STC1

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term	Evidence	Action	Reason
GO:0006874 intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: IBA annotation inferred from phylogenetic analysis. STC1 was originally characterized as a calcium-regulating hormone in fish where it functions in preventing hypercalcemia [PMID:8700837]. Human STC1 has been shown to reversibly inhibit transmembrane calcium currents through L-channels in cardiomyocytes, slowing endogenous beating rate and diminishing intracellular calcium rise with each contraction [PMID:12663264]. The role in intracellular calcium homeostasis is well supported by experimental evidence across the stanniocalcin family. Reason: This is a core conserved function of the stanniocalcin family. Multiple studies demonstrate STC1's role in calcium homeostasis - it inhibits calcium uptake in fish [PMID:8700837] and inhibits L-channel calcium currents in mammalian cardiomyocytes [PMID:12663264]. The IBA annotation appropriately captures this evolutionarily conserved function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8700837 Recombinant hSTC inhibited the gill transport of calcium when administered to fish and stimulated renal phosphate reabsorption in the rat PMID:12663264 Addition of recombinant STC1 to the medium of cultured rat cardiomyocytes slows their endogenous beating rate and diminishes the rise in intracellular calcium with each contraction
GO:0005615 extracellular space	IBA GO_REF:0000033	ACCEPT	Summary: IBA annotation for cellular component. STC1 is a secreted glycoprotein hormone, consistent with its localization to the extracellular space. UniProt clearly indicates "Secreted" as the subcellular location, and the protein has a signal peptide (residues 1-17) [PMID:8700837, UniProt P52823]. Reason: STC1 is well-established as a secreted hormone. The protein has a signal peptide and is released to function in autocrine/paracrine signaling. This annotation is accurate and represents a core aspect of STC1 biology. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8700837 We have isolated a human cDNA clone encoding the mammalian homolog of stanniocalcin (STC), a calcium- and phosphate-regulating hormone that was first described in fishes where it functions in preventing hypercalcemia PMID:14500721 Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is a secreted glycoprotein originally described as a hormone involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis in bony fishes
GO:0007165 signal transduction	IEA GO_REF:0000108	ACCEPT	Summary: IEA annotation based on logical inference. STC1 functions as a signaling molecule that modulates multiple pathways including HGF/c-met signaling [PMID:14500721] and has been shown to bind Notch1 to activate Notch signaling in cancer contexts [deep research]. However, "signal transduction" is a very broad term. Reason: While broad, this annotation is accurate. STC1 is a secreted hormone that acts via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms to regulate cellular responses. It modulates HGF-induced signaling and affects downstream pathways like focal adhesion kinase. As an IEA annotation, the breadth is acceptable given the well-documented signaling roles of STC1. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14500721 STC1 did not inhibit HGF-induced c-met receptor phosphorylation, but did block HGF-induced focal adhesion kinase activation
GO:0005179 hormone activity	IEA GO_REF:0000120	ACCEPT	Summary: IEA annotation for molecular function. STC1 is classified as a hormone in UniProt and was originally identified as the mammalian homolog of fish stanniocalcin, a calcium-regulating hormone. STC1 acts via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms to regulate mineral homeostasis and cellular responses [PMID:8700837]. Reason: This accurately captures STC1's function as a hormone. The stanniocalcin family was originally characterized as hormonal regulators of mineral metabolism. STC1 is secreted and acts on target cells to modulate calcium/phosphate handling and other cellular processes. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8700837 Human stanniocalcin: a possible hormonal regulator of mineral metabolism
GO:0005576 extracellular region	IEA GO_REF:0000120	ACCEPT	Summary: IEA annotation for cellular component. This is a broader parent term of "extracellular space" (GO:0005615) which is already annotated with IBA evidence. Both are correct - STC1 is a secreted protein that localizes to the extracellular region. Reason: Accurate annotation. STC1 is a secreted glycoprotein and localizes to the extracellular region. This IEA annotation is consistent with the more specific IBA annotation for extracellular space. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8700837 Human STC (hSTC) was found to be 247 amino acids long
