car-1

id: Q9XW17
gene_symbol: car-1
product_type: PROTEIN
status: COMPLETE
taxon:
  id: NCBITaxon:6239
  label: Caenorhabditis elegans
description: CAR-1 (Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, RNA-associated) is the C. elegans 
  ortholog of LSM14/Scd6 family proteins. It contains an N-terminal atypical Sm 
  domain that directly binds RNA, central DFDF/FFD/TFG motifs, and a C-terminal 
  RGG box. CAR-1 is a key component of both P-bodies (cytoplasmic mRNA 
  processing bodies) and P granules (germline-specific ribonucleoprotein 
  particles). It forms an RNA-dependent complex with the DEAD-box RNA helicase 
  CGH-1 (DDX6 ortholog) and the Y-box protein CEY-2, functioning in 
  post-transcriptional regulation of maternally loaded mRNAs. CAR-1 is essential
  for embryonic cytokinesis, where it is required for formation of interzonal 
  microtubule bundles during anaphase. It also regulates physiological germline 
  apoptosis, with car-1 depletion leading to increased germ cell death. The 
  protein localizes dynamically to P granules that concentrate in germline 
  precursors and to smaller cytoplasmic P-body particles present in all cells of
  early embryos.
existing_annotations:
  - term:
      id: GO:0000932
      label: P-body
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 is a well-established P-body component. Multiple IDA 
        annotations support P-body localization (PMID:16267265, PMID:18515547, 
        PMID:24367695). CAR-1 colocalizes with DCAP-1, the mRNA decapping 
        component, in cytoplasmic foci that are characteristic of P-bodies 
        (PMID:16267265).
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IBA annotation is fully supported by experimental evidence. CAR-1 
        localizes with the mRNA decapping component DCAP-1 (PMID:16267265) and 
        localizes to germline P bodies (PMID:18515547). P-body localization is 
        central to CAR-1 function.
  - term:
      id: GO:0003729
      label: mRNA binding
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 contains an atypical Sm domain at its N-terminus that 
        directly binds RNA. The Sm domain and RGG box both bind to 
        poly(U)-sepharose beads in vitro (PMID:16247027). The Sm domain is 
        essential for CAR-1 function but not localization.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IBA annotation is well-supported. CAR-1 is a predicted RNA-binding
        protein with demonstrated RNA binding activity. The annotation is 
        appropriately specific as CAR-1 functions in mRNA metabolism through 
        P-body and P-granule complexes.
  - term:
      id: GO:0033962
      label: P-body assembly
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 is a core P-body component, but evidence suggests CGH-1 
        controls CAR-1 localization and P-body/particle formation rather than 
        CAR-1 driving assembly. In cgh-1 mutants, CAR-1 forms aberrant bar-like 
        structures (PMID:16247027, PMID:24367695).
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IBA annotation is reasonable given CAR-1's conserved role as a 
        P-body component. While CGH-1 appears more upstream in controlling 
        particle assembly, CAR-1 is required for proper P-body function and its 
        depletion affects RNP organization.
  - term:
      id: GO:0034063
      label: stress granule assembly
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: While CAR-1 is a known component of RNP granules that share 
        features with stress granules, direct evidence for CAR-1 involvement in 
        stress granule assembly in C. elegans is limited. The annotation is 
        based on phylogenetic inference from yeast Scd6 and other orthologs.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      reason: This annotation is derived from phylogenetic inference. In C. 
        elegans, stress granules and P-bodies colocalize and share components 
        (PMID:24367695), but the primary characterized roles of CAR-1 are in 
        P-body/P-granule function, cytokinesis, and apoptosis regulation rather 
        than stress response.
  - term:
      id: GO:0003723
      label: RNA binding
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000120
    review:
      summary: IEA annotation is consistent with experimental evidence. CAR-1 
        contains Sm domain and RGG box that bind RNA. The more specific mRNA 
        binding (GO:0003729) annotation exists via IBA.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IEA annotation is valid and supported by experimental evidence 
        demonstrating CAR-1 RNA binding via its Sm domain and RGG box 
        (PMID:16247027). The annotation is appropriately general as a parent 
        term to mRNA binding.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005634
      label: nucleus
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
    review:
      summary: UniProt annotation indicates nuclear localization based on 
        PMID:18430416, which identified CAR-1 as a transcriptional regulator 
        that binds the cdc-48.1 promoter. However, the predominant localization 
        of CAR-1 in other studies is cytoplasmic (P-bodies and P-granules).
