Ccne1

UniProt ID: Q61457
Organism: Mus musculus
Review Status: COMPLETE
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Gene Description

Cyclin E1 is a non-catalytic regulatory cyclin that binds CDK2 to form the cyclin E1-CDK2 kinase complex, promoting late G1 progression, G1/S transition, and DNA replication origin licensing. Mouse Ccne1 overlaps with Ccne2 for many mitotic cycles, but E-type cyclins are required for cell-cycle reentry, endoreplication in specialized lineages, and male meiotic chromosome pairing and telomere stability. The protein is primarily nuclear/nucleoplasmic and is controlled by phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitin-mediated degradation.

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term Evidence Action Reason
GO:0000082 G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: Cyclin E1 is a CDK2 regulatory cyclin that drives the G1/S transition.
Supporting Evidence:
file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2 complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
GO:0005634 nucleus
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:0005737 cytoplasm
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0016538 cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
MODIFY
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: Cyclin E1 is the non-catalytic cyclin that activates CDK2; the replacement term captures this regulatory activation more specifically than the parent regulator term.
Supporting Evidence:
file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2 complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
GO:0097134 cyclin E1-CDK2 complex
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
Supporting Evidence:
file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2 complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:1900087 positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:0000723 telomere maintenance
IEA
GO_REF:0000117
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0005634 nucleus
IEA
GO_REF:0000120
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:0006270 DNA replication initiation
IEA
GO_REF:0000117
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
Supporting Evidence:
file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
Cyclin E1 associates with DNA replication origins and supports pre-replication complex formation by facilitating MCM loading at origins.
GO:0007129 homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis
IEA
GO_REF:0000117
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0016538 cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity
IEA
GO_REF:0000117
MODIFY
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: Cyclin E1 is the non-catalytic cyclin that activates CDK2; the replacement term captures this regulatory activation more specifically than the parent regulator term.
Supporting Evidence:
file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2 complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
GO:0019901 protein kinase binding
IEA
GO_REF:0000117
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0051301 cell division
IEA
GO_REF:0000043
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:17700700
Cdk1 is sufficient to drive the mammalian cell cycle.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
Reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:17700700
Cdk1 is sufficient to drive the mammalian cell cycle.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:19592082
Cyclin A is redundant in fibroblasts but essential in hemato...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
Reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19592082
Cyclin A is redundant in fibroblasts but essential in hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:20150892
Genetic analysis of Ras signalling pathways in cell prolifer...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
Reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:20150892
Genetic analysis of Ras signalling pathways in cell proliferation, migration and survival.
GO:0000082 G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
IEA
GO_REF:0000107
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm
IEA
GO_REF:0000107
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:1902462 positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation
IEA
GO_REF:0000107
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0000082 G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
ISO
GO_REF:0000119
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:0005634 nucleus
ISO
GO_REF:0000119
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:0005654 nucleoplasm
ISO
GO_REF:0000119
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:0005813 centrosome
ISO
GO_REF:0000096
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0019901 protein kinase binding
ISO
GO_REF:0000096
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0044877 protein-containing complex binding
ISO
GO_REF:0000096
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0045597 positive regulation of cell differentiation
ISO
GO_REF:0000096
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0097134 cyclin E1-CDK2 complex
ISO
GO_REF:0000119
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:1902462 positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation
ISO
GO_REF:0000119
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
GO:0005634 nucleus
ISS
GO_REF:0000024
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
GO:0000122 negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
IGI
PMID:7797074
Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1 ...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:7797074
Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1 cyclin complexes.
GO:0000723 telomere maintenance
IGI
PMID:24586195
Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomer...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:24586195
Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere stability and CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
GO:0007129 homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis
IGI
PMID:24586195
Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomer...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:24586195
Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere stability and CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
GO:0032880 regulation of protein localization
IGI
PMID:24586195
Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomer...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:24586195
Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere stability and CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
GO:0070192 chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle
IGI
PMID:24586195
Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomer...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:24586195
Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere stability and CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
GO:0097134 cyclin E1-CDK2 complex
IDA
PMID:7739547
Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of...
REMOVE
Summary: PMID:7739547 is an INK4/CDK4-CDK6 inhibitor paper and only uses cyclin E-CDK2 as a negative-control comparison, not as direct evidence for the cyclin E1-CDK2 complex.
Reason: The cyclin E1-CDK2 complex term is biologically correct for Ccne1 and is retained through other evidence rows, but this specific IDA reference does not demonstrate the complex.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:7739547
Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6.
GO:0006468 protein phosphorylation
ISS
PMID:10500095
Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S ...
MODIFY
Summary: The annotation attributes catalytic kinase/phosphorylation activity to cyclin E1.
Reason: Cyclin E1 is the non-catalytic CDK2 cyclin; the replacement term better captures its regulatory activation of a CDK kinase complex.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:10500095
Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase in mammalian cells.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:20215406
Ciz1 cooperates with cyclin-A-CDK2 to activate mammalian DNA...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
Reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:20215406
Ciz1 cooperates with cyclin-A-CDK2 to activate mammalian DNA replication in vitro.
GO:0019901 protein kinase binding
IPI
PMID:11981756
The p21(Cip1) protein, a cyclin inhibitor, regulates the lev...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:11981756
The p21(Cip1) protein, a cyclin inhibitor, regulates the levels and the intracellular localization of CDC25A in mice regenerating livers.
GO:0016055 Wnt signaling pathway
IDA
PMID:19056892
A functional link between Wnt signaling and SKP2-independent...
REMOVE
Summary: The cited Wnt/p27 turnover paper does not support direct Ccne1 involvement.
Reason: PMID:19056892 describes Wnt-dependent p27 turnover through CUL4A/B in mammary tumors, not a direct Ccne1/cyclin E1 role in Wnt signaling.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19056892
A functional link between Wnt signaling and SKP2-independent p27 turnover in mammary tumors.
GO:0005634 nucleus
IDA
PMID:10500095
Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S ...
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:10500095
Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase in mammalian cells.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:10500095
Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S ...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
Reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:10500095
Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase in mammalian cells.
GO:0005634 nucleus
ISO
PMID:16109376
The bromodomain protein Brd4 is a positive regulatory compon...
REMOVE
Summary: The cited paper does not support Ccne1 nuclear localization.
Reason: PMID:16109376 is about Brd4/P-TEFb, cyclin T1, and CDK9 biology, not Ccne1/cyclin E1 localization. Cyclin E1 nuclear localization is supported by other evidence, but this evidence assertion should not be retained.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:16109376
The bromodomain protein Brd4 is a positive regulatory component of P-TEFb and stimulates RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription.
GO:0016538 cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity
IDA
PMID:12970171
Deletion of Mnt leads to disrupted cell cycle control and tu...
MODIFY
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: Cyclin E1 is the non-catalytic cyclin that activates CDK2; the replacement term captures this regulatory activation more specifically than the parent regulator term.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:12970171
Deletion of Mnt leads to disrupted cell cycle control and tumorigenesis.
file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2 complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
GO:0051726 regulation of cell cycle
IDA
PMID:12970171
Deletion of Mnt leads to disrupted cell cycle control and tu...
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:12970171
Deletion of Mnt leads to disrupted cell cycle control and tumorigenesis.
GO:0000307 cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex
IPI
PMID:12970760
Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of ...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
Reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:12970760
Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of substrate specificity.
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:12970760
Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of ...
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
Reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:12970760
Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of substrate specificity.
GO:0006468 protein phosphorylation
IDA
PMID:12124778
GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with...
REMOVE
Summary: The cited paper does not support Ccne1 kinase or activator function.
Reason: PMID:12124778 is about Gadd45b/g inhibition of Cdk1/cyclin B1 and explicitly not other Cdk/cyclin complexes, so it cannot support a Ccne1 phosphorylation or CDK activator assertion.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:12124778
GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress.
GO:0016301 kinase activity
IDA
PMID:12124778
GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with...
REMOVE
Summary: The cited paper does not support Ccne1 kinase or activator function.
Reason: PMID:12124778 is about Gadd45b/g inhibition of Cdk1/cyclin B1 and explicitly not other Cdk/cyclin complexes, so it cannot support a Ccne1 kinase activity or CDK activator assertion.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:12124778
GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress.
GO:0006270 DNA replication initiation
IMP
PMID:12941272
Cyclin E ablation in the mouse.
ACCEPT
Summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
Reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:12941272
Cyclin E ablation in the mouse.

