AIR-2 is the single Aurora B-type serine/threonine protein kinase of Caenorhabditis elegans and the catalytic subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), together with ICP-1 (INCENP), BIR-1 (survivin) and CSC-1. ICP-1 binds and strongly activates AIR-2, and AIR-2 in turn phosphorylates ICP-1 in a positive feedback loop; CSC-1 and BIR-1 target the kinase. AIR-2 sits on meiotic and mitotic chromosomes before anaphase (in meiosis restricted to the mid-bivalent and sister-chromatid interfaces), then moves to the central spindle (spindle midzone) and persists at the midbody. On chromosomes it phosphorylates histone H3 and the meiotic cohesin REC-8, promoting the stepwise release of meiotic cohesion and correct mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation; it is also needed for condensin loading. At the central spindle it binds and phosphorylates the kinesins ZEN-4/MKLP1 and BMK-1 and recruits them to the spindle, driving spindle midzone assembly and completion of cytokinesis; loss of AIR-2 lets cleavage furrows form and then regress. Its activity is stimulated by TLK-1 and restrained by CDC-48.3, PP1 and LAB-1.
| GO Term | Evidence | Action | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0000278 mitotic cell cycle | NAS PMID:12707312 CSC-1: a subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex that binds t... | MODIFY | Summary: ComplexPortal statement for the CPC. True, but mitotic cell cycle only contains the specific mitotic roles that AIR-2 plays: chromosome segregation, central spindle assembly and cytokinesis. Reason: Correct but too general. Replace with the specific mitotic processes supported by experiment, two of which the gene already carries (midzone assembly, cytokinesis). Same handling as the matching icp-1 row. Proposed replacements: mitotic sister chromatid segregation mitotic spindle midzone assembly mitotic cytokinesis Supporting Evidence: PMID:11050384 AIR-2 is required at metaphase or early anaphase for normal segregation of chromosomes, localization of ZEN-4, and cytokinesis PMID:9852156 transient cleavage furrows initiate at the proper location, but regress before the division is complete |
| GO:0000281 mitotic cytokinesis | NAS PMID:12707312 CSC-1: a subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex that binds t... | ACCEPT | Summary: ComplexPortal statement. AIR-2 depletion lets furrows initiate and then regress, and AIR-2 acts in cytokinesis independently of its role in segregation, through ZEN-4 localization and phosphorylation. Reason: Direct role in completing mitotic cytokinesis is well supported by conditional alleles and substrate phosphorylation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11050384 AIR-2 has two functions during mitosis: one in chromosome segregation, and a second, independent function in cytokinesis through ZEN-4 PMID:9852156 transient cleavage furrows initiate at the proper location, but regress before the division is complete PMID:15854913 ZEN-4 and MKLP1 are phosphorylated by aurora B in vitro and in vivo on conserved C-terminal serine residues |
| GO:0000776 kinetochore | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: Kinetochore inherited from the Aurora B node. On C. elegans holocentric chromosomes the CPC occupies the region between the kinetochore cups (mid-bivalent / sister axis) rather than the kinetochore itself. Reason: Worm-specific localization data place AIR-2 on the chromosome between kinetochores; chromosome/condensed chromosome capture the location. Propagation Review Root cause: TERM SCOPING PROBLEM Failure modes: COMPARTMENT OR COMPLEX MISMATCH Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN000681968 SUPPORTS SOURCE BUT NOT TARGET Aurora B-containing node; inner-centromere/kinetochore-region localization of monocentric orthologs does not map onto the holocentric worm chromosome, where the CPC lies between kinetochore cups. Supporting Evidence: PMID:20729837 is enriched for proteins including the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC; Fig. 2b) PMID:11940606 AIR-2 localizes to subchromosomal regions corresponding to last points of contact between homologues in metaphase I and between sister chromatids in metaphase II |
| GO:0000793 condensed chromosome | IDA PMID:10983970 The survivin-like C. elegans BIR-1 protein acts with the Aur... | ACCEPT | Summary: AIR-2 localizes to condensed meiotic and mitotic chromosomes in a BIR-1-dependent manner. Reason: Direct localization; site of action for chromosome segregation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10983970 AIR-2 was not present on chromosomes in the absence of BIR-1. |