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      reason: Nuclear localization appears to be a minor or context-specific 
        aspect of CAR-1 function. The primary and well-characterized 
        localizations are to cytoplasmic P-bodies and P-granules. The 
        transcriptional regulator function in PMID:18430416 is atypical compared
        to other CAR-1 studies.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005681
      label: spliceosomal complex
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000043
    review:
      summary: This annotation is based on UniProt keyword mapping. While CAR-1 
        contains an Sm domain related to spliceosomal Sm proteins, CAR-1 itself 
        has an atypical Sm domain and functions in P-body/mRNA metabolism rather
        than splicing.
      action: REMOVE
      reason: This annotation is misleading. CAR-1 contains an atypical Sm 
        domain that is distinct from canonical spliceosomal Sm domains 
        (PMID:16247027). CAR-1 functions in mRNA metabolism and cytokinesis, not
        pre-mRNA splicing. The sequence divergence within the Sm domain is 
        predicted to confer unique RNA binding properties to this protein family
        distinct from spliceosomal Sm proteins.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005737
      label: cytoplasm
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000117
    review:
      summary: Cytoplasmic localization is well-supported by multiple 
        experimental studies. CAR-1 localizes to cytoplasmic P-bodies and 
        P-granules.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IEA annotation is correct and redundant with multiple IDA 
        annotations for cytoplasm localization (PMID:16221731, PMID:16267265). 
        CAR-1 is a cytoplasmic protein that localizes to RNP granules.
  - term:
      id: GO:0006351
      label: DNA-templated transcription
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000043
    review:
      summary: This annotation is based on UniProt keyword mapping from the 
        transcription regulator function described in PMID:18430416. However, 
        CAR-1's primary characterized function is post-transcriptional mRNA 
        regulation.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      reason: While PMID:18430416 provides evidence for CAR-1 involvement in 
        transcriptional regulation of cdc-48.1, this appears to be a secondary 
        or specialized function. The preponderance of evidence supports CAR-1's 
        primary role in post-transcriptional regulation through P-body/P-granule
        function.
  - term:
      id: GO:0006397
      label: mRNA processing
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000043
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 functions in mRNA metabolism through P-bodies, which are 
        sites of mRNA storage and degradation. CAR-1 colocalizes with DCAP-1, 
        the decapping enzyme.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IEA annotation is appropriate. CAR-1 is involved in 
        post-transcriptional mRNA regulation as a P-body component. It functions
        with CGH-1 to regulate maternally loaded mRNAs required for cytokinesis 
        (PMID:16247027).
  - term:
      id: GO:0008380
      label: RNA splicing
    evidence_type: IEA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000043
    review:
      summary: This annotation is based on UniProt keyword mapping, likely from 
        the Sm domain. However, CAR-1 has an atypical Sm domain and functions in
        mRNA metabolism, not pre-mRNA splicing.
      action: REMOVE
      reason: This annotation is incorrect. CAR-1's atypical Sm domain is 
        functionally distinct from canonical spliceosomal Sm proteins. CAR-1 
        functions in P-body-mediated mRNA regulation and cytokinesis, not RNA 
        splicing. There is no experimental evidence supporting CAR-1 involvement
        in splicing.
  - term:
      id: GO:0035770
      label: ribonucleoprotein granule
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:25261697
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 is a component of OMA ribonucleoprotein particles that 
        regulate translation during oogenesis. CAR-1 was identified as an 
        OMA-1-associated protein in affinity purification experiments.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is well-supported. CAR-1 localizes to multiple 
        types of RNP granules including P-bodies, P-granules, and OMA RNPs. This
        annotation captures the general RNP granule localization.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:25261697
          supporting_text: Sep 26. Translational control of the oogenic program 
            by components of OMA ribonucleoprotein particles in Caenorhabditis 
            elegans.