Core Functions

Cyclin E1 regulates CDK2 in the cyclin E1-CDK2 complex to promote G1/S transition and DNA replication initiation.

Supporting Evidence:
  • file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-uniprot.txt
    Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S
  • file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
    Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2 complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
  • file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
    Cyclin E1 associates with DNA replication origins and supports pre-replication complex formation by facilitating MCM loading at origins.

References

Manual transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs by curator judgment of sequence similarity
Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot keyword mapping
Automated transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to mouse-rat orthologs
Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to orthologs using Ensembl Compara
Electronic Gene Ontology annotations created by ARBA machine learning models
Automated transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to mouse-human orthologs
Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase in mammalian cells.
The p21(Cip1) protein, a cyclin inhibitor, regulates the levels and the intracellular localization of CDC25A in mice regenerating livers.
GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress.
Cyclin E ablation in the mouse.
Deletion of Mnt leads to disrupted cell cycle control and tumorigenesis.
Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of substrate specificity.
The bromodomain protein Brd4 is a positive regulatory component of P-TEFb and stimulates RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription.
Cdk1 is sufficient to drive the mammalian cell cycle.
A functional link between Wnt signaling and SKP2-independent p27 turnover in mammary tumors.
Cyclin A is redundant in fibroblasts but essential in hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells.
Genetic analysis of Ras signalling pathways in cell proliferation, migration and survival.
Ciz1 cooperates with cyclin-A-CDK2 to activate mammalian DNA replication in vitro.
Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere stability and CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6.
Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1 cyclin complexes.
file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
Falcon deep research synthesis for mouse Ccne1
  • Cyclin E1 activates CDK2 to drive G1/S transition and also supports DNA replication origin licensing through chromatin-associated replication factors.
    "Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2 complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry."

πŸ“š Additional Documentation

Deep Research Falcon

(Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md)

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gene_info: Name=Ccne1; Synonyms=Ccne;
organism_full: Mus musculus (Mouse).
protein_family: Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin E subfamily.
protein_domains: Cyclin. (IPR039361); Cyclin-like_dom. (IPR013763); Cyclin-like_sf.
(IPR036915); Cyclin_C-dom. (IPR004367); Cyclin_N. (IPR006671)
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Question

Gene Research for Functional Annotation

⚠️ CRITICAL: Gene/Protein Identification Context

BEFORE YOU BEGIN RESEARCH: You MUST verify you are researching the CORRECT gene/protein. Gene symbols can be ambiguous, especially for less well-characterized genes from non-model organisms.

Target Gene/Protein Identity (from UniProt):

  • UniProt Accession: Q61457
  • Protein Description: RecName: Full=G1/S-specific cyclin-E1;
  • Gene Information: Name=Ccne1; Synonyms=Ccne;
  • Organism (full): Mus musculus (Mouse).
  • Protein Family: Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin E subfamily.
  • Key Domains: Cyclin. (IPR039361); Cyclin-like_dom. (IPR013763); Cyclin-like_sf. (IPR036915); Cyclin_C-dom. (IPR004367); Cyclin_N. (IPR006671)

MANDATORY VERIFICATION STEPS:

  1. Check if the gene symbol "Ccne1" matches the protein description above
  2. Verify the organism is correct: Mus musculus (Mouse).
  3. Check if protein family/domains align with what you find in literature
  4. If you find literature for a DIFFERENT gene with the same or similar symbol, STOP

If Gene Symbol is Ambiguous or You Cannot Find Relevant Literature:

DO NOT PROCEED WITH RESEARCH ON A DIFFERENT GENE. Instead:
- State clearly: "The gene symbol 'Ccne1' is ambiguous or literature is limited for this specific protein"
- Explain what you found (e.g., "Found extensive literature on a different gene with the same symbol in a different organism")
- Describe the protein based ONLY on the UniProt information provided above
- Suggest that the protein function can be inferred from domain/family information

Research Target:

Please provide a comprehensive research report on the gene Ccne1 (gene ID: Ccne1, UniProt: Q61457) in mouse.

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Output

Question: You are an expert researcher providing comprehensive, well-cited information.

Provide detailed information focusing on:
1. Key concepts and definitions with current understanding
2. Recent developments and latest research (prioritize 2023-2024 sources)
3. Current applications and real-world implementations
4. Expert opinions and analysis from authoritative sources
5. Relevant statistics and data from recent studies

Format as a comprehensive research report with proper citations. Include URLs and publication dates where available.
Always prioritize recent, authoritative sources and provide specific citations for all major claims.

Gene Research for Functional Annotation

⚠️ CRITICAL: Gene/Protein Identification Context

BEFORE YOU BEGIN RESEARCH: You MUST verify you are researching the CORRECT gene/protein. Gene symbols can be ambiguous, especially for less well-characterized genes from non-model organisms.

Target Gene/Protein Identity (from UniProt):

  • UniProt Accession: Q61457
  • Protein Description: RecName: Full=G1/S-specific cyclin-E1;
  • Gene Information: Name=Ccne1; Synonyms=Ccne;
  • Organism (full): Mus musculus (Mouse).
  • Protein Family: Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin E subfamily.
  • Key Domains: Cyclin. (IPR039361); Cyclin-like_dom. (IPR013763); Cyclin-like_sf. (IPR036915); Cyclin_C-dom. (IPR004367); Cyclin_N. (IPR006671)

MANDATORY VERIFICATION STEPS:

  1. Check if the gene symbol "Ccne1" matches the protein description above
  2. Verify the organism is correct: Mus musculus (Mouse).
  3. Check if protein family/domains align with what you find in literature
  4. If you find literature for a DIFFERENT gene with the same or similar symbol, STOP

If Gene Symbol is Ambiguous or You Cannot Find Relevant Literature:

DO NOT PROCEED WITH RESEARCH ON A DIFFERENT GENE. Instead:
- State clearly: "The gene symbol 'Ccne1' is ambiguous or literature is limited for this specific protein"
- Explain what you found (e.g., "Found extensive literature on a different gene with the same symbol in a different organism")
- Describe the protein based ONLY on the UniProt information provided above
- Suggest that the protein function can be inferred from domain/family information

Research Target:

Please provide a comprehensive research report on the gene Ccne1 (gene ID: Ccne1, UniProt: Q61457) in mouse.