| GO:0000794 condensed nuclear chromosome | IDA PMID:11050384 The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to th... | ACCEPT | Summary: AIR-2 on condensed mitotic chromosomes in the embryo. Reason: Direct localization; agrees with multiple studies. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is found on metaphase chromosomes, moves to midbody microtubules at anaphase, and then persists at the cytokinesis remnant |
| GO:0000922 spindle pole | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: Spindle pole inherited from a node whose donors are largely Aurora A kinases (including C. elegans AIR-1). AIR-2 is chromosomal and midzone-associated; centrosome/pole association is the AIR-1 property. Reason: Aurora A-type localization propagated to an Aurora B kinase; not supported by any AIR-2 localization study. Propagation Review Root cause: PROPAGATION BAD Failure modes: WRONG ORTHOLOG OR PARALOG COMPARTMENT OR COMPLEX MISMATCH Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN000681968 SUPPORTS SOURCE BUT NOT TARGET Node includes both Aurora A and Aurora B lineages; pole association is grounded by Aurora A members. WB:WBGene00000098 SUPPORTS SOURCE BUT NOT TARGET air-1, the C. elegans Aurora A paralog, is the centrosome/pole-associated kinase; its localization does not transfer to AIR-2. UniProtKB:O14965 SUPPORTS SOURCE BUT NOT TARGET Human AURKA, an Aurora A spindle-pole kinase. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-1, like its relatives Eg2, IAK-1, and AIK-1, was also found to be associated with mitotic centrosomes PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is found on metaphase chromosomes, moves to midbody microtubules at anaphase, and then persists at the cytokinesis remnant |
| GO:0004672 protein kinase activity | IDA PMID:12707312 CSC-1: a subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex that binds t... | MODIFY | Summary: In vitro kinase assays show AIR-2 activity (MBP, TLK-1, or autophosphorylation), stimulated by ICP-1 and inhibited by CDC-48.3. Reason: Correct but general; AIR-2 is a protein serine/threonine kinase (Aurora subfamily), already annotated with GO:0004674 by IDA. Proposed replacements: protein serine/threonine kinase activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:12707312 ICP-1 dramatically stimulates AIR-2 kinase activity. |
| GO:0004672 protein kinase activity | IDA PMID:15916946 The C. elegans Tousled-like kinase contributes to chromosome... | MODIFY | Summary: In vitro kinase assays show AIR-2 activity (MBP, TLK-1, or autophosphorylation), stimulated by ICP-1 and inhibited by CDC-48.3. Reason: Correct but general; AIR-2 is a protein serine/threonine kinase (Aurora subfamily), already annotated with GO:0004674 by IDA. Proposed replacements: protein serine/threonine kinase activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:15916946 TLK-1 is phosphorylated by AIR-2 during prophase/prometaphase |
| GO:0004672 protein kinase activity | IDA PMID:18854144 An Afg2/Spaf-related Cdc48-like AAA ATPase regulates the sta... | MODIFY | Summary: In vitro kinase assays show AIR-2 activity (MBP, TLK-1, or autophosphorylation), stimulated by ICP-1 and inhibited by CDC-48.3. Reason: Correct but general; AIR-2 is a protein serine/threonine kinase (Aurora subfamily), already annotated with GO:0004674 by IDA. Proposed replacements: protein serine/threonine kinase activity Supporting Evidence: PMID:18854144 CDC-48.3 binds directly to AIR-2 and inhibits its kinase activity from metaphase through telophase |
| GO:0004672 protein kinase activity | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | MODIFY | Summary: InterPro kinase-domain mapping. Reason: Correct but general; refine to protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Proposed replacements: protein serine/threonine kinase activity Supporting Evidence: file:worm/air-2/air-2-uniprot.txt Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily. |
| GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity | IDA PMID:11940606 The aurora kinase AIR-2 functions in the release of chromoso... | ACCEPT | Summary: In vitro phosphorylation of a defined substrate by recombinant AIR-2. Reason: Core catalytic activity; AIR-2 directly phosphorylates REC-8, ICP-1, BMK-1, TLK-1, ZEN-4 and KLP-7. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11940606 We show that AIR-2 phosphorylates REC-8 at a major amino acid in vitro. |
| GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity | IDA PMID:12048181 Phosphorylation of the carboxyl terminus of inner centromere... | ACCEPT | Summary: In vitro phosphorylation of a defined substrate by recombinant AIR-2. Reason: Core catalytic activity; AIR-2 directly phosphorylates REC-8, ICP-1, BMK-1, TLK-1, ZEN-4 and KLP-7. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12048181 AIR-2 specifically phosphorylated the C. elegans INCENP ICP-1 at two adjacent serines within the carboxyl terminus |
| GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity | IDA PMID:15548597 The Caenorhabditis elegans Aurora B kinase AIR-2 phosphoryla... | ACCEPT | Summary: In vitro phosphorylation of a defined substrate by recombinant AIR-2. Reason: Core catalytic activity; AIR-2 directly phosphorylates REC-8, ICP-1, BMK-1, TLK-1, ZEN-4 and KLP-7. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15548597 the C-terminal tail domain of BMK-1 is specifically phosphorylated by AIR-2 in vitro |
| GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity | IDA PMID:15916946 The C. elegans Tousled-like kinase contributes to chromosome... | ACCEPT | Summary: In vitro phosphorylation of a defined substrate by recombinant AIR-2. Reason: Core catalytic activity; AIR-2 directly phosphorylates REC-8, ICP-1, BMK-1, TLK-1, ZEN-4 and KLP-7. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15916946 TLK-1 is phosphorylated by AIR-2 during prophase/prometaphase |
| GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity | IDA PMID:26168236 The KLP-7 Residue S546 Is a Putative Aurora Kinase Site Requ... | ACCEPT | Summary: In vitro phosphorylation of a defined substrate by recombinant AIR-2. Reason: Core catalytic activity; AIR-2 directly phosphorylates REC-8, ICP-1, BMK-1, TLK-1, ZEN-4 and KLP-7. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26168236 The kinase assays demonstrated that KLP-7 is a direct substrate of AIR-1 and AIR-2 kinases in vitro. |
| GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity | IEA GO_REF:0000120 | ACCEPT | Summary: Combined automated assignment from EC 2.7.11.1. Reason: Agrees with multiple IDA rows. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12048181 AIR-2 specifically phosphorylated the C. elegans INCENP ICP-1 at two adjacent serines within the carboxyl terminus |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:14704431 A map of the interactome network of the metazoan C. elegans. | REMOVE | Summary: High-throughput yeast two-hybrid interaction with ICP-1. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the interaction is not doubted, but it adds no functional information beyond the CPC membership and kinase-substrate annotations. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:15548597 The Caenorhabditis elegans Aurora B kinase AIR-2 phosphoryla... | MODIFY | Summary: Direct interaction with the BimC kinesin BMK-1 (G5ECF4), which AIR-2 phosphorylates and localizes to spindles. Reason: Replace bare protein binding with kinesin binding, matching the ZEN-4 row. Proposed replacements: kinesin binding Supporting Evidence: PMID:15548597 AIR-2 and BMK-1 directly interact with one another |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:15916946 The C. elegans Tousled-like kinase contributes to chromosome... | REMOVE | Summary: Interaction with ICP-1 (INCENP), the CPC activator subunit. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the interaction is not doubted, but it adds no functional information beyond the CPC membership and kinase-substrate annotations. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:15916946 The C. elegans Tousled-like kinase contributes to chromosome... | REMOVE | Summary: Interaction with TLK-1, a substrate and activator. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the interaction is not doubted, but it adds no functional information beyond the CPC membership and kinase-substrate annotations. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:18070910 RMD-1, a novel microtubule-associated protein, functions in ... | REMOVE | Summary: GST pull-down of FLAG-AIR-2 expressed in COS-7 cells by RMD-1. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the interaction is not doubted, but it adds no functional information beyond the CPC membership and kinase-substrate annotations. |
| GO:0005515 protein binding | IPI PMID:21110867 A genome-wide study of PDZ-domain interactions in C. elegans... | REMOVE | Summary: Yeast two-hybrid interaction with the PDZ protein LIN-10 in a genome-wide PDZ screen; no functional follow-up. Reason: Bare protein binding is uninformative; the interaction is not doubted, but it adds no functional information beyond the CPC membership and kinase-substrate annotations. |
| GO:0005524 ATP binding | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: ATP binding inferred from the protein kinase domain. Reason: Intrinsic to the catalytic kinase domain. Supporting Evidence: file:worm/air-2/air-2-uniprot.txt Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: Nucleus inherited at the Aurora node. AIR-2 associates with chromosomes inside the nucleus of the prophase-I oocyte, but its functional sites are mitotic chromosomes, midzone and midbody. Reason: Plausible and consistent with chromosome association, but peripheral. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is initially localized to the chromosomes of the most mature prophase I-arrested oocyte |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IEA GO_REF:0000117 | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: ARBA prediction of nuclear location. Reason: Same claim as the IBA row. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is initially localized to the chromosomes of the most mature prophase I-arrested oocyte |
