D-loop formation mediated by PALB2, BRCA2 and RAD51 due to loss-of-function of BRCA1 in PALB2 binding
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9704330
  title: Defective D-loop formation mediated by PALB2, BRCA2 and RAD51 due to loss-of-function of PALB2 in BRCA1 binding
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9704408
  title: Defective D-loop formation mediated by PALB2, BRCA2 and RAD51 due to loss-of-function of PALB2 in binding to BRCA2/RAD51/RAD51C
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9709571
  title: BRCA2 mutants with BRC defects or a defect in the C-terminal RAD51 binding site do not bind RAD51
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9709601
  title: Defective recruitment of BRCA2 and RAD51 due to loss of BRCA2 function in PALB2 binding
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9853389
  title: FIGNL1 binds RAD51
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9853878
  title: FIGNL1 binds DMC1, RAD51
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9980006
  title: ERCC1:XPF binds DNA DSBs with annealed 3' ssDNA overhangs and displaced flaps generated by SSA
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9980021
  title: LIG1 binds SSA sites
  findings: []

Gene Description

Existing Annotations Review

Core Functions

Binds single-stranded DNA to nucleate assembly of the RAD51 recombinase filament, the first committed step of the presynaptic filament that carries out homology search and strand exchange.

Binds and hydrolyzes ATP as a self-inactivating DNA-dependent ATPase; the nucleotide state governs assembly, stability and turnover of the nucleoprotein filament and thereby regulates strand-exchange activity.

References

Suggested Questions for Experts

Suggested Experiments

Deep Research

Affinage

Affinage mechanistic annotation for RAD51 (human)

Current model (mechanistic narrative)

Affinage mechanism profile (Affinage's own GO/Reactome grounding)

Dated findings (citation-anchored)

Citations

📚 Additional Documentation

Notes

RAD51 (Q06609) gene review notes

Core biology (established)

Non-core / context-specific

Curation flags

Disease

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