  - term:
      id: GO:0000979
      label: RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:18430416
    review:
      summary: PMID:18430416 identified CAR-1 as binding to Element B in the 
        cdc-48.1 promoter using South-Western blotting from embryonic nuclear 
        extracts. However, this is an unusual function for CAR-1 compared to its
        well-characterized cytoplasmic RNA metabolism functions.
      action: UNDECIDED
      reason: The annotation is based on South-Western blotting which identifies
        proteins that bind DNA, but this method may not distinguish direct from 
        indirect binding. This finding has not been replicated and is 
        inconsistent with CAR-1's primary characterization as a cytoplasmic 
        RNA-binding protein. Further evidence would be needed to confirm this 
        atypical function.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:18430416
          supporting_text: 2008 Mar 13. Involvement of HMG-12 and CAR-1 in the 
            cdc-48.1 expression of Caenorhabditis elegans.
  - term:
      id: GO:0010628
      label: positive regulation of gene expression
    evidence_type: IMP
    original_reference_id: PMID:18430416
    review:
      summary: car-1(RNAi) reduces cdc-48.1 expression, supporting a positive 
        regulatory role. However, this may be indirect through mRNA 
        stabilization rather than transcriptional activation.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      reason: The annotation reflects a phenotypic observation. Given CAR-1's 
        primary role in mRNA metabolism, the effect on gene expression may be at
        the post-transcriptional level (mRNA stability/translation) rather than 
        transcriptional activation. The term is broad enough to encompass both 
        possibilities.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:18430416
          supporting_text: 2008 Mar 13. Involvement of HMG-12 and CAR-1 in the 
            cdc-48.1 expression of Caenorhabditis elegans.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005783
      label: endoplasmic reticulum
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16267265
    review:
      summary: PMID:16267265 reports CAR-1 affects ER organization, but the 
        primary localization data in this paper focuses on P-bodies, P-granules,
        spindle, and pericentriolar material. ER localization may be indirect or
        context-specific.
      action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
      reason: The paper describes organization of the endoplasmic reticulum is 
        aberrant upon CAR-1 depletion, suggesting CAR-1 affects ER organization.
        However, ER localization is not a primary characterized site for CAR-1. 
        The relationship may be functional rather than direct localization.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16267265
          supporting_text: Nov 2. CAR-1, a protein that localizes with the mRNA 
            decapping component DCAP-1, is required for cytokinesis and ER 
            organization in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
  - term:
      id: GO:0072686
      label: mitotic spindle
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16267265
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 is required for proper anaphase spindle structure. CAR-1 
        depletion causes failure of interzonal microtubule bundle formation. The
        localization to spindle may be related to CAR-1's function in regulating
        mRNAs required for spindle assembly.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is supported by functional evidence. CAR-1 
        depletion causes a specific defect in the microtubule cytoskeleton with 
        loss of interzonal microtubule bundles (PMID:16247027). This suggests 
        CAR-1 localizes to or functions at the spindle during cytokinesis.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16267265
          supporting_text: Nov 2. CAR-1, a protein that localizes with the mRNA 
            decapping component DCAP-1, is required for cytokinesis and ER 
            organization in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
  - term:
      id: GO:1990023
      label: mitotic spindle midzone
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16267265
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 is required for spindle midzone formation. In car-1 
        depleted embryos, the spindle midzone fails to form, even though midzone
        components are present (PMID:16267265).
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is well-supported. CAR-1 depletion causes failure 
        of interzonal microtubule bundle formation and loss of AIR-2 and ZEN-4 
        recruitment to the midzone (PMID:16247027). CAR-1 function is essential 
        for midzone assembly.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16267265
          supporting_text: Nov 2. CAR-1, a protein that localizes with the mRNA 
            decapping component DCAP-1, is required for cytokinesis and ER 
            organization in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005515
      label: protein binding
    evidence_type: IPI
    original_reference_id: PMID:25261697
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 interacts with OMA-1 in the context of OMA 
        ribonucleoprotein particles. CAR-1 also forms complexes with CGH-1 and 
        CEY-2 (PMID:16247027).
      action: MODIFY
      reason: The term protein binding is too vague and uninformative. CAR-1 has
        specific, characterized protein interactions including CGH-1 (DDX6 
        homolog), CEY-2, and OMA-1/2. More specific MF terms should be used if 
        available.
      proposed_replacement_terms:
        - id: GO:0003729
          label: mRNA binding
      additional_reference_ids:
        - PMID:16247027
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:25261697
          supporting_text: Sep 26. Translational control of the oogenic program 
            by components of OMA ribonucleoprotein particles in Caenorhabditis 
            elegans.
        - reference_id: PMID:16247027
          supporting_text: A complex containing the Sm protein CAR-1 and the RNA
            helicase CGH-1 is required for embryonic cytokinesis in 
            Caenorhabditis elegans.
  - term:
      id: GO:0000932
      label: P-body
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:24367695
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 colocalizes with P-body components CGH-1 and PAB-1 in both 
        P-granules and P-bodies in embryos and gonads (PMID:24367695).
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is well-supported by colocalization studies showing
        CAR-1 with P-body markers in multiple contexts.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:24367695
          supporting_text: eCollection 2013. PAB-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans 
            poly(A)-binding protein, regulates mRNA metabolism in germline by 
            interacting with CGH-1 and CAR-1.
  - term:
      id: GO:0043186
      label: P granule
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:24367695
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 localizes to P granules, the germline-specific RNP 
        particles in C. elegans. P-granule localization is well-documented 
        across multiple studies.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is well-supported by multiple studies. CAR-1 
        localizes to P-granules (germ-line specific ribonucleoprotein particles)
        (PMID:16267265) and colocalizes with PGL-1, a P-granule marker.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:24367695
          supporting_text: eCollection 2013. PAB-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans 
            poly(A)-binding protein, regulates mRNA metabolism in germline by 
            interacting with CGH-1 and CAR-1.
  - term:
      id: GO:1990904
      label: ribonucleoprotein complex
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16247027
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 is part of a multiprotein RNP complex containing CGH-1 and 
        CEY-2. The interaction with CGH-1 is RNA-dependent.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is well-supported. CAR-1 is a component of a 
        multiprotein complex that also contains the DEAD box RNA helicase, 
        CGH-1, and a Y-box-containing protein, CEY-2 (PMID:16247027).
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16247027
          supporting_text: A complex containing the Sm protein CAR-1 and the RNA
            helicase CGH-1 is required for embryonic cytokinesis in 
            Caenorhabditis elegans.
  - term:
      id: GO:0000932
      label: P-body
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:18515547
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 colocalizes with LARP-1 in germline P-bodies. This study 
        provides additional evidence for CAR-1 P-body localization.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is supported. LARP-1 colocalizes with P bodies and 
        CAR-1 is established as a P-body component.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:18515547
          supporting_text: C. elegans La-related protein, LARP-1, localizes to 
            germline P bodies and attenuates Ras-MAPK signaling during 
            oogenesis.
  - term:
      id: GO:0000242
      label: pericentriolar material
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16267265
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 localizes to pericentriolar material as shown in 
        PMID:16267265. This localization is consistent with CAR-1's role in 
        spindle-related processes during cytokinesis.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation captures a specific localization relevant to 
        CAR-1's function in cytokinesis and spindle organization.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16267265
          supporting_text: Nov 2. CAR-1, a protein that localizes with the mRNA 
            decapping component DCAP-1, is required for cytokinesis and ER 
            organization in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
  - term:
      id: GO:0000932
      label: P-body
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16267265
    review:
      summary: Original characterization of CAR-1 P-body localization. CAR-1 
        colocalizes with DCAP-1, the mRNA decapping component, in cytoplasmic 
        foci.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation from the foundational CAR-1 characterization paper.
        This study established CAR-1 as a P-body component.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16267265
          supporting_text: Nov 2. CAR-1, a protein that localizes with the mRNA 
            decapping component DCAP-1, is required for cytokinesis and ER 
            organization in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005737
      label: cytoplasm
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16221731
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 localizes to cytoplasmic particles in the gonad and early 
        embryo.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is well-supported. CAR-1 is primarily a cytoplasmic
        protein that localizes to various RNP granules.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16221731
          supporting_text: A conserved RNA-protein complex component involved in
            physiological germline apoptosis regulation in C.
  - term:
      id: GO:0005737
      label: cytoplasm
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16267265
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 localizes to cytoplasmic foci and P-granules.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is correct. CAR-1 is a cytoplasmic protein.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16267265
          supporting_text: Nov 2. CAR-1, a protein that localizes with the mRNA 
            decapping component DCAP-1, is required for cytokinesis and ER 
            organization in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
  - term:
      id: GO:0043186
      label: P granule
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16221731
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 localizes to P granules and associates with CGH-1 in a 
        conserved germline RNP complex.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is well-supported. P-granule localization is a core
        aspect of CAR-1 function in the germline.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16221731
          supporting_text: A conserved RNA-protein complex component involved in
            physiological germline apoptosis regulation in C.