| GO:0005694 chromosome | EXP PMID:18923084 LAB-1 antagonizes the Aurora B kinase in C. elegans. | ACCEPT | Summary: Immunostaining/GFP shows AIR-2 on meiotic and mitotic chromosomes before anaphase. Reason: Direct localization of the CPC kinase at its site of action. Supporting Evidence: PMID:18923084 restricting the localization of the C. elegans Aurora B kinase, AIR-2, to the interface between homologs |
| GO:0005694 chromosome | EXP PMID:23684975 Condensin and the spindle midzone prevent cytokinesis failur... | ACCEPT | Summary: Immunostaining/GFP shows AIR-2 on meiotic and mitotic chromosomes before anaphase. Reason: Direct localization of the CPC kinase at its site of action. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23684975 In control embryos, AIR-2::GFP moves from the metaphase plate to the central spindle and midbody |
| GO:0005694 chromosome | EXP PMID:25475837 Dynamic SUMO modification regulates mitotic chromosome assem... | ACCEPT | Summary: Immunostaining/GFP shows AIR-2 on meiotic and mitotic chromosomes before anaphase. Reason: Direct localization of the CPC kinase at its site of action. Supporting Evidence: PMID:25475837 Analysis of endogenous SUMO and AIR-2 by immunostaining showed that they co-localize perfectly on aligned metaphase chromosomes and at anaphase onset |
| GO:0005694 chromosome | EXP PMID:9852156 AIR-2: An Aurora/Ipl1-related protein kinase associated with... | ACCEPT | Summary: Immunostaining/GFP shows AIR-2 on meiotic and mitotic chromosomes before anaphase. Reason: Direct localization of the CPC kinase at its site of action. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is found on metaphase chromosomes, moves to midbody microtubules at anaphase, and then persists at the cytokinesis remnant |
| GO:0005694 chromosome | IEA GO_REF:0000044 | ACCEPT | Summary: UniProt subcellular location mapping (Chromosome). Reason: Agrees with experimental rows. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is found on metaphase chromosomes, moves to midbody microtubules at anaphase, and then persists at the cytokinesis remnant |
| GO:0005813 centrosome | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: Centrosome inherited from a node seeded by Aurora A kinases (AURKA, Aurka, Xenopus aurora A, AIR-1). AIR-2 is not reported at centrosomes. Reason: Aurora A-type localization propagated to an Aurora B kinase; AIR-2 is not needed for centrosome separation and is not centrosomal. Propagation Review Root cause: PROPAGATION BAD Failure modes: WRONG ORTHOLOG OR PARALOG COMPARTMENT OR COMPLEX MISMATCH Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN001219008 SUPPORTS SOURCE BUT NOT TARGET Centrosome node seeded by Aurora A members (AURKA, mouse Aurka, rat, Xenopus aurora A, AIR-1). WB:WBGene00000098 SUPPORTS SOURCE BUT NOT TARGET air-1 (Aurora A) is centrosomal in C. elegans; AIR-2 is not. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-1, like its relatives Eg2, IAK-1, and AIK-1, was also found to be associated with mitotic centrosomes PMID:10354474 is required for chromosome segregation though not for centrosome separation or for setting up a bipolar spindle file:worm/air-2/air-2-deep-research-manual.md Not centrosomal (contrast with AIR-1) [PMID:9852156]. |
| GO:0005819 spindle | IDA PMID:10983970 The survivin-like C. elegans BIR-1 protein acts with the Aur... | MODIFY | Summary: AIR-2 observed on the spindle; its spindle localization is the anaphase midzone. Reason: Correct but general; refine to spindle midzone, which the gene already carries by IDA. Proposed replacements: spindle midzone Supporting Evidence: PMID:23684975 In control embryos, AIR-2::GFP moves from the metaphase plate to the central spindle and midbody |
| GO:0005819 spindle | IEA GO_REF:0000044 | MODIFY | Summary: UniProt subcellular location mapping (Spindle). Reason: Correct but general; refine to spindle midzone. Proposed replacements: spindle midzone Supporting Evidence: PMID:23684975 In control embryos, AIR-2::GFP moves from the metaphase plate to the central spindle and midbody |
| GO:0005856 cytoskeleton | IEA GO_REF:0000044 | MODIFY | Summary: UniProt subcellular location mapping (Cytoskeleton). Reason: Correct but very general; the cytoskeletal location is the spindle midzone and midbody microtubules. Proposed replacements: spindle midzone Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is found on metaphase chromosomes, moves to midbody microtubules at anaphase, and then persists at the cytokinesis remnant |