GO:0001503 ossification	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: IEA annotation transferred from orthologs. STC1 has been shown to regulate growth plate chondrogenesis and bone development in studies using recombinant human STC1 [PMID:16377640]. The annotation is supported by evidence that STC1 overexpression causes dwarfism in mice. Reason: While STC1 does affect bone development and the annotation is accurate based on experimental studies, ossification is not a core function of STC1. The primary functions are mineral homeostasis, PAPP-A inhibition, and angiogenesis regulation. Bone effects may be secondary to its role in phosphate handling and IGF signaling modulation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16377640 STC1 inhibits longitudinal bone growth directly at the growth plate
GO:0005615 extracellular space	IEA GO_REF:0000107	ACCEPT	Summary: IEA annotation transferred from orthologs for cellular component. Duplicate of the IBA annotation above. STC1 is clearly a secreted protein localized to the extracellular space. Reason: Accurate annotation supported by multiple lines of evidence. Having both IBA and IEA evidence for the same term is acceptable and reflects consistent annotation across species and methods. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14500721 Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is a secreted glycoprotein
GO:0007566 embryo implantation	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: IEA annotation transferred from orthologs. STC1 expression has been associated with reproductive processes and decidualization, which relates to embryo implantation. However, direct experimental evidence for STC1's role in embryo implantation is limited. Reason: This annotation may reflect expression data or ortholog-based inference rather than direct functional evidence. STC1's pleiotropic nature means it is expressed in many tissues including reproductive organs, but embryo implantation is not considered a primary function based on available literature. Supporting Evidence: file:human/STC1/STC1-deep-research-falcon.md STC1 is expressed in reproductive organs
GO:0016324 apical plasma membrane	IEA GO_REF:0000107	ACCEPT	Summary: IEA annotation transferred from orthologs. STC1 has been detected on the apical surface of endothelial cells in vivo [PMID:17032941]. The annotation is consistent with STC1's role in regulating transendothelial migration. Reason: Supported by direct detection of STC1 on the apical surface of endothelial cells. This localization is relevant to STC1's function in modulating inflammatory cell transmigration and endothelial function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:17032941 STC1 regulates gene expression in cultured endothelial cells and is detected on the apical surface of endothelial cells in vivo
GO:0033280 response to vitamin D	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: IEA annotation transferred from orthologs. STC1 is involved in mineral homeostasis and vitamin D is a key regulator of calcium metabolism. The connection is plausible given STC1's role in calcium/phosphate handling, but direct evidence from the publications reviewed is limited. Reason: While the connection between STC1 and vitamin D signaling is biologically plausible given their shared roles in mineral metabolism, this is not a core function based on available direct experimental evidence. The annotation may reflect expression regulation rather than direct functional involvement. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8700837 The evidence suggests that mammalian STC, like its piscine counterpart, is a regulator of mineral homeostasis
GO:0046697 decidualization	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: IEA annotation transferred from orthologs. STC1 is expressed in reproductive tissues and may have roles in uterine biology. However, direct evidence for STC1 function in decidualization from the primary literature reviewed is limited. Reason: This annotation likely reflects expression patterns in uterine tissue rather than direct functional evidence. Decidualization is not a primary function of STC1 based on the core literature, though expression in reproductive organs is documented. Supporting Evidence: file:human/STC1/STC1-deep-research-falcon.md STC1 is expressed in reproductive organs