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Research Report: Functional Annotation of Ccne1 (Cyclin E1) in Mouse

1) Target verification (mandatory identity check)

Gene/protein: Ccne1 (Cyclin E1) in Mus musculus; UniProt Q61457 describes β€œG1/S-specific cyclin-E1,” a member of the cyclin family (cyclin E subfamily). The literature retrieved here consistently uses Ccne1/CCNE1 to refer to cyclin E1, a canonical G1/S cyclin that binds CDK2, and describes domain/region features characteristic of cyclins (cyclin homology domain plus N- and C-terminal regulatory regions). This matches the UniProt-provided identity, family, and domain expectations; no conflicting β€œCcne1” gene meaning was encountered in the retrieved evidence. (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5)

2) Key concepts and current understanding (definitions and primary molecular function)

2.1 Cyclin E1 as a CDK2 regulatory subunit controlling the G1/S transition

Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E–CDK2 complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry. (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4, aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2, mishra2024targetingcellcycle pages 3-5)

Mechanistically, in mouse and mammalian systems cyclin E1–CDK2 can promote S-phase entry by phosphorylation of substrates including RB family members, thereby supporting E2F-driven transcriptional programs for DNA synthesis. (aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2, mishra2024targetingcellcycle pages 3-5)

2.2 CDK-independent roles in DNA replication licensing/origin biology

Beyond serving as a CDK2 activator, cyclin E1 is described as having CDK-independent roles in DNA replication licensing. In mouse-context literature, cyclin E associates with DNA replication origins and supports pre-replication complex (pre-RC) formation by facilitating MCM loading at origins, including via interactions with MCM proteins and Cdt1. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5)

In an in vivo mouse-focused study, cyclin E1 was specifically described as contributing to DNA replication licensing by loading the MCM helicase onto chromatin-bound CDT1, supporting a mechanistic link between cyclin E1 and origin licensing. (aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2)

2.3 Coupling of centrosome duplication with S-phase programs

Cyclin E1 also helps coordinate the cell-division cycle by connecting DNA replication control with centrosome biology. A review synthesizing mouse genetic and mechanistic work reports cyclin E1 contains a ~20 amino-acid centrosome localization sequence (CLS) that targets cyclin E1 to centrosomes and promotes co-localization of MCM5 to centrosomes, and that cyclin E1–CDK2 phosphorylates centrosome regulators (e.g., nucleophosmin, CP110, Mps1) to promote centrosome duplication. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5)

3) Subcellular localization and where the gene product acts

The retrieved evidence supports cyclin E1 acting in multiple intracellular compartments relevant to its functions:

  • Nucleus/chromatin/replication origins: cyclin E1 is reported to associate with DNA at replication origins and to accumulate on chromatin during S phase, consistent with direct roles in replication licensing and S-phase programs. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5)
  • Centrosomes: cyclin E1 has a defined centrosome localization sequence (CLS) and participates in centrosome duplication control. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5)

Overall, the strongest evidence in this corpus indicates cyclin E1 functions in nuclear/chromatin and centrosomal contexts rather than extracellular roles. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5)

4) Regulation and pathways (proteostasis, ubiquitin ligases, transcriptional control)

4.1 Proteasome-dependent turnover and ubiquitin-ligase control (SCF/FBXW7 and Cul3)

Cyclin E1 protein abundance is tightly controlled by proteasomal degradation, and dysregulation is linked to oncogenesis. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6, davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4)

Key regulatory axes supported in the evidence include:

  • SCF–FBXW7 / Cullin-1 pathway: cyclin E1 is phosphorylated (including at sites such as T77 and T395) and recognized by SCF complexes using FBXW7 as substrate adaptor, leading to ubiquitination and degradation. (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4)
  • Cullin-3 (Cul3) pathway: Cul3 contributes to cyclin E degradation through a mechanism described as targeting cyclin E that is not bound to CDK2, and a study identified an N-terminal degron required for Cul3-mediated ubiquitylation; notably, this degron is absent in N-terminally truncated cyclin E forms. (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4)

4.2 Low-molecular-weight / N-terminally truncated cyclin E forms

Proteolytic removal of the cyclin E N-terminus occurs in some cancers, generating low molecular weight (LMW) cyclin E variants. These truncations are associated with increased cyclin E–CDK2 activity and poor prognosis, and can evade degradation pathways (e.g., loss of the Cul3 degron when the N-terminus is missing). (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4)

4.3 Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation

Cyclin E1 expression is controlled at mRNA level by cell-cycle transcriptional circuits. CCNE1 is an E2F target and is repressed by RB, embedding cyclin E1 in the RB–E2F restriction-point network. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 6-7)

Post-transcriptional regulation via microRNAs is also described; for example, CCNE1 can be targeted by miRNA families such as miR-16 family members (reviewed in the retrieved source). (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 6-7)

5) Mouse genetics and in vivo functional evidence (high-value causal evidence)

5.1 Redundancy and essentiality with Ccne2

Mouse genetics indicate partial redundancy between cyclin E1 (Ccne1) and cyclin E2 (Ccne2). A key, repeatedly supported finding is that double loss of cyclin E1 and E2 is embryonic lethal, whereas single knockouts have substantially milder phenotypes. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5)

The mechanistic basis includes defects in endoreplication in specific polyploid lineages; the retrieved review reports trophoblast giant cells in double knockouts barely reach 8N. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6)

5.2 Tissue-specific phenotypes: liver regeneration

Cyclin E1 and E2 show non-identical phenotypes in some tissues. For example, cyclin E1 deletion was reported to cause a slight delay in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, with compensatory cyclin A–CDK2 activity noted in the review synthesis. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6)

5.3 Ccne1 overexpression causes chromosomal instability and liver tumors in mice

A major mouse in vivo demonstration of causal function comes from a doxycycline-inducible Ccne1 overexpression model. In this study, Ccne1 overexpression led to chromosome instability and liver tumor development (hepatocellular adenomas and hepatocellular carcinoma), despite high cyclin E1 levels in other tissuesβ€”supporting a liver-specific vulnerability to cyclin E1 dysregulation in that model. (aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2)

Mechanistically, cyclin E1 overexpression was associated with replication/mitotic defects and genome instability features, including incomplete DNA replication, centrosome amplification, abnormal spindle geometry, aneuploidy, and in hepatocytes polyploidization with whole-chromosome gains/losses alongside DNA damage and oxidative stress. (aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2)

6) Recent developments (prioritizing 2023–2024): new mechanisms, vulnerabilities, and translational directions

Although the gene target is mouse Ccne1, the most active 2023–2024 literature focuses on CCNE1/cyclin E1 dysregulation in cancer biology and replication stress, which is directly relevant to mechanistic interpretation of mouse models and to applications of cyclin E1 functional annotation.

6.1 2023: lncRNA-mediated stabilization of cyclin E1 (EILA β†’ cyclin E1 β†’ resistance)

A 2023 primary study identified a cyclin E1–interacting lncRNA (EILA) that promotes CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance by stabilizing cyclin E1 protein. Mechanistically, EILA binding to the cyclin E1 C-terminus hinders cyclin E1 interaction with FBXW7, thereby blocking ubiquitination and degradation. Functionally, EILA silencing reduced cyclin E1 protein and restored drug sensitivity in vitro and in vivo, positioning cyclin E1 proteostasis as an actionable resistance mechanism. The study also contextualizes the clinical problem by noting that >70% of patients progress within 12–36 months on standard regimens (as described in that paper’s framing). (cai2023lncrnaeilapromotes pages 1-2)

Publication details: Science Advances, Oct 2023; https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3821. (cai2023lncrnaeilapromotes pages 1-2)

6.2 2024: CCNE1 amplification and checkpoint dependencies (CHK1 inhibitor SRA737)

A 2024 study emphasized that CCNE1 amplification is present in ~20% of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs) and is linked to replication stress and genomic instability, creating a vulnerability to checkpoint inhibition. The authors report activity of the CHK1 inhibitor SRA737, including in PARP inhibitor–resistant and CCNE1-amplified models, and propose CCNE1 amplification as a biomarker for CHK1 inhibitor approaches (monotherapy or in combination with PARP inhibitors). (xu2024chk1inhibitorsra737 pages 1-2)

Publication details: iScience, Jul 2024; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109978. (xu2024chk1inhibitorsra737 pages 1-2)

6.3 2024: LMW cyclin E and PKMYT1 inhibitor vulnerability (RP-6306/lunresertib)

A 2024 study focused on low-molecular-weight cyclin E isoforms (LMW-E), stating that ~70% of triple-negative breast cancers express LMW-E and that this correlates with poor prognosis. The study proposes a mechanistic axis where LMW-E upregulates/stabilizes PKMYT1, increasing CDK1 phosphorylation, and shows that pharmacologic PKMYT1 inhibition with RP-6306 (lunresertib) yields LMW-E–dependent antitumor effects in xenografts and in transgenic mouse mammary tumor models. (li2024lowmolecularweight pages 1-3)

Publication details: Cancer Research, Aug 2024; https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-4130. (li2024lowmolecularweight pages 1-3)

6.4 2024: PPM1D as a modifier of cyclin E1-driven replication stress

A 2024 primary study showed that PPM1D activity can exacerbate replication stress caused by cyclin E1 overexpression (e.g., faster G1β†’S progression, incomplete licensing, increased transcription–replication collisions and fork slowing), and that PPM1D inhibition rescued replication speed and reduced focal DNA copy-number alterations induced by CCNE1 overexpression. This reinforces a current research direction: treating CCNE1-driven genome instability via replication-stress response modulators. (martinikova2024ppm1dactivitypromotes pages 1-2)

Publication details: Molecular Oncology, Oct 2024; https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.13433. (martinikova2024ppm1dactivitypromotes pages 1-2)

6.5 2024: CCNE1 amplification prevalence and clinical implications in esophagogastric cancer

A 2024 cohort analysis reported CCNE1 amplification in ~12% of esophagogastric cancers (with subtype breakdowns reported in the paper’s abstract). The paper connects CCNE1 amplification to unscheduled S-phase entry/replication stress/chromosomal instability and reports associations with co-alterations and therapeutic response patterns (e.g., HER2-targeted therapy contexts). While human-focused, such data support the rationale for using mouse Ccne1 models to investigate tumor dependencies and therapy response. (rustgi2024molecularlandscapeand pages 1-2)

Publication details: Cancer Research Communications, Jun 2024; https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0496. (rustgi2024molecularlandscapeand pages 1-2)

7) Current applications and real-world implementations

7.1 Mouse models for mechanistic dissection of Ccne1-driven genome instability and tumorigenesis

  • Inducible Ccne1 overexpression mice (doxycycline-inducible) are used to model how elevated cyclin E1 perturbs replication and mitosis and predisposes to liver tumor development. These are direct implementations of Ccne1 perturbation for functional annotation and causal inference. (aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2)

  • DEN-initiated HCC with inducible deletion of Ccne1 provides an intervention model to test whether cyclin E1 is required for tumor progression; deletion reduces tumor burden, supporting therapeutic reasoning. (sonntag2021cycline1in pages 1-2)

7.2 Translational biomarker and therapeutic strategy development

Cyclin E1/CCNE1 status is increasingly used as a biomarker for selecting replication-stress or cell-cycle checkpoint interventions, including CHK1 inhibition in CCNE1-amplified ovarian cancer contexts and PKMYT1 inhibition in LMW cyclin E settings. (xu2024chk1inhibitorsra737 pages 1-2, li2024lowmolecularweight pages 1-3)

8) Expert synthesis and interpretation (authoritative analysis grounded in cited sources)

Taken together, the evidence supports the following functional annotation for mouse cyclin E1:

  1. Primary function: cyclin E1 is a cell-cycle regulatory protein whose core biochemical role is to activate CDK2 to drive the G1/S transition and early S-phase events; it also contributes to replication origin licensing through CDK-independent interactions at origins that promote MCM loading. (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5, aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2)

  2. Site of action: cyclin E1 functions primarily in the nucleus/chromatin (replication origins, S-phase chromatin association) and at centrosomes (via CLS), linking DNA replication with centrosome duplication. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5)

  3. Key pathways: cyclin E1 sits downstream of the RB–E2F transcriptional network and is controlled by ubiquitin-proteasome pathways involving SCF–FBXW7 (Cul1) and Cul3; perturbations that stabilize cyclin E1 (e.g., truncations/LMW forms or factors blocking FBXW7 binding) enhance oncogenic phenotypes and therapeutic resistance. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 6-7, davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4, cai2023lncrnaeilapromotes pages 1-2)

  4. Mouse genetic evidence: Ccne1 and Ccne2 are partially redundant, with double knockout embryonic lethality (endoreplication defects) and tissue-specific single-knockout phenotypes such as altered liver regeneration. Importantly, Ccne1 overexpression in mice can be sufficient to induce chromosome instability and liver tumors, demonstrating strong causal contribution when dysregulated. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6, aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2)

  5. 2023–2024 direction of the field: contemporary research is emphasizing cyclin E1/CCNE1 as a driver of replication stress that creates therapeutic vulnerabilities (e.g., CHK1 inhibitors) and as a node of proteostasis-mediated drug resistance (e.g., lncRNA-mediated stabilization, LMW isoform biology) that can be targeted indirectly. (xu2024chk1inhibitorsra737 pages 1-2, cai2023lncrnaeilapromotes pages 1-2, martinikova2024ppm1dactivitypromotes pages 1-2, li2024lowmolecularweight pages 1-3)