| GO:0005876 spindle microtubule | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: AIR-2 associates with midzone (interpolar) spindle microtubules in anaphase and telophase. Reason: True of AIR-2 (midbody microtubules), but its functionally relevant location is better captured by spindle midzone; the IBA node also includes Aurora A members. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is found on metaphase chromosomes, moves to midbody microtubules at anaphase, and then persists at the cytokinesis remnant |
| GO:0006338 chromatin remodeling | IEA GO_REF:0000108 | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: Inferred from the histone H3 kinase activity annotation by an inter-ontology link. Reason: Follows logically from the H3 kinase activity; mitotic H3 Ser10 phosphorylation is a real but peripheral output relative to segregation and cytokinesis. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10975519 both enzymes are required for H3 phosphorylation and chromosome segregation |
| GO:0007052 mitotic spindle organization | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | MODIFY | Summary: AIR-2 is not needed to build a bipolar spindle; its spindle role is assembly of the anaphase spindle midzone. Reason: Too general for AIR-2: refine to mitotic spindle midzone assembly, which the gene already carries by IMP. Propagation Review Root cause: TERM SCOPING PROBLEM Failure modes: GRANULARITY MISMATCH Sources checked: PANTHER:PTN000681967 SUPPORTS TRANSFER Aurora family node; spindle organization is true for the family, but AIR-2's role is restricted to midzone assembly. Proposed replacements: mitotic spindle midzone assembly Supporting Evidence: PMID:10354474 is required for chromosome segregation though not for centrosome separation or for setting up a bipolar spindle PMID:11050384 AIR-2 has two functions during mitosis: one in chromosome segregation, and a second, independent function in cytokinesis through ZEN-4 |
| GO:0007059 chromosome segregation | IMP PMID:10983970 The survivin-like C. elegans BIR-1 protein acts with the Aur... | MODIFY | Summary: BIR-1 and AIR-2 loss give indistinguishable chromosome behaviour defects in fertilized oocytes (meiosis) and embryos (mitosis). Reason: Correct but general; the defects cover both mitotic sister chromatid segregation and meiotic chromosome segregation, which are the specific supported processes. Proposed replacements: mitotic sister chromatid segregation meiotic chromosome segregation Supporting Evidence: PMID:10983970 We observed indistinguishable defects in fertilized oocytes and embryos lacking the Aurora-like kinase AIR-2. PMID:11940606 Depletion of AIR-2 by RNA interference (RNAi) prevents chromosome separation at both anaphases |
| GO:0007059 chromosome segregation | IMP PMID:11050384 The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to th... | MODIFY | Summary: Conditional air-2 alleles show AIR-2 is required at metaphase/early anaphase for normal chromosome segregation in the embryo. Reason: Same claim as the PMID:10983970 row; refine to the specific mitotic and meiotic segregation processes. Proposed replacements: mitotic sister chromatid segregation meiotic chromosome segregation Supporting Evidence: PMID:11050384 AIR-2 is required at metaphase or early anaphase for normal segregation of chromosomes, localization of ZEN-4, and cytokinesis PMID:11940606 Depletion of AIR-2 by RNA interference (RNAi) prevents chromosome separation at both anaphases |
| GO:0015630 microtubule cytoskeleton | IDA PMID:12707312 CSC-1: a subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex that binds t... | MODIFY | Summary: AIR-2 on central spindle microtubules after anaphase onset. Reason: Correct but general; refine to spindle midzone. Proposed replacements: spindle midzone Supporting Evidence: PMID:12707312 After anaphase onset, Aurora B kinase localizes to the central spindle |
| GO:0019894 kinesin binding | IPI PMID:11050384 The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to th... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: AIR-2 interacts directly with the kinesin-6 ZEN-4 in vitro. Reason: Direct binding of a kinesin substrate; informative but secondary to the kinase activity it serves. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11050384 we found that AIR-2 and ZEN-4 interact directly |
| GO:0030261 chromosome condensation | IMP PMID:10983970 The survivin-like C. elegans BIR-1 protein acts with the Aur... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: AIR-2 is required for histone H3 phosphorylation and for loading condensin SMC-4 onto mitotic chromosomes; loss gives poorly organised chromosomes. Reason: Supported (curator read the full text; abstract reports reduced H3 phosphorylation) and consistent with the condensin-recruitment data, but condensation is a downstream contribution rather than the core segregation/cytokinesis role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10983970 Histone H3 phosphorylation and HCP-1 staining, which marks kinetochores, were reduced in the absence of either BIR-1 or AIR-2. file:worm/air-2/air-2-uniprot.txt Also required for the localization of the condensin I complex subunit smc-4 to mitotic chromosomes |