GO:0071320 cellular response to cAMP	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: IEA annotation transferred from orthologs. STC1 expression may be regulated by cAMP signaling, but direct evidence for functional involvement in cellular response to cAMP is limited in the literature reviewed. Reason: This annotation likely reflects transcriptional regulation of STC1 by cAMP rather than STC1 being a mediator of cAMP responses. Not a core function based on available evidence. Supporting Evidence: file:human/STC1/STC1-deep-research-falcon.md STC1 is induced by stress/hypoxia pathways
GO:0071385 cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus	IEA GO_REF:0000107	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: IEA annotation transferred from orthologs. STC1 expression may be regulated by glucocorticoids, but this reflects transcriptional regulation rather than STC1 being a core mediator of glucocorticoid responses. Reason: This annotation likely reflects STC1 being a glucocorticoid-responsive gene rather than a primary mediator of glucocorticoid responses. Not a core function of STC1. Supporting Evidence: file:human/STC1/STC1-deep-research-falcon.md STC1 is widely expressed in many organs
GO:0071456 cellular response to hypoxia	IEA GO_REF:0000107	ACCEPT	Summary: IEA annotation transferred from orthologs. STC1 is known to be induced by hypoxia and stress pathways. The deep research indicates STC1 is linked to hypoxia-driven programs and functions in stress responses [deep research]. STC1 upregulation in failing hearts is relevant to hypoxic stress [PMID:12663264]. Reason: This annotation is well-supported. STC1 is induced by hypoxia/stress and may play protective roles under hypoxic conditions. The protein is markedly upregulated in failing hearts (a hypoxic condition) and is reduced after mechanical unloading [PMID:12663264]. Hypoxia regulation is a documented aspect of STC1 biology. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12663264 STC1 protein is markedly upregulated in cardiomyocytes and arterial walls of failing hearts pre-LVAD and is strikingly reduced after LVAD treatment file:human/STC1/STC1-deep-research-falcon.md STC1 is linked to hypoxia-driven programs and stress responses
GO:0005515 protein binding	IPI PMID:32296183 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome.	MODIFY	Summary: IPI annotation based on high-throughput interactome study (HuRI). The study identified STC1 interacting with MEOX2. However, "protein binding" is uninformative - it does not specify the functional nature of the interaction. Reason: "Protein binding" is too vague and uninformative. STC1 has specific and functionally important protein interactions - most notably it binds and inhibits PAPP-A with very high affinity (KD = 75 pM) [PMID:26195635]. It also forms homodimers. The annotation should be replaced with more specific molecular function terms. Proposed replacements: metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:32296183 Global insights into cellular organization and genome function require comprehensive understanding of the interactome networks
GO:0042802 identical protein binding	IPI PMID:26195635 Stanniocalcin-1 Potently Inhibits the Proteolytic Activity o...	ACCEPT	Summary: IPI annotation from PMID:26195635 which demonstrated STC1 homodimerization. The paper states that STC1 is a "disulfide-bound homodimeric glycoprotein." UniProt also confirms "Homodimer; disulfide-linked." IntAct records STC1-STC1 interaction. Reason: This annotation is well-supported by the primary literature. STC1 functions as a homodimer linked by disulfide bonds. This is a core structural feature of the protein. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26195635 Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a disulfide-bound homodimeric glycoprotein
GO:0030336 negative regulation of cell migration	IDA PMID:17032941 Stanniocalcin-1 regulates endothelial gene expression and mo...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation based on direct experimental evidence. The study showed that STC1 inhibits transmigration of macrophages and T lymphocytes through endothelial cell monolayers [PMID:17032941]. STC1 also inhibits chemotaxis of macrophage-like cells. Reason: Well-supported by direct experimental evidence. STC1 inhibits the migration of specific immune cell types (macrophages, T lymphocytes) across endothelial barriers. This is a core functional role consistent with STC1's autocrine/paracrine signaling function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:17032941 STC1 inhibited transmigration of macrophages and T lymphocytes through quiescent or IL-1beta-activated HUVECs but did not attenuate the transmigration of neutrophils and B lymphocytes