Summary table

Aspect Key points Evidence & notes Key sources
Identity/domains - Target verified: mouse Ccne1 encodes G1/S-specific cyclin E1 (UniProt Q61457).
- Member of the cyclin family, cyclin E subfamily.
- Literature describes a central cyclin homology domain, plus distinctive N-terminal and C-terminal/PEST regulatory regions.
Cyclin E1 is consistently described as the E-type cyclin partner of CDK2 in mammalian cells; this matches the UniProt identity and excludes ambiguity with unrelated genes. Domain architecture in the literature aligns with cyclin-family annotation and proteolytic/regulatory features of cyclin E1. (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5) Davidge 2019, J Cell Sci (Nov 2019) https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233049; Caldon 2010, Cell Division (Jan 2010) https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2
Molecular function - Regulatory subunit of CDK2.
- Promotes G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
- Also has CDK-independent roles in DNA replication licensing.
Cyclin E1-CDK2 phosphorylates substrates including RB-family proteins to trigger S-phase entry. Separately, cyclin E1 associates with replication origins and facilitates MCM loading through interactions with Cdt1/MCM proteins; one source explicitly notes loading of MCM helicase onto chromatin-bound CDT1. (aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5, mishra2024targetingcellcycle pages 3-5) Aziz 2019, Gastroenterology (Jul 2019) https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.016; Caldon 2010, Cell Division (Jan 2010) https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2; Mishra 2024, BIOCELL (Jan 2024) https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2024.056503
Key processes - Cell-cycle restriction point/G1β†’S control.
- Replication origin licensing/firing and orderly DNA synthesis.
- Centrosome duplication and coupling of centrosome cycle to DNA replication.
Cyclin E1 peaks from mid-G1 to early S phase and supports S-phase entry. It localizes to centrosomes via a 20-aa centrosome localization sequence (CLS) and helps co-localize MCM5 there; cyclin E1-CDK2 phosphorylates centrosome regulators including nucleophosmin, CP110, and Mps1. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5) Caldon 2010, Cell Division (Jan 2010) https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2
Subcellular localization - Predominantly functions in the nucleus/chromatin for replication control.
- Also localizes to centrosomes.
- Localization is functionally linked to replication licensing and centrosome duplication.
Literature states cyclin E1 associates with DNA at replication origins and accumulates on chromatin during S phase; independent evidence identifies a centrosome localization sequence. These observations support dual nuclear/chromatin and centrosomal localization rather than an extracellular or membrane role. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5) Caldon 2010, Cell Division (Jan 2010) https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2
Regulation/proteostasis - Strongly controlled by proteasomal degradation.
- SCF-FBXW7/Cul1 degrades phosphorylated cyclin E1; Cul3 targets a distinct N-terminal degron.
- N-terminal truncation/LMW-E forms can evade degradation and show altered activity.
Cyclin E1 is phosphorylated (including at T77 and T395) for FBXW7-dependent turnover; Cul3 targets an N-terminal degron and preferentially degrades cyclin E not bound to CDK2. The degron is absent from some low-molecular-weight (LMW) truncated forms, helping explain their increased stability/activity. CCNE1 is also regulated transcriptionally by E2F/Rb and post-transcriptionally by miRNAs. (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 6-7, cai2023lncrnaeilapromotes pages 1-2) Davidge 2019, J Cell Sci (Nov 2019) https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233049; Caldon 2010, Cell Division (Jan 2010) https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2; Cai 2023, Sci Adv (Oct 2023) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3821
Genetic evidence in mouse - Ccne1 and Ccne2 are partially redundant.
- Double knockout is embryonic lethal due largely to failed endoreplication in trophoblast giant cells; single knockouts are much milder.
- Ccne1-specific effects include a slight delay in liver regeneration.
Double E1/E2 loss causes embryonic lethality; trophoblast giant cells in double knockouts barely reach 8N. Single Ccne1-/- mice are largely viable/fertile, with mild tissue-specific defects, while conditional post-embryonic loss indicates E-type cyclins are dispensable for much postnatal growth. Fibroblasts lacking both E cyclins cannot efficiently exit quiescence. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6, aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2, davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 6-7) Caldon 2010, Cell Division (Jan 2010) https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2; Aziz 2019, Gastroenterology (Jul 2019) https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.016; Davidge 2019, J Cell Sci (Nov 2019) https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233049
Disease/oncogenesis relevance - Ccne1 overexpression drives chromosome instability and liver tumorigenesis in mice.
- In liver cancer, Cyclin E1 can act in part independently of CDK2.
- Human CCNE1 amplification is broadly linked to replication stress, chromosomal instability, and poor outcomes.
In inducible mouse models, Ccne1 overexpression causes hepatocellular adenomas and HCCs. Ccne1T MEFs/hepatocytes show incomplete replication, centrosome amplification, spindle defects, aneuploidy, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and hepatocyte polyploidization. In DEN-driven HCC, interventional deletion of Ccne1 reduced tumor burden, whereas Cdk2 deletion did not, supporting a CDK2-independent contribution in progression. (aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2, sonntag2021cycline1in pages 1-2, rustgi2024molecularlandscapeand pages 1-2) Aziz 2019, Gastroenterology (Jul 2019) https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.016; Sonntag 2021, Cancers (Nov 2021) https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225680; Rustgi 2024, Cancer Res Commun (Jun 2024) https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0496
2023-2024 developments/applications - New work emphasizes replication-stress vulnerabilities in CCNE1-high tumors.
- Cyclin E1 proteostasis is being exploited for biomarkers and targeted therapy combinations.
- Relevant applications include CHK1, PKMYT1, and resistance-biomarker strategies.
2023: EILA lncRNA stabilizes cyclin E1 by blocking FBXW7, promoting CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance; >70% of patients in that clinical context progress within 12–36 months. 2024: LMW-E is present in about 70% of TNBC, and confers sensitivity to PKMYT1 inhibitor RP-6306/lunresertib in xenografts and transgenic mouse mammary tumors. 2024: CCNE1 amplification occurs in about 20% of HGSOC and predicts vulnerability to CHK1 inhibitor SRA737; in esophagogastric cancer, CCNE1 amplification was reported in about 12% overall and associated with CIN/therapy-response differences. 2024: PPM1D was identified as a modifier that worsens cyclin E1-induced replication stress, while PPM1D inhibition rescued replication defects in inducible CCNE1 models. (xu2024chk1inhibitorsra737 pages 1-2, cai2023lncrnaeilapromotes pages 1-2, martinikova2024ppm1dactivitypromotes pages 1-2, li2024lowmolecularweight pages 1-3, rustgi2024molecularlandscapeand pages 1-2) Cai 2023, Sci Adv (Oct 2023) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3821; Xu 2024, iScience (Jul 2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109978; Li 2024, Cancer Res (Aug 2024) https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-4130; Martinikova 2024, Mol Oncol (Oct 2024) https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.13433; Rustgi 2024, Cancer Res Commun (Jun 2024) https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0496

Table: This table summarizes the verified identity, molecular function, localization, regulation, mouse genetics, disease relevance, and recent 2023-2024 translational developments for mouse Ccne1/Cyclin E1. It is designed as a concise evidence map for downstream functional annotation and report writing.