| GO:0030496 midbody | EXP PMID:23684975 Condensin and the spindle midzone prevent cytokinesis failur... | ACCEPT | Summary: AIR-2::GFP persists at the midbody, where it is activated by chromatin bridges. Reason: Direct localization at a site of action. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23684975 In control embryos, AIR-2::GFP moves from the metaphase plate to the central spindle and midbody PMID:23684975 Chromatin bridges induce activation of Aurora BAIR-2, which then recruits condensin I to the midzone and midbody. |
| GO:0030496 midbody | EXP PMID:9852156 AIR-2: An Aurora/Ipl1-related protein kinase associated with... | ACCEPT | Summary: AIR-2 moves to midbody microtubules and persists at the cytokinesis remnant. Reason: Direct localization. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is found on metaphase chromosomes, moves to midbody microtubules at anaphase, and then persists at the cytokinesis remnant |
| GO:0030496 midbody | IEA GO_REF:0000044 | ACCEPT | Summary: UniProt subcellular location mapping (Midbody). Reason: Agrees with experimental rows. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9852156 AIR-2 is found on metaphase chromosomes, moves to midbody microtubules at anaphase, and then persists at the cytokinesis remnant |
| GO:0031991 regulation of actomyosin contractile ring contraction | IGI PMID:11050384 The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to th... | MODIFY | Summary: Genetic interaction with cyk-1 (formin). The paper's model places AIR-2/ZEN-4 in a pathway parallel to the CYK-1 contractile ring pathway, acting at completion of cytokinesis. Reason: AIR-2 regulates cytokinesis, but the cited abstract argues it acts in parallel to, not within, the contractile ring pathway; regulation of cytokinesis (already carried via IBA) captures the supported claim without asserting control of ring contraction. Proposed replacements: regulation of cytokinesis Supporting Evidence: PMID:11050384 AIR-2 and ZEN-4 may act in parallel to a second pathway that includes CYK-1 PMID:11050384 AIR-2 has two functions during mitosis: one in chromosome segregation, and a second, independent function in cytokinesis through ZEN-4 |
| GO:0031991 regulation of actomyosin contractile ring contraction | IMP PMID:11050384 The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to th... | MODIFY | Summary: Conditional air-2 mutants and RNAi: furrows form and regress. Same claim as the IGI row. Reason: Same reasoning as the IGI row: refine to regulation of cytokinesis. Proposed replacements: regulation of cytokinesis Supporting Evidence: PMID:11050384 AIR-2 is required at metaphase or early anaphase for normal segregation of chromosomes, localization of ZEN-4, and cytokinesis PMID:11050384 AIR-2 and ZEN-4 may act in parallel to a second pathway that includes CYK-1 |
| GO:0032133 chromosome passenger complex | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: CPC membership inherited at the Aurora B node; AIR-2 is the experimentally shown catalytic subunit of the worm CPC. Reason: Agrees with the IPI row. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12707312 AIR-2/ICP-1/CSC-1/BIR-1 form a robust complex |
| GO:0032133 chromosome passenger complex | IPI PMID:12707312 CSC-1: a subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex that binds t... | ACCEPT | Summary: AIR-2, ICP-1, CSC-1 and BIR-1 copurify as a robust complex; ICP-1 activates AIR-2. Reason: Core complex membership. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12707312 AIR-2/ICP-1/CSC-1/BIR-1 form a robust complex PMID:12707312 ICP-1 dramatically stimulates AIR-2 kinase activity. |
| GO:0032465 regulation of cytokinesis | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: Aurora B/Ipl1 family role in cytokinesis inherited at the CPC node; supported for AIR-2 by phosphorylation of ZEN-4 and recruitment of midzone proteins. Reason: Phylogenetic inference consistent with direct C. elegans evidence. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15854913 ZEN-4 and MKLP1 are phosphorylated by aurora B in vitro and in vivo on conserved C-terminal serine residues PMID:11050384 AIR-2 has two functions during mitosis: one in chromosome segregation, and a second, independent function in cytokinesis through ZEN-4 |