GO:0006874 intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	IDA PMID:8700837 Human stanniocalcin: a possible hormonal regulator of minera...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the foundational paper characterizing human STC1. The study showed that recombinant hSTC inhibited calcium transport in fish gills and stimulated renal phosphate reabsorption in rats, indicating a role in mineral metabolism and calcium homeostasis [PMID:8700837]. Reason: This is the core conserved function of stanniocalcins - regulation of calcium homeostasis. The original identification of human STC1 demonstrated its ability to inhibit calcium transport, consistent with fish STC function. This is fundamental to STC1 biology. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8700837 Recombinant hSTC inhibited the gill transport of calcium when administered to fish and stimulated renal phosphate reabsorption in the rat
GO:0051926 negative regulation of calcium ion transport	IDA PMID:8700837 Human stanniocalcin: a possible hormonal regulator of minera...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the foundational paper. STC1 inhibits calcium transport - demonstrated by recombinant hSTC inhibiting gill calcium transport in fish [PMID:8700837]. Further supported by patch-clamp studies showing STC1 inhibits L-channel calcium currents in cardiomyocytes [PMID:12663264]. Reason: Well-supported core function. STC1 negatively regulates calcium transport across multiple experimental systems and cell types. This is the primary molecular activity underlying STC1's role in calcium homeostasis. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8700837 Recombinant hSTC inhibited the gill transport of calcium when administered to fish and stimulated renal phosphate reabsorption in the rat PMID:12663264 using whole cell patch-clamp studies in cultured rat cardiomyocytes, we find that addition of STC1 to the bath causes reversible inhibition of transmembrane calcium currents through L-channels
GO:1903403 negative regulation of renal phosphate excretion	IDA PMID:8700837 Human stanniocalcin: a possible hormonal regulator of minera...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the foundational paper. The study demonstrated that recombinant hSTC "stimulated renal phosphate reabsorption in the rat" [PMID:8700837]. Stimulating reabsorption is equivalent to negatively regulating excretion. Reason: Well-supported core function. STC1 stimulates renal phosphate reabsorption, thereby reducing phosphate excretion. This is part of STC1's fundamental role as a regulator of mineral homeostasis, specifically phosphate handling in the kidney. Supporting Evidence: PMID:8700837 Recombinant hSTC inhibited the gill transport of calcium when administered to fish and stimulated renal phosphate reabsorption in the rat
GO:0001886 endothelial cell morphogenesis	IDA PMID:14500721 Stanniocalcin 1 is an autocrine modulator of endothelial ang...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the angiogenesis study. The paper showed that STC1 is "a selective modulator of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced endothelial migration and morphogenesis" [PMID:14500721]. STC1 acts as a "stop signal" or stabilizing factor for blood vessel maturation. Reason: Supported by direct experimental evidence showing STC1 modulates HGF-induced endothelial morphogenesis. This is a well-characterized function where STC1 acts to regulate the maturation and morphogenesis of endothelial cells during angiogenesis. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14500721 STC1 is a selective modulator of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced endothelial migration and morphogenesis, but not proliferation
GO:0003421 growth plate cartilage axis specification	IDA PMID:16377640 Stanniocalcin 1 acts as a paracrine regulator of growth plat...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: IDA annotation from the chondrogenesis study. The paper demonstrated that STC1 acts as a "paracrine regulator of growth plate chondrogenesis" affecting growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation [PMID:16377640]. Reason: While the annotation is supported by experimental evidence, "growth plate cartilage axis specification" is a very specific developmental term. The study primarily showed effects on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, which may be secondary to STC1's effects on phosphate transport. This is not a primary molecular function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16377640 STC1 inhibits longitudinal bone growth directly at the growth plate
GO:0035988 chondrocyte proliferation	IDA PMID:16377640 Stanniocalcin 1 acts as a paracrine regulator of growth plat...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: IDA annotation from the chondrogenesis study. The paper directly showed that rhSTC "suppressed metatarsal growth, growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy/differentiation" [PMID:16377640]. Reason: Supported by direct experimental evidence but represents a tissue-specific effect rather than core function. The effects on chondrocyte proliferation appear to be mediated through phosphate transport modulation rather than direct regulation of proliferation pathways. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16377640 rhSTC suppressed metatarsal growth, growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy/differentiation
GO:0044070 regulation of monoatomic anion transport	IDA PMID:16377640 Stanniocalcin 1 acts as a paracrine regulator of growth plat...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the chondrogenesis study. The paper showed that rhSTC "increased phosphate uptake" in chondrocytes and that the effects were reversed by phosphonoformic acid, an inhibitor of phosphate transport [PMID:16377640]. Reason: Well-supported annotation consistent with STC1's core function in mineral ion transport. The study directly demonstrated that STC1 regulates phosphate (a monoatomic anion) transport in chondrocytes, mechanistically linking to effects on bone development. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16377640 In cultured chondrocytes, rhSTC increased phosphate uptake... All these effects were reversed by culturing chondrocytes with rhSTC and phosphonoformic acid, an inhibitor of phosphate transport
GO:0060348 bone development	IDA PMID:16377640 Stanniocalcin 1 acts as a paracrine regulator of growth plat...	KEEP AS NON CORE	Summary: IDA annotation from the chondrogenesis study. The paper demonstrated STC1's role in regulating longitudinal bone growth through effects on growth plate chondrogenesis. STC1 overexpression in mice causes dwarfism [PMID:16377640]. Reason: While supported by experimental evidence, bone development effects are likely secondary to STC1's primary role in regulating phosphate transport and possibly IGF signaling (via PAPP-A inhibition). Not a core molecular function of STC1. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16377640 STC1 inhibits longitudinal bone growth directly at the growth plate. Such growth inhibition, likely mediated by an increased chondrocyte phosphate uptake
GO:0090280 positive regulation of calcium ion import	IDA PMID:17032941 Stanniocalcin-1 regulates endothelial gene expression and mo...	REMOVE	Summary: IDA annotation from PMID:17032941. However, this annotation appears inconsistent with the major body of evidence showing STC1 INHIBITS calcium transport. The paper focuses on endothelial function and inflammatory cell migration, and the abstract states STC1 "may involve attenuation of the intracellular calcium signal." Reason: This annotation appears to be erroneous. The overwhelming evidence shows STC1 INHIBITS calcium transport and reduces intracellular calcium levels [PMID:8700837, PMID:12663264]. PMID:17032941 actually states STC1 attenuates intracellular calcium signals in chemotaxis. The annotation should be removed as it contradicts the established biology of STC1. Supporting Evidence: PMID:17032941 The mammalian counterpart of the fish calcium-regulating hormone stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) inhibits monocyte chemotactic protein-1- and stromal-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha)-mediated chemotaxis and diminishes chemokinesis in macrophage-like RAW264.7 and U937 cells in a manner that may involve attenuation of the intracellular calcium signal
GO:0005634 nucleus	IDA PMID:12663264 Stanniocalcin-1 is a naturally occurring L-channel inhibitor...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the cardiomyocyte study. The paper states "STC1 is diffusely expressed in cardiomyocytes, although nuclear predominance is apparent" [PMID:12663264]. Nuclear localization of a secreted protein is unusual but was observed in this study. Reason: Supported by direct immunolocalization studies in cardiomyocytes showing nuclear predominance. While STC1 is primarily a secreted protein, some intracellular localization has been documented, possibly related to internalization mechanisms. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12663264 STC1 is diffusely expressed in cardiomyocytes, although nuclear predominance is apparent
GO:0005737 cytoplasm	IDA PMID:12663264 Stanniocalcin-1 is a naturally occurring L-channel inhibitor...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the cardiomyocyte study. The paper states "STC1 is diffusely expressed in cardiomyocytes" indicating cytoplasmic localization [PMID:12663264]. As a secreted protein, STC1 transits through the cytoplasm during biosynthesis. Reason: Supported by immunolocalization studies. STC1 was detected diffusely in cardiomyocytes, consistent with cytoplasmic presence during secretory pathway transit or after internalization. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12663264 STC1 is diffusely expressed in cardiomyocytes
GO:0006874 intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	IDA PMID:12663264 Stanniocalcin-1 is a naturally occurring L-channel inhibitor...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the cardiomyocyte study. The paper directly demonstrated that STC1 affects intracellular calcium in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting L-channel calcium currents and reducing intracellular calcium rise with each contraction [PMID:12663264]. Reason: Strong experimental evidence showing STC1 regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis in cardiomyocytes. This complements the IBA and earlier IDA annotations for the same term and represents a core function of STC1. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12663264 Addition of recombinant STC1 to the medium of cultured rat cardiomyocytes slows their endogenous beating rate and diminishes the rise in intracellular calcium with each contraction
GO:0010596 negative regulation of endothelial cell migration	IDA PMID:14500721 Stanniocalcin 1 is an autocrine modulator of endothelial ang...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the angiogenesis study. The paper showed that "STC1 is a selective modulator of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced endothelial migration" - specifically it inhibits HGF-induced migration [PMID:14500721]. Reason: Well-supported by direct experimental evidence. STC1 selectively inhibits HGF-induced endothelial cell migration (but not VEGF or bFGF-induced migration). This is a key function in STC1's role as an autocrine modulator of angiogenesis. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14500721 STC1 is a selective modulator of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced endothelial migration and morphogenesis, but not proliferation. STC1 did not inhibit proliferative or migratory responses to vascular endothelial growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor.
GO:0086004 regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction	IDA PMID:12663264 Stanniocalcin-1 is a naturally occurring L-channel inhibitor...	ACCEPT	Summary: IDA annotation from the cardiomyocyte study. The paper demonstrated that STC1 "slows their endogenous beating rate" in cultured cardiomyocytes through L-channel inhibition [PMID:12663264]. Reason: Supported by direct functional evidence showing STC1 regulates cardiomyocyte contractility by inhibiting calcium currents and slowing beating rate. This may be relevant to cardiac pathophysiology in heart failure. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12663264 Addition of recombinant STC1 to the medium of cultured rat cardiomyocytes slows their endogenous beating rate
GO:0008191 metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity	IDA PMID:26195635 Stanniocalcin-1 Potently Inhibits the Proteolytic Activity o...	NEW	Summary: New annotation based on PMID:26195635 which demonstrated that STC1 is a potent inhibitor of the metalloproteinase PAPP-A. STC1 binds PAPP-A with very high affinity (KD = 75 pM) and inhibits its proteolytic activity (Ki = 68 pM). This inhibition affects IGF signaling by preventing IGFBP cleavage. Reason: This represents a newly recognized and important molecular function of STC1 that should be annotated. STC1 is a proteinase inhibitor specific for the pappalysin family of metalloproteinases. This function links STC1 to IGF signaling regulation and may explain some of its growth-related effects. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26195635 We here demonstrate that STC1 is an inhibitor of the metzincin metalloproteinase, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A)... STC1 potently (Ki = 68 pm) inhibits PAPP-A cleavage of IGFBP-4

Gene Description

Proposed New Ontology Terms

pappalysin inhibitor activity

Existing Annotations Review

Core Functions

STC1 is a secreted glycoprotein hormone that acts via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms to regulate mineral homeostasis and cellular responses in target tissues.

Recently discovered function - STC1 potently inhibits PAPP-A metalloproteinase with Ki = 68 pM, thereby modulating IGF signaling by preventing IGFBP-4 cleavage.

STC1 functions as a disulfide-linked homodimer, which is essential for its biological activity as a secreted hormone.

References

Suggested Questions for Experts

Suggested Experiments

Deep Research

Falcon

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