Key cited sources (URLs and publication dates)

  • Caldon CE & Musgrove E. β€œDistinct and redundant functions of cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 in development and cancer.” Cell Division Jan 2010. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2 (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6, caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5)
  • Davidge B et al. β€œCul3 regulates cyclin E1 protein abundance via a degron located within the N-terminal region of cyclin E.” Journal of Cell Science Nov 2019. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233049 (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4)
  • Aziz K et al. β€œCcne1 Overexpression Causes Chromosome Instability in Liver Cells and Liver Tumor Development in Mice.” Gastroenterology Jul 2019. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.016 (aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2)
  • Sonntag R et al. β€œCyclin E1 in Murine and Human Liver Cancer: A Promising Target for Therapeutic Intervention during Tumour Progression.” Cancers Nov 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225680 (sonntag2021cycline1in pages 1-2)
  • Cai Z et al. β€œLncRNA EILA promotes CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in breast cancer by stabilizing cyclin E1 protein.” Science Advances Oct 2023. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3821 (cai2023lncrnaeilapromotes pages 1-2)
  • Xu H et al. β€œCHK1 inhibitor SRA737 is active in PARP inhibitor resistant and CCNE1 amplified ovarian cancer.” iScience Jul 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109978 (xu2024chk1inhibitorsra737 pages 1-2)
  • Rustgi N et al. β€œMolecular Landscape and Clinical Implication of CCNE1-amplified Esophagogastric Cancer.” Cancer Research Communications Jun 2024. https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0496 (rustgi2024molecularlandscapeand pages 1-2)
  • Li M et al. β€œLow Molecular Weight Cyclin E Confers a Vulnerability to PKMYT1 Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.” Cancer Research Aug 2024. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-4130 (li2024lowmolecularweight pages 1-3)
  • Martinikova AS et al. β€œPPM1D activity promotes the replication stress caused by cyclin E1 overexpression.” Molecular Oncology Oct 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.13433 (martinikova2024ppm1dactivitypromotes pages 1-2)
  • Mishra N et al. β€œTargeting cell cycle regulators: A new paradigm in cancer therapeutics.” BIOCELL Jan 2024. https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2024.056503 (mishra2024targetingcellcycle pages 3-5)

References

  1. (davidge2019cul3regulatescyclin pages 1-4): Brittney Davidge, Katia Graziella de Oliveira Rebola, Larry N. Agbor, Curt D. Sigmund, and Jeffrey D. Singer. Cul3 regulates cyclin e1 protein abundance via a degron located within the n-terminal region of cyclin e. Journal of Cell Science, Nov 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233049, doi:10.1242/jcs.233049. This article has 21 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  2. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5): C. E. Caldon, E. Musgrove, and E. Musgrove. Distinct and redundant functions of cyclin e1 and cyclin e2 in development and cancer. Cell Division, 5:2-2, Jan 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2, doi:10.1186/1747-1028-5-2. This article has 178 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  3. (aziz2019ccne1overexpressioncauses pages 1-2): Khaled Aziz, Jazeel F. Limzerwala, Ines Sturmlechner, Erin Hurley, Cheng Zhang, Karthik B. Jeganathan, Grace Nelson, Steve Bronk, Raul O. Fierro Velasco, Erik-Jan van Deursen, Daniel R. O'Brien, Jean-Pierre A. Kocher, Sameh A. Youssef, Janine H. van Ree, Alain de Bruin, Hilda van den Bos, Diana C.J. Spierings, Floris Foijer, Bart van de Sluis, Lewis R. Roberts, Gregory J. Gores, Hu Li, and Jan M. van Deursen. Ccne1 overexpression causes chromosome instability in liver cells and liver tumor development in mice. Gastroenterology, 157 1:210-226.e12, Jul 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.016, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.016. This article has 75 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  4. (mishra2024targetingcellcycle pages 3-5): NEELU MISHRA, AASTHA SONI, MANSHI KUMARI, GARIMA SINGH, SONIKA KUMARI SHARMA, and SAMARENDRA KUMAR SINGH. Targeting cell cycle regulators: a new paradigm in cancer therapeutics. BIOCELL, 48:1639-1666, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2024.056503, doi:10.32604/biocell.2024.056503. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  5. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6): C. E. Caldon, E. Musgrove, and E. Musgrove. Distinct and redundant functions of cyclin e1 and cyclin e2 in development and cancer. Cell Division, 5:2-2, Jan 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2, doi:10.1186/1747-1028-5-2. This article has 178 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  6. (caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 6-7): C. E. Caldon, E. Musgrove, and E. Musgrove. Distinct and redundant functions of cyclin e1 and cyclin e2 in development and cancer. Cell Division, 5:2-2, Jan 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2, doi:10.1186/1747-1028-5-2. This article has 178 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  7. (cai2023lncrnaeilapromotes pages 1-2): Zijie Cai, Qianfeng Shi, Yudong Li, Liang Jin, Shunying Li, Lok Lam Wong, Jingru Wang, Xiaoting Jiang, Mengdi Zhu, Jinna Lin, Qi Wang, Wang Yang, Yujie Liu, Jun Zhang, Chang Gong, Herui Yao, Yandan Yao, and Qiang Liu. Lncrna eila promotes cdk4/6 inhibitor resistance in breast cancer by stabilizing cyclin e1 protein. Science Advances, Oct 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3821, doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi3821. This article has 31 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  8. (xu2024chk1inhibitorsra737 pages 1-2): Haineng Xu, Sarah B. Gitto, Gwo-Yaw Ho, Sergey Medvedev, Kristy Shield-Artin, Hyoung Kim, Sally Beard, Yasuto Kinose, Xiaolei Wang, Holly E. Barker, Gayanie Ratnayake, Wei-Ting Hwang, Ryan J. Hansen, Bryan Strouse, Snezana Milutinovic, Christian Hassig, Matthew J. Wakefield, Cassandra J. Vandenberg, Clare L. Scott, and Fiona Simpkins. Chk1 inhibitor sra737 is active in parp inhibitor resistant and ccne1 amplified ovarian cancer. iScience, 27:109978, Jul 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109978, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109978. This article has 8 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  9. (li2024lowmolecularweight pages 1-3): Mi Li, Amriti R. Lulla, Yan Wang, Spyros Tsavaschidis, Fuchenchu Wang, Cansu Karakas, Tuyen D.T. Nguyen, Tuyen N. Bui, Marc A. Pina, Mei-Kuang Chen, Sofia Mastoraki, Asha S. Multani, Natalie W. Fowlkes, Aysegul Sahin, C. Gary Marshall, Kelly K. Hunt, and Khandan Keyomarsi. Low molecular weight cyclin e confers a vulnerability to pkmyt1 inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer research, 84:3864-3880, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-4130, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-4130. This article has 14 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  10. (martinikova2024ppm1dactivitypromotes pages 1-2): Andra S. Martinikova, Miroslav Stoyanov, Anna Oravetzova, Yannick P. Kok, Shibo Yu, Jana Dobrovolna, Pavel Janscak, Marcel van Vugt, and Libor Macurek. ppm1d activity promotes the replication stress caused by cyclin e1 overexpression. Molecular Oncology, 18:6-20, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.13433, doi:10.1002/1878-0261.13433. This article has 4 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  11. (rustgi2024molecularlandscapeand pages 1-2): Naryan Rustgi, Sharon Wu, Timothy Samec, Phillip Walker, Joanne Xiu, Emil Lou, Sanjay Goel, Anwaar Saeed, and Ryan H. Moy. Molecular landscape and clinical implication of ccne1-amplified esophagogastric cancer. Cancer Research Communications, 4:1399-1409, Jun 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0496, doi:10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0496. This article has 11 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  12. (sonntag2021cycline1in pages 1-2): Roland Sonntag, Christian Penners, Marlene Kohlhepp, Ute Haas, Daniela Lambertz, Andreas Kroh, Thorsten Cramer, Fabio Ticconi, Ivan G. Costa, Frank Tacke, Nikolaus Gassler, Christian Trautwein, and Christian Liedtke. Cyclin e1 in murine and human liver cancer: a promising target for therapeutic intervention during tumour progression. Cancers, 13:5680, Nov 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225680, doi:10.3390/cancers13225680. This article has 10 citations.