  - term:
      id: GO:0043186
      label: P granule
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16247027
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 localizes to P-granules that concentrate in germline 
        precursors. P-granule localization is confirmed by colocalization with 
        PGL-1.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation is well-supported. CAR-1 localizes to 
        RNA-containing P-granules that concentrate in the germline precursors 
        (PMID:16247027).
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16247027
          supporting_text: A complex containing the Sm protein CAR-1 and the RNA
            helicase CGH-1 is required for embryonic cytokinesis in 
            Caenorhabditis elegans.
  - term:
      id: GO:0043186
      label: P granule
    evidence_type: IDA
    original_reference_id: PMID:16267265
    review:
      summary: Original characterization showing CAR-1 localization to 
        P-granules.
      action: ACCEPT
      reason: IDA annotation from foundational CAR-1 paper. P-granule 
        localization is central to CAR-1 germline function.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16267265
          supporting_text: Nov 2. CAR-1, a protein that localizes with the mRNA 
            decapping component DCAP-1, is required for cytokinesis and ER 
            organization in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
  - term:
      id: GO:0000281
      label: mitotic cytokinesis
    evidence_type: IMP
    original_reference_id: PMID:16247027
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 is essential for embryonic cytokinesis. car-1(RNAi) and 
        car-1 mutant embryos fail to complete cytokinesis, with cleavage furrows
        regressing and spindle midzone failing to form.
      action: NEW
      reason: This is a core function of CAR-1 not explicitly annotated. CAR-1 
        was named for Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, RNA-associated reflecting its 
        essential role in cytokinesis. Multiple studies demonstrate cytokinesis 
        failure upon CAR-1 depletion.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16247027
          supporting_text: A complex containing the Sm protein CAR-1 and the RNA
            helicase CGH-1 is required for embryonic cytokinesis in 
            Caenorhabditis elegans.
  - term:
      id: GO:0017148
      label: negative regulation of translation
    evidence_type: IBA
    original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 functions in translational repression as part of P-body and
        OMA RNP complexes. CAR-1 is part of the IFET-1/CGH-1/CAR-1/PATR-1 
        repressive complex.
      action: NEW
      reason: This is a core molecular function of CAR-1 based on phylogenetic 
        conservation and its role in P-body-mediated mRNA regulation. CAR-1 
        associates with translational repressors in OMA RNPs (PMID:25261697).
  - term:
      id: GO:0043066
      label: negative regulation of apoptotic process
    evidence_type: IMP
    original_reference_id: PMID:16221731
    review:
      summary: CAR-1 regulates physiological germline apoptosis. car-1(RNAi) 
        leads to increased germline cell death, indicating CAR-1 normally 
        suppresses apoptosis.
      action: NEW
      reason: This is a core function of CAR-1 (the A in CAR-1 stands for 
        Apoptosis). Depletion of CAR-1 increases physiological germline 
        apoptosis, demonstrating a negative regulatory role.
      supported_by:
        - reference_id: PMID:16221731
          supporting_text: A conserved RNA-protein complex component involved in
            physiological germline apoptosis regulation in C.
references:
  - id: GO_REF:0000033
    title: Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
    findings:
      - statement: CAR-1 is orthologous to LSM14 family proteins across 
          eukaryotes
  - id: GO_REF:0000043
    title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot keyword 
      mapping
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000044
    title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular 
      Location vocabulary mapping
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000117
    title: Electronic Gene Ontology annotations created by ARBA machine learning
      models
    findings: []
  - id: GO_REF:0000120
    title: Combined Automated Annotation using Multiple IEA Methods
    findings: []
  - id: PMID:16221731
    title: A conserved RNA-protein complex component involved in physiological 
      germline apoptosis regulation in C. elegans.
    findings:
      - statement: CAR-1 associates with CGH-1 and Y-box proteins in a conserved
          germline RNP complex
      - statement: The CGH-1/CAR-1 interaction is conserved in Drosophila 
          oocytes
      - statement: car-1(RNAi) increases physiological germline apoptosis
      - statement: CAR-1 is critical for oogenesis
  - id: PMID:16247027
    title: A complex containing the Sm protein CAR-1 and the RNA helicase CGH-1 
      is required for embryonic cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.
    findings:
      - statement: CAR-1 contains an atypical Sm domain and RGG box that bind 
          RNA
      - statement: CAR-1 forms an RNA-dependent complex with CGH-1 and CEY-2
      - statement: CAR-1 localizes to P-granules and smaller cytoplasmic 
          particles
      - statement: The Sm domain is essential for CAR-1 function but not 
          localization
      - statement: CAR-1 depletion causes failure of interzonal microtubule 
          bundle formation
      - statement: CAR-1 depletion prevents AIR-2 and ZEN-4 targeting to spindle
          midzone
      - statement: CGH-1 controls CAR-1 particle localization
  - id: PMID:16267265
    title: CAR-1, a protein that localizes with the mRNA decapping component 
      DCAP-1, is required for cytokinesis and ER organization in Caenorhabditis 
      elegans embryos.
    findings:
      - statement: CAR-1 colocalizes with DCAP-1 in P-bodies
      - statement: CAR-1 localizes to P-granules
      - statement: car-1 inhibition causes late cytokinesis failures
      - statement: Spindle midzone fails to form in car-1 depleted embryos
      - statement: ER organization is disrupted in car-1 depleted embryos
  - id: PMID:18430416
    title: Involvement of HMG-12 and CAR-1 in the cdc-48.1 expression of 
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
    findings:
      - statement: CAR-1 was identified as binding to Element B in cdc-48.1 
          promoter
      - statement: car-1(RNAi) decreases cdc-48.1 and cdc-48.2 expression in 
          embryos
  - id: PMID:18515547
    title: C. elegans La-related protein, LARP-1, localizes to germline P bodies
      and attenuates Ras-MAPK signaling during oogenesis.
    findings:
      - statement: LARP-1 colocalizes with P bodies containing CAR-1
  - id: PMID:24367695
    title: PAB-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans poly(A)-binding protein, regulates 
      mRNA metabolism in germline by interacting with CGH-1 and CAR-1.
    findings:
      - statement: PAB-1 colocalizes with CAR-1 in P-granules and P-bodies
      - statement: PAB-1, CGH-1, and CAR-1 interact in mRNA metabolism 
          regulation
      - statement: CGH-1 controls CAR-1 localization; CAR-1 does not control 
          CGH-1 localization
      - statement: PAB-1 affects CGH-1 and CAR-1 localization
  - id: PMID:25261697
    title: Translational control of the oogenic program by components of OMA 
      ribonucleoprotein particles in Caenorhabditis elegans.
    findings:
      - statement: CAR-1 is a component of OMA-1 ribonucleoprotein particles
      - statement: OMA RNPs contain translational repressors and activators
core_functions:
  - description: CAR-1 is an mRNA-binding protein that functions in 
      post-transcriptional regulation of maternally loaded mRNAs. It directly 
      binds RNA through its atypical Sm domain and RGG box. CAR-1 forms an 
      RNA-dependent complex with CGH-1 (DDX6 homolog) and CEY-2, functioning in 
      P-body and P-granule mediated mRNA regulation. It is essential for 
      embryonic cytokinesis and regulates physiological germline apoptosis.
    molecular_function:
      id: GO:0003729
      label: mRNA binding
    directly_involved_in:
      - id: GO:0000281
        label: mitotic cytokinesis
      - id: GO:0043066
        label: negative regulation of apoptotic process
      - id: GO:0017148
        label: negative regulation of translation
    locations:
      - id: GO:0043186
        label: P granule
      - id: GO:0000932
        label: P-body
    in_complex:
      id: GO:1990904
      label: ribonucleoprotein complex
proposed_new_terms: []
suggested_questions:
  - question: Is CAR-1's role in transcriptional regulation of cdc-48.1 
      (PMID:18430416) a true transcriptional function or an indirect effect 
      through mRNA regulation?
  - question: What specific mRNAs does CAR-1 regulate to control cytokinesis and
      anaphase spindle structure?
  - question: Does CAR-1 play a direct role in piRNA silencing pathways as 
      suggested by some studies of CAR-1/CGH-1 function?
suggested_experiments:
  - description: CLIP-seq or RIP-seq to identify direct CAR-1 mRNA targets in 
      embryos and germline.
  - description: Determine whether CAR-1's effect on cdc-48.1 expression is at 
      the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
  - description: Characterize the specific mRNAs regulated by CAR-1 that are 
      required for interzonal microtubule bundle formation.
tags:
  - caeel-p-granules