| GO:0045184 establishment of protein localization | IMP PMID:11050384 The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to th... | MODIFY | Summary: AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to the mitotic spindle; it also binds and phosphorylates BMK-1 and is required for its spindle localization. Reason: Establishment of protein localization is uninformative; the supported claim is protein localization to the mitotic spindle (motor recruitment). Proposed replacements: protein localization to mitotic spindle Supporting Evidence: PMID:11050384 AIR-2 is required at metaphase or early anaphase for normal segregation of chromosomes, localization of ZEN-4, and cytokinesis PMID:15548597 In the absence of AIR-2, BMK-1 localization to meiotic and mitotic spindles is greatly reduced. |
| GO:0051117 ATPase binding | IPI PMID:18854144 An Afg2/Spaf-related Cdc48-like AAA ATPase regulates the sta... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: AIR-2 binds the AAA ATPase CDC-48.3, its inhibitor. Reason: Real direct interaction reflecting regulation of AIR-2, not an AIR-2 function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:18854144 CDC-48.3 binds directly to AIR-2 and inhibits its kinase activity from metaphase through telophase |
| GO:0051233 spindle midzone | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: Spindle midzone localization inherited at the CPC node; AIR-2 relocates to the central spindle at anaphase. Reason: Agrees with the IDA row and with live imaging. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23684975 In control embryos, AIR-2::GFP moves from the metaphase plate to the central spindle and midbody |
| GO:0051233 spindle midzone | IDA PMID:11050384 The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to th... | ACCEPT | Summary: AIR-2 relocates from chromosomes to the spindle midzone at anaphase. Reason: Direct localization at the site of its cytokinesis role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:23684975 In control embryos, AIR-2::GFP moves from the metaphase plate to the central spindle and midbody |
| GO:0051256 mitotic spindle midzone assembly | IMP PMID:10983970 The survivin-like C. elegans BIR-1 protein acts with the Aur... | ACCEPT | Summary: Loss of AIR-2 disrupts spindle midzone formation and the midzone localization of ZEN-4 and other midzone proteins. Reason: Core role of the CPC kinase at the central spindle, supported by mutant analysis and by AIR-2 phosphorylation of midzone motors. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10983970 Embryos and fertilized oocytes lacking BIR-1 had defects in chromosome behavior, spindle midzone formation, and cytokinesis. PMID:11050384 AIR-2 is required at metaphase or early anaphase for normal segregation of chromosomes, localization of ZEN-4, and cytokinesis PMID:15548597 In the absence of AIR-2, BMK-1 localization to meiotic and mitotic spindles is greatly reduced. |
| GO:0051256 mitotic spindle midzone assembly | IMP PMID:11050384 The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to th... | ACCEPT | Summary: Loss of AIR-2 disrupts spindle midzone formation and the midzone localization of ZEN-4 and other midzone proteins. Reason: Core role of the CPC kinase at the central spindle, supported by mutant analysis and by AIR-2 phosphorylation of midzone motors. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10983970 Embryos and fertilized oocytes lacking BIR-1 had defects in chromosome behavior, spindle midzone formation, and cytokinesis. PMID:11050384 AIR-2 is required at metaphase or early anaphase for normal segregation of chromosomes, localization of ZEN-4, and cytokinesis PMID:15548597 In the absence of AIR-2, BMK-1 localization to meiotic and mitotic spindles is greatly reduced. |
| GO:0051256 mitotic spindle midzone assembly | NAS PMID:12707312 CSC-1: a subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex that binds t... | ACCEPT | Summary: ComplexPortal statement; agrees with experimental rows. Reason: Same claim as the IMP rows. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12707312 After anaphase onset, Aurora B kinase localizes to the central spindle where it promotes the stable localization of the centralspindlin complex |
| GO:0051257 meiotic spindle midzone assembly | IMP PMID:20729837 A kinetochore-independent mechanism drives anaphase chromoso... | ACCEPT | Summary: In C. elegans oocytes the CPC recruits the ring-domain proteins (BUB-1 and downstream) and controls microtubule assembly between separating meiotic chromosomes. Reason: Supported by the full text; meiotic counterpart of the mitotic midzone role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:20729837 microtubule assembly/bundling during meiotic segregation is likely to primarily be under control of the CPC PMID:20729837 The CPC was required to recruit BUB-1 |
| GO:0090267 positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint | NAS PMID:12707312 CSC-1: a subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex that binds t... | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: ComplexPortal statement transferred from CPC literature in other organisms. The cited paper does not test the spindle assembly checkpoint, and no cached C. elegans AIR-2 checkpoint data were found. Reason: Not supported for this gene by the cited reference; plausible by analogy only. Consistent with the icp-1 review. |
| GO:0106310 protein serine kinase activity | IEA GO_REF:0000116 | ACCEPT | Summary: Rhea-based serine kinase assignment. Reason: AIR-2 phosphorylates serines on ICP-1, ZEN-4 and TLK-1; correct. Supporting Evidence: PMID:12048181 AIR-2 specifically phosphorylated the C. elegans INCENP ICP-1 at two adjacent serines within the carboxyl terminus PMID:15854913 ZEN-4 and MKLP1 are phosphorylated by aurora B in vitro and in vivo on conserved C-terminal serine residues |
| GO:0140996 histone H3 kinase activity | IDA PMID:14614817 The C. elegans Tousled-like kinase (TLK-1) has an essential ... | ACCEPT | Summary: Histone H3 kinase activity attributed via a TLK-1 study (abstract only in cache). Independent data show AIR-2 is required for mitotic H3 Ser10 phosphorylation in C. elegans. Reason: Cannot see the full text the curator used, but the activity is well supported for AIR-2 and Aurora B orthologs; deferring to the curator. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10975519 both enzymes are required for H3 phosphorylation and chromosome segregation PMID:10983970 Histone H3 phosphorylation and HCP-1 staining, which marks kinetochores, were reduced in the absence of either BIR-1 or AIR-2. file:worm/air-2/air-2-uniprot.txt Required for histone H3 'Ser-10' phosphorylation |
| GO:0140996 histone H3 kinase activity | IEA GO_REF:0000117 | ACCEPT | Summary: ARBA prediction of histone H3 kinase activity. Reason: Agrees with experimental rows for the same term. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10975519 both enzymes are required for H3 phosphorylation and chromosome segregation |
| GO:0140996 histone H3 kinase activity | IMP PMID:14614817 The C. elegans Tousled-like kinase (TLK-1) has an essential ... | ACCEPT | Summary: Histone H3 kinase activity attributed via a TLK-1 study (abstract only in cache). Independent data show AIR-2 is required for mitotic H3 Ser10 phosphorylation in C. elegans. Reason: Cannot see the full text the curator used, but the activity is well supported for AIR-2 and Aurora B orthologs; deferring to the curator. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10975519 both enzymes are required for H3 phosphorylation and chromosome segregation PMID:10983970 Histone H3 phosphorylation and HCP-1 staining, which marks kinetochores, were reduced in the absence of either BIR-1 or AIR-2. file:worm/air-2/air-2-uniprot.txt Required for histone H3 'Ser-10' phosphorylation |
| GO:1901970 positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation | NAS PMID:12707312 CSC-1: a subunit of the Aurora B kinase complex that binds t... | MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED | Summary: ComplexPortal statement. AIR-2 drives release of meiotic cohesion by phosphorylating REC-8, but the cited paper does not examine mitotic sister chromatid separation and no cached data show a mitotic separation role. Reason: Mitosis-specific regulatory claim without supporting C. elegans evidence; the documented cohesion-release role is meiotic. Consistent with the icp-1 review. Supporting Evidence: PMID:11940606 We show that AIR-2 phosphorylates REC-8 at a major amino acid in vitro. |
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Download this section (compressed HTML)Q: Does AIR-2 directly phosphorylate histone H3 Ser10 in vitro? The existing histone H3 kinase IDA/IMP rows cite a TLK-1 transcription paper (PMID:14614817) whose abstract does not mention AIR-2; if a Ser10 assay exists, GO:0035175 histone H3S10 kinase activity would be the more precise term.
Q: Does AIR-2 contribute to spindle assembly checkpoint signalling or to mitotic sister chromatid separation in C. elegans, as the ComplexPortal annotations assert by analogy?
Q: Are the centrosome and spindle pole IBA annotations an over-propagation from an Aurora A node to the Aurora B clade, and should the PAINT node placement be revisited?
Experiment: Express a kinase-dead or analog-sensitive AIR-2 from the endogenous locus and inhibit it acutely after anaphase onset, scoring midzone assembly, ZEN-4 phosphorylation and furrow stability.
Hypothesis: AIR-2 kinase activity at the central spindle, separate from its earlier chromosomal role, is required for completion of cytokinesis.
Experiment: Measure mitotic delay after auxin-induced degradation of AIR-2 in a background with unattached kinetochores (for example monopolar spindles).
Hypothesis: AIR-2 is needed for full spindle assembly checkpoint signalling in C. elegans.
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