Citations

  1. caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 3-5
  2. caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 6-7
  3. caldon2010distinctandredundant pages 5-6
  4. cai2023lncrnaeilapromotes pages 1-2
  5. li2024lowmolecularweight pages 1-3
  6. rustgi2024molecularlandscapeand pages 1-2
  7. mishra2024targetingcellcycle pages 3-5
  8. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3821.
  9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109978.
  10. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-4130.
  11. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.13433.
  12. https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0496.
  13. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233049;
  14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2
  15. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.016;
  16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2;
  17. https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2024.056503
  18. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3821
  19. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233049
  20. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225680;
  21. https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0496
  22. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3821;
  23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109978;
  24. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-4130;
  25. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.13433;
  26. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.016
  27. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225680
  28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109978
  29. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-4130
  30. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.13433
  31. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.233049,
  32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-1028-5-2,
  33. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.016,
  34. https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2024.056503,
  35. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3821,
  36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109978,
  37. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-4130,
  38. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.13433,
  39. https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0496,
  40. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225680,

πŸ“„ View Raw YAML

id: Q61457
gene_symbol: Ccne1
product_type: PROTEIN
status: COMPLETE
description: 'Cyclin E1 is a non-catalytic regulatory cyclin that binds CDK2 to form the cyclin
  E1-CDK2 kinase complex, promoting late G1 progression, G1/S transition, and DNA replication
  origin licensing. Mouse Ccne1 overlaps with Ccne2 for many mitotic cycles, but E-type cyclins
  are required for cell-cycle reentry, endoreplication in specialized lineages, and male meiotic
  chromosome pairing and telomere stability. The protein is primarily nuclear/nucleoplasmic
  and is controlled by phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitin-mediated degradation.'
taxon:
  id: NCBITaxon:10090
  label: Mus musculus
existing_annotations:
- term:
    id: GO:0000082
    label: G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: Cyclin E1 is a CDK2 regulatory cyclin that drives the G1/S transition.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2
        complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:0005737
    label: cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0016538
    label: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: Cyclin E1 is the non-catalytic cyclin that activates CDK2; the replacement
      term captures this regulatory activation more specifically than the parent
      regulator term.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0061575
      label: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2
        complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
- term:
    id: GO:0097134
    label: cyclin E1-CDK2 complex
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2
        complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
- term:
    id: GO:0005815
    label: microtubule organizing center
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:1900087
    label: positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:0000723
    label: telomere maintenance
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000117
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:0006270
    label: DNA replication initiation
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000117
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Cyclin E1 associates with DNA replication origins and supports
        pre-replication complex formation by facilitating MCM loading at origins.
- term:
    id: GO:0007129
    label: homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000117
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0016538
    label: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000117
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: Cyclin E1 is the non-catalytic cyclin that activates CDK2; the replacement
      term captures this regulatory activation more specifically than the parent
      regulator term.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0061575
      label: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2
        complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
- term:
    id: GO:0019901
    label: protein kinase binding
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000117
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0051301
    label: cell division
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000043
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:17700700
  review:
    summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory
      activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:17700700
      supporting_text: Cdk1 is sufficient to drive the mammalian cell cycle.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:19592082
  review:
    summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory
      activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:19592082
      supporting_text: Cyclin A is redundant in fibroblasts but essential in
        hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:20150892
  review:
    summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory
      activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:20150892
      supporting_text: Genetic analysis of Ras signalling pathways in cell
        proliferation, migration and survival.
- term:
    id: GO:0000082
    label: G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:1902462
    label: positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000107
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0000082
    label: G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000119
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000119
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000119
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:0005813
    label: centrosome
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000096
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0019901
    label: protein kinase binding
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000096
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0044877
    label: protein-containing complex binding
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000096
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0045597
    label: positive regulation of cell differentiation
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000096
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0097134
    label: cyclin E1-CDK2 complex
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000119
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:1902462
    label: positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000119
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000024
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
- term:
    id: GO:0000122
    label: negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
  evidence_type: IGI
  original_reference_id: PMID:7797074
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:7797074
      supporting_text: Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1
        cyclin complexes.
- term:
    id: GO:0000723
    label: telomere maintenance
  evidence_type: IGI
  original_reference_id: PMID:24586195
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:24586195
      supporting_text: Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere
        stability and CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0007129
    label: homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis
  evidence_type: IGI
  original_reference_id: PMID:24586195
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:24586195
      supporting_text: Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere
        stability and CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0032880
    label: regulation of protein localization
  evidence_type: IGI
  original_reference_id: PMID:24586195
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:24586195
      supporting_text: Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere
        stability and CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0070192
    label: chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle
  evidence_type: IGI
  original_reference_id: PMID:24586195
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:24586195
      supporting_text: Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere
        stability and CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
- term:
    id: GO:0097134
    label: cyclin E1-CDK2 complex
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:7739547
  review:
    summary: PMID:7739547 is an INK4/CDK4-CDK6 inhibitor paper and only uses cyclin E-CDK2 as a negative-control comparison, not as direct evidence for the cyclin E1-CDK2 complex.
    action: REMOVE
    reason: The cyclin E1-CDK2 complex term is biologically correct for Ccne1 and is retained through other evidence rows, but this specific IDA reference does not demonstrate the complex.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:7739547
      supporting_text: Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of the
        cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6.
- term:
    id: GO:0006468
    label: protein phosphorylation
  evidence_type: ISS
  original_reference_id: PMID:10500095
  review:
    summary: The annotation attributes catalytic kinase/phosphorylation activity to
      cyclin E1.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: Cyclin E1 is the non-catalytic CDK2 cyclin; the replacement term better
      captures its regulatory activation of a CDK kinase complex.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0061575
      label: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:10500095
      supporting_text: Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase
        in mammalian cells.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:20215406
  review:
    summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory
      activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:20215406
      supporting_text: Ciz1 cooperates with cyclin-A-CDK2 to activate mammalian DNA
        replication in vitro.
- term:
    id: GO:0019901
    label: protein kinase binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:11981756
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:11981756
      supporting_text: The p21(Cip1) protein, a cyclin inhibitor, regulates the levels
        and the intracellular localization of CDC25A in mice regenerating livers.
- term:
    id: GO:0016055
    label: Wnt signaling pathway
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:19056892
  review:
    summary: The cited Wnt/p27 turnover paper does not support direct Ccne1 involvement.
    action: REMOVE
    reason: PMID:19056892 describes Wnt-dependent p27 turnover through CUL4A/B in
      mammary tumors, not a direct Ccne1/cyclin E1 role in Wnt signaling.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:19056892
      supporting_text: A functional link between Wnt signaling and SKP2-independent p27
        turnover in mammary tumors.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:10500095
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:10500095
      supporting_text: Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase
        in mammalian cells.
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:10500095
  review:
    summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory
      activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:10500095
      supporting_text: Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase
        in mammalian cells.
- term:
    id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  evidence_type: ISO
  original_reference_id: PMID:16109376
  review:
    summary: The cited paper does not support Ccne1 nuclear localization.
    action: REMOVE
    reason: PMID:16109376 is about Brd4/P-TEFb, cyclin T1, and CDK9 biology, not
      Ccne1/cyclin E1 localization. Cyclin E1 nuclear localization is supported by
      other evidence, but this evidence assertion should not be retained.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:16109376
      supporting_text: The bromodomain protein Brd4 is a positive regulatory component
        of P-TEFb and stimulates RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription.
- term:
    id: GO:0016538
    label: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:12970171
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: Cyclin E1 is the non-catalytic cyclin that activates CDK2; the replacement
      term captures this regulatory activation more specifically than the parent
      regulator term.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0061575
      label: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:12970171
      supporting_text: Deletion of Mnt leads to disrupted cell cycle control and
        tumorigenesis.
    - reference_id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
      supporting_text: Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2
        complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
- term:
    id: GO:0051726
    label: regulation of cell cycle
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:12970171
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:12970171
      supporting_text: Deletion of Mnt leads to disrupted cell cycle control and
        tumorigenesis.
- term:
    id: GO:0000307
    label: cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:12970760
  review:
    summary: Supported but context-specific cyclin E1 biology.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: The annotation reflects a meiotic, differentiation, localization, or
      interaction consequence rather than the primary cyclin E1-CDK2 G1/S regulatory
      function.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:12970760
      supporting_text: 'Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of substrate
        specificity.'
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:12970760
  review:
    summary: The annotation is too vague to be useful.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: Protein binding does not capture the informative cyclin E1-CDK2 regulatory
      activity and should not be retained as a meaningful function annotation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:12970760
      supporting_text: 'Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of substrate
        specificity.'
- term:
    id: GO:0006468
    label: protein phosphorylation
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:12124778
  review:
    summary: The cited paper does not support Ccne1 kinase or activator function.
    action: REMOVE
    reason: PMID:12124778 is about Gadd45b/g inhibition of Cdk1/cyclin B1 and explicitly
      not other Cdk/cyclin complexes, so it cannot support a Ccne1 phosphorylation or
      CDK activator assertion.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:12124778
      supporting_text: GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a
        role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress.
- term:
    id: GO:0016301
    label: kinase activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:12124778
  review:
    summary: The cited paper does not support Ccne1 kinase or activator function.
    action: REMOVE
    reason: PMID:12124778 is about Gadd45b/g inhibition of Cdk1/cyclin B1 and explicitly
      not other Cdk/cyclin complexes, so it cannot support a Ccne1 kinase activity or
      CDK activator assertion.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:12124778
      supporting_text: GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a
        role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress.
- term:
    id: GO:0006270
    label: DNA replication initiation
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:12941272
  review:
    summary: Supported core cyclin E1/CDK2 G1/S function or nuclear localization.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: The term reflects cyclin E1 binding/regulating CDK2 to promote G1/S
      transition and DNA replication initiation.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:12941272
      supporting_text: Cyclin E ablation in the mouse.
references:
- id: GO_REF:0000024
  title: Manual transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to
    orthologs by curator judgment of sequence similarity
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000033
  title: Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000043
  title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot keyword mapping
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000096
  title: Automated transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to
    mouse-rat orthologs
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000107
  title: Automatic transfer of experimentally verified manual GO annotation data to
    orthologs using Ensembl Compara
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000117
  title: Electronic Gene Ontology annotations created by ARBA machine learning models
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000119
  title: Automated transfer of experimentally-verified manual GO annotation data to
    mouse-human orthologs
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000120
  title: Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
  findings: []
- id: PMID:10500095
  title: Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase in mammalian
    cells.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:11981756
  title: The p21(Cip1) protein, a cyclin inhibitor, regulates the levels and the
    intracellular localization of CDC25A in mice regenerating livers.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:12124778
  title: GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and
    G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:12941272
  title: Cyclin E ablation in the mouse.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:12970171
  title: Deletion of Mnt leads to disrupted cell cycle control and tumorigenesis.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:12970760
  title: 'Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of substrate specificity.'
  findings: []
- id: PMID:16109376
  title: The bromodomain protein Brd4 is a positive regulatory component of P-TEFb and
    stimulates RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:17700700
  title: Cdk1 is sufficient to drive the mammalian cell cycle.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19056892
  title: A functional link between Wnt signaling and SKP2-independent p27 turnover in
    mammary tumors.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19592082
  title: Cyclin A is redundant in fibroblasts but essential in hematopoietic and
    embryonic stem cells.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:20150892
  title: Genetic analysis of Ras signalling pathways in cell proliferation, migration
    and survival.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:20215406
  title: Ciz1 cooperates with cyclin-A-CDK2 to activate mammalian DNA replication in
    vitro.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:24586195
  title: Mammalian E-type cyclins control chromosome pairing, telomere stability and
    CDK2 localization in male meiosis.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:7739547
  title: Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of the cyclin
    D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:7797074
  title: Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1 cyclin complexes.
  findings: []
- id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
  title: Falcon deep research synthesis for mouse Ccne1
  findings:
  - statement: Cyclin E1 activates CDK2 to drive G1/S transition and also supports DNA
      replication origin licensing through chromatin-associated replication factors.
    supporting_text: Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2
      complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
core_functions:
- description: Cyclin E1 regulates CDK2 in the cyclin E1-CDK2 complex to promote G1/S
    transition and DNA replication initiation.
  molecular_function:
    id: GO:0061575
    label: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity
  directly_involved_in:
  - id: GO:0000082
    label: G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
  - id: GO:0006270
    label: DNA replication initiation
  locations:
  - id: GO:0005634
    label: nucleus
  - id: GO:0005654
    label: nucleoplasm
  in_complex:
    id: GO:0097134
    label: cyclin E1-CDK2 complex
  supported_by:
  - reference_id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-uniprot.txt
    supporting_text: Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S
  - reference_id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
    supporting_text: Cyclin E1 is a regulatory subunit of CDK2; the cyclin E-CDK2
      complex is a central driver of the G1/S transition and S-phase entry.
  - reference_id: file:mouse/Ccne1/Ccne1-deep-research-falcon.md
    supporting_text: Cyclin E1 associates with DNA replication origins and supports
      pre-replication complex formation by facilitating MCM loading at origins.