ELT-2 is a GATA-type transcription factor that serves as the master regulator of intestinal gene expression in C. elegans. It contains a single GATA-type zinc finger DNA-binding domain and binds to the consensus sequence 5'-[AT]GATA[AG]-3'. ELT-2 is expressed exclusively in the intestine from embryogenesis through adulthood, beginning at the 2E cell stage. It is essential for intestinal development and function - null mutants die at the L1 larval stage with malformed or degenerated gut cells. ELT-2 is the predominant transcription factor controlling both constitutive intestinal gene expression (including digestive enzymes) and induced innate immune responses to bacterial pathogens. It works in parallel with the p38 MAPK/PMK-1 pathway to regulate immune gene induction, cooperating with transcription factors ATF-7 and SKN-1. Additionally, ELT-2 regulates lifespan through transcriptional control of daf-16 isoforms in the intestine.
| GO Term | Evidence | Action | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0000978 RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 is a well-characterized GATA transcription factor that binds specifically to WGATAR sequences in promoters of target genes. This sequence-specific DNA binding has been demonstrated in multiple studies including direct visualization of ELT-2 binding in living embryos (PMID:10518545) and in vitro binding assays (PMID:15733671, PMID:15734735). Reason: This IBA annotation is well-supported by the phylogenetic inference and is consistent with extensive experimental evidence from C. elegans showing ELT-2 binds specifically to cis-regulatory regions containing GATA motifs (PMID:10518545, PMID:15733671). Supporting Evidence: PMID:10518545 We previously have shown, by means of ectopic expression studies, that elt-2 regulates its own promoter. To test whether this autoregulation is direct, we fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) close to the C terminus of elt-2 in a construct that contains the full elt-2 promoter and the full elt-2 zinc finger DNA binding domain PMID:15733671 The gut-specific GATA factor ELT-2 binds to this site in vitro and removal of ELT-2 from the embryo destroys expression of the pho-1 reporter. file:worm/elt-2/elt-2-deep-research-falcon.md model: Edison Scientific Literature |
| GO:0000981 DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 is a bona fide transcription factor that activates transcription of intestinal genes. Multiple studies demonstrate it binds DNA and activates RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription (PMID:9659934, PMID:14573471, PMID:26963674). Reason: Core molecular function of ELT-2 as a transcription factor is well-established through multiple experimental studies showing it activates transcription of target genes. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14573471 Whereas ELT-2 protein is a strong transcriptional activator in yeast PMID:9659934 When elt-2 is expressed ectopically using a transgenic heat-shock construct, the endogenous ges-1 gene is now expressed in most if not all cells of the embryo |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: Nuclear localization of ELT-2 is well-documented. ELT-2::GFP fusion protein localizes to discrete foci within nuclei of gut cells (PMID:10518545, PMID:16968778). Reason: Consistent with experimental evidence from multiple publications demonstrating nuclear localization of ELT-2 protein in intestinal cells. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10518545 the majority of these embryonic gut nuclei show two discrete intense foci of fluorescence |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 is a transcriptional activator that positively regulates transcription of many intestinal genes including ges-1, pho-1, spl-1, vit-2, and genes involved in immune responses (PMID:9659934, PMID:15733671, PMID:15734735, PMID:26963674). Reason: Core function of ELT-2. Multiple studies demonstrate ELT-2 activates transcription of target genes in the intestine. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9659934 When elt-2 is expressed ectopically using a transgenic heat-shock construct, the endogenous ges-1 gene is now expressed in most if not all cells of the embryo PMID:15733671 gut expression is critically dependent on a single WGATAR site. The gut-specific GATA factor ELT-2 binds to this site in vitro and removal of ELT-2 from the embryo destroys expression of the pho-1 reporter. Thus, all our results indicate that pho-1 is a direct downstream target of ELT-2. |
| GO:0000122 negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: While ELT-2 is primarily a transcriptional activator, the IBA annotation suggests some GATA factors in the family can also repress transcription. The PMID:26016853 study found a cluster of genes upregulated upon elt-2 knockdown, suggesting possible repressive function for some genes. Reason: The primary function of ELT-2 is as a transcriptional activator. While there is evidence from microarray studies (PMID:26016853) that some genes are upregulated upon elt-2 knockdown, this appears to be a minor or indirect function. The IBA annotation derives from related GATA factors that may have more prominent repressive roles. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26016853 a cluster of 43 genes showing elevated expression following elt-2 knock-down, suggesting repression by the transcription factor ('elt-2-repressed') |
| GO:0045165 cell fate commitment | IBA GO_REF:0000033 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 plays a role in intestinal cell fate specification, working with ELT-7 to control endoderm differentiation. The specification-differentiation transition in the endoderm involves ELT-2 function (PMID:9659934). Reason: ELT-2 is essential for intestinal development and terminal differentiation, and works synergistically with ELT-7 in endoderm specification. This is consistent with the IBA annotation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9659934 Homozygous elt-2 null mutants die at the L1 larval stage with an apparent malformation or degeneration of gut cells |
| GO:0000976 transcription cis-regulatory region binding | IEA GO_REF:0000117 | ACCEPT | Summary: This IEA annotation is consistent with the more specific IBA and IDA annotations for RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region binding. Reason: Accurate but less specific than GO:0000978. ELT-2 does bind cis-regulatory regions as demonstrated experimentally. |
| GO:0003677 DNA binding | IEA GO_REF:0000043 | ACCEPT | Summary: General DNA binding annotation. ELT-2 contains a GATA-type zinc finger DNA-binding domain and binds DNA specifically. Reason: Accurate but very general. More specific DNA-binding annotations (GO:0000977, GO:0000978) provide better functional information. |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 is clearly a DNA-binding transcription factor. This annotation from InterPro is accurate. Reason: Fundamental function of ELT-2 supported by extensive experimental evidence. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IEA GO_REF:0000120 | ACCEPT | Summary: Nuclear localization is well-established for ELT-2. Reason: Duplicate of other nucleus annotations. Accurate but redundant with experimentally-supported annotations. |
| GO:0006351 DNA-templated transcription | IEA GO_REF:0000043 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 regulates DNA-templated transcription as a transcription factor. Reason: Core function consistent with ELT-2's role as a transcription factor. |
| GO:0006355 regulation of DNA-templated transcription | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 regulates transcription of intestinal genes. Reason: Accurate. ELT-2 is a transcriptional regulator controlling expression of intestinal genes. |
| GO:0006357 regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 regulates RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription. Reason: Accurate. ELT-2 is a transcription factor that regulates Pol II transcription. |
| GO:0008270 zinc ion binding | IEA GO_REF:0000120 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 contains a GATA-type zinc finger domain that coordinates zinc for DNA binding. Reason: ELT-2 has a conserved GATA-type zinc finger domain (amino acids 237-261 per UniProt) that requires zinc for function. |
| GO:0009888 tissue development | IEA GO_REF:0000117 | MODIFY | Summary: ELT-2 is essential for intestinal (tissue) development. Reason: While accurate, this term is too general. ELT-2 specifically regulates endoderm/intestinal development. Proposed replacements: endoderm development |
| GO:0030154 cell differentiation | IEA GO_REF:0000043 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 is required for terminal differentiation of intestinal cells. Reason: ELT-2 controls intestinal cell differentiation, though a more specific term could be used. |
| GO:0043565 sequence-specific DNA binding | IEA GO_REF:0000002 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 binds specifically to WGATAR sequences. Reason: Well-established that ELT-2 binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner (PMID:10518545, PMID:15733671). |
| GO:0046872 metal ion binding | IEA GO_REF:0000043 | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 binds zinc through its GATA zinc finger domain. Reason: Accurate but general. The more specific GO:0008270 (zinc ion binding) is also annotated. |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IMP PMID:16968778 A conserved role for a GATA transcription factor in regulati... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:16968778 demonstrates ELT-2 is required for transcriptional activation of immune response genes in the intestine during P. aeruginosa infection. RNAi knockdown of elt-2 prevents induction of immune genes. Reason: Strong experimental evidence from mutant phenotype analysis showing ELT-2 positively regulates transcription of immune response genes. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16968778 Gene expression and functional RNAi-based analyses identified the tissue-specific GATA transcription factor ELT-2 as a major regulator of an early intestinal protective response to infection with the human bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IDA PMID:20126308 Genetic and physiological activation of osmosensitive gene e... | ACCEPT | Summary: Nuclear localization of ELT-2 is well established from multiple studies using ELT-2::GFP fusion proteins that show discrete fluorescent foci within intestinal cell nuclei. Reason: Direct experimental evidence of nuclear localization from multiple studies. The PMID:20126308 reference is primarily about osmotic stress responses, but nuclear localization of ELT-2 is well supported by PMID:10518545. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10518545 the majority of these embryonic gut nuclei show two discrete intense foci of fluorescence PMID:20126308 Genetic and physiological activation of osmosensitive gene expression mimics transcriptional signatures of pathogen infection in C. |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IMP PMID:20126308 Genetic and physiological activation of osmosensitive gene e... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:20126308 shows ELT-2 is required for transcriptional activation of osmotic stress response genes in the intestine. Reason: Experimental evidence showing ELT-2 activates transcription of osmosensitive genes through GATA binding sites. Supporting Evidence: PMID:20126308 RNAi against one GATA factor, elt-2, attenuated osmotically induced GFP expression in the intestine without substantially affecting hypodermal GFP expression |
| GO:0008340 determination of adult lifespan | IMP PMID:24834345 Transcriptional regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans FOXO/DA... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PMID:24834345 demonstrates ELT-2 regulates lifespan through transcriptional control of daf-16 isoforms in the intestine. Reason: While ELT-2 does influence lifespan through regulation of daf-16, this is a downstream consequence of its core transcriptional regulatory function in the intestine, not its primary biological role. Supporting Evidence: PMID:24834345 we identify elt-2 (GATA transcription factor) and swsn-1 (core subunit of SWI/SNF complex) as key modulators of daf-16d/f gene expression. ELT-2 and another GATA factor, ELT-4, promote longevity via both DAF-16a and DAF-16d/f |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IMP PMID:24834345 Transcriptional regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans FOXO/DA... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:24834345 shows ELT-2 activates transcription of daf-16 isoforms. Reason: Direct experimental evidence of ELT-2 positively regulating transcription of daf-16 genes. Supporting Evidence: PMID:24834345 ELT-2 and another GATA factor, ELT-4, are required for the expression of both daf-16a and daf-16d/f |
| GO:0000978 RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding | IDA PMID:26963674 A 44 bp intestine-specific hermaphrodite-specific enhancer f... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:26963674 demonstrates direct binding of ELT-2 to the vit-2 enhancer element. Reason: Direct experimental evidence of ELT-2 binding to specific cis-regulatory sequence. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26963674 an activator site that we show is the direct target of the intestinal GATA factor ELT-2 |
| GO:0000981 DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific | IMP PMID:26963674 A 44 bp intestine-specific hermaphrodite-specific enhancer f... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:26963674 provides evidence ELT-2 functions as a transcription factor regulating the vit-2 enhancer. Reason: Experimental evidence of transcription factor activity at vit-2 enhancer. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26963674 A 44-bp region from the vit-2 gene promoter is able largely to reconstitute this tissue-, stage- and sex-specific-expression...an activator site that we show is the direct target of the intestinal GATA factor ELT-2 |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IDA PMID:26963674 A 44 bp intestine-specific hermaphrodite-specific enhancer f... | ACCEPT | Summary: Nuclear localization confirmed by imaging studies. Reason: Consistent with other experimental evidence of nuclear localization. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26963674 2016 Mar 7. A 44 bp intestine-specific hermaphrodite-specific enhancer from the C. |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IMP PMID:26963674 A 44 bp intestine-specific hermaphrodite-specific enhancer f... | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 activates transcription of vit-2 through direct enhancer binding. Reason: Strong experimental evidence of ELT-2 activating vit-2 transcription. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26963674 an activator site that we show is the direct target of the intestinal GATA factor ELT-2 |
| GO:0000981 DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific | IDA PMID:14573471 The evolutionary duplication and probable demise of an endod... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:14573471 characterizes ELT-2 as a transcriptional activator using yeast assays and demonstrates sequence-specific DNA binding. Reason: Direct experimental evidence of transcription factor activity. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14573471 Whereas ELT-2 protein is a strong transcriptional activator in yeast |
| GO:0004857 enzyme inhibitor activity | IDA PMID:29361115 The GATA transcription factor ELT-2 modulates both the expre... | KEEP AS NON CORE | Summary: PMID:29361115 shows ELT-2 physically interacts with PRMT-1 and inhibits its methyltransferase activity in a dose-dependent manner. This is an unusual non-transcriptional function of ELT-2. Reason: This is a non-canonical function of ELT-2 distinct from its primary role as a transcription factor. The study demonstrates direct protein-protein interaction between ELT-2 and PRMT-1 leading to inhibition of PRMT-1 methyltransferase activity, but this appears to be a specialized regulatory mechanism rather than a core function. Supporting Evidence: PMID:29361115 GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate the interaction between ELT-2 and PRMT-1. Furthermore, we find that ELT-2 interferes with PRMT-1-induced arginine methylation in a dose-dependent manner. |
| GO:0010468 regulation of gene expression | IMP PMID:26016853 The Developmental Intestinal Regulator ELT-2 Controls p38-De... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:26016853 demonstrates ELT-2 regulates expression of intestinal genes including immune response genes and digestive enzymes. Reason: Comprehensive experimental evidence from microarray analysis showing ELT-2 regulates hundreds of genes in the adult intestine. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26016853 Microarray analysis identified two ELT-2-regulated gene subsets: one, enriched for hydrolytic enzymes, pointed at regulation of constitutive digestive functions as a dominant role of adult elt-2; the second was enriched for immune genes that are induced in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. |
| GO:0050829 defense response to Gram-negative bacterium | IMP PMID:26016853 The Developmental Intestinal Regulator ELT-2 Controls p38-De... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:26016853 shows ELT-2 is required for immune responses to P. aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium. Reason: Strong experimental evidence that ELT-2 controls p38-dependent immune gene induction in response to P. aeruginosa infection. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26016853 we show that elt-2 controls p38-dependent gene induction, cooperating with two p38-activated transcription factors, ATF-7 and SKN-1. This demonstrates a mechanism through which the constitutively nuclear elt-2 can impact induced responses, and play a dominant role in C. elegans immunity. |
| GO:0000977 RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding | IDA PMID:10518545 Direct visualization of the elt-2 gut-specific GATA factor b... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:10518545 directly visualizes ELT-2 binding to its own promoter in living embryos using ELT-2::GFP fusion protein. Reason: Elegant direct experimental demonstration of ELT-2 binding to regulatory DNA sequences in vivo. Supporting Evidence: PMID:10518545 We interpret these fluorescent foci as the result of ELT-2::GFP binding directly to its own promoter within nuclei of the developing gut lineage. Numerous control experiments, both genetic and biochemical, all support this conclusion and support the specificity of the binding. |
| GO:0000977 RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding | IDA PMID:15733671 Transcriptional control and patterning of the pho-1 gene, an... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:15733671 demonstrates ELT-2 binds to WGATAR site in pho-1 promoter. Reason: In vitro binding assays and functional analysis confirm ELT-2 binding to pho-1 regulatory region. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15733671 Transgenic analysis of the pho-1 promoter shows that gut expression is critically dependent on a single WGATAR site. The gut-specific GATA factor ELT-2 binds to this site in vitro |
| GO:0000977 RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding | IDA PMID:15734735 Regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase gene expression ... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:15734735 demonstrates ELT-2 binds to GATA motif in spl-1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase) promoter. Reason: In vitro binding and functional analysis confirm ELT-2 regulation of spl-1 through GATA binding site. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15734735 ELT-2 interacted with the GATA factor-binding motif in vitro and was also capable of driving expression of a Caenorhabditis elegans lyase promoter-beta-galactosidase reporter in a heterologous yeast system. |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IDA PMID:15734735 Regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase gene expression ... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:15734735 shows ELT-2 activates sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase gene expression. Reason: Experimental evidence of ELT-2 activating spl-1 transcription through direct binding to GATA motif. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15734735 These studies demonstrate that ELT-2 regulates sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase expression in vivo. |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IMP PMID:15734735 Regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase gene expression ... | ACCEPT | Summary: Mutant analysis supports ELT-2's role in activating spl-1 transcription. Reason: RNAi knockdown demonstrates ELT-2 is required for spl-1 expression. Supporting Evidence: PMID:15734735 Knockdown of the gut-specific GATA transcription factor ELT-2 by RNA interference similarly led to loss of reporter expression. |
| GO:0002119 nematode larval development | IMP PMID:21868609 Cell architecture: surrounding muscle cells shape gland cell... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:21868609 is primarily about pharyngeal gland morphology but notes that elt-2 RNAi causes highly penetrant L1 lethality, confirming ELT-2's essential role in larval development. Reason: The paper confirms that elt-2 RNAi causes L1 lethality, consistent with ELT-2's essential role in larval development established by PMID:9659934. Supporting Evidence: PMID:21868609 elt-2(RNAi) gives a highly penetrant (∼100%) L1 lethality by feeding |
| GO:0045087 innate immune response | IMP PMID:16968778 A conserved role for a GATA transcription factor in regulati... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:16968778 demonstrates ELT-2 is a major regulator of intestinal innate immune responses to P. aeruginosa infection. Reason: Strong experimental evidence that ELT-2 is required for innate immune responses in the intestine. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16968778 Gene expression and functional RNAi-based analyses identified the tissue-specific GATA transcription factor ELT-2 as a major regulator of an early intestinal protective response to infection with the human bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IDA PMID:16968778 A conserved role for a GATA transcription factor in regulati... | ACCEPT | Summary: Nuclear localization confirmed in this study. Reason: Consistent with multiple other studies showing nuclear localization. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16968778 A conserved role for a GATA transcription factor in regulating epithelial innate immune responses. |
| GO:0050829 defense response to Gram-negative bacterium | IMP PMID:16968778 A conserved role for a GATA transcription factor in regulati... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:16968778 shows ELT-2 is required for defense against P. aeruginosa. Reason: Key study establishing ELT-2's role in immune defense against Gram-negative bacteria. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16968778 In the adult worm, ELT-2 is required specifically for infection responses and survival on pathogen but makes no significant contribution to gene expression associated with intestinal maintenance or to resistance to cadmium, heat, and oxidative stress. |
| GO:0050829 defense response to Gram-negative bacterium | HEP PMID:16968778 A conserved role for a GATA transcription factor in regulati... | ACCEPT | Summary: High-throughput expression data from PMID:16968778 supports ELT-2's role in defense response. Reason: Microarray expression profiling provides additional evidence for ELT-2's role in immune gene regulation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:16968778 A conserved role for a GATA transcription factor in regulating epithelial innate immune responses. |
| GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity | IMP PMID:14573471 The evolutionary duplication and probable demise of an endod... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:14573471 demonstrates ELT-2 is a transcriptional activator. Reason: Experimental evidence from yeast assays showing ELT-2 has transcription factor activity. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14573471 Whereas ELT-2 protein is a strong transcriptional activator in yeast |
| GO:0007492 endoderm development | IMP PMID:14573471 The evolutionary duplication and probable demise of an endod... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:14573471 discusses ELT-2's role in endoderm/intestinal development. Reason: Core developmental function of ELT-2 in endoderm differentiation. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14573471 The elt-2 gene is expressed only in the intestine and is essential for normal intestinal development. |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IDA PMID:14573471 The evolutionary duplication and probable demise of an endod... | ACCEPT | Summary: Direct demonstration of ELT-2 transcriptional activation activity. Reason: Yeast one-hybrid assays directly demonstrate ELT-2 activates transcription. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14573471 Whereas ELT-2 protein is a strong transcriptional activator in yeast, ELT-4 protein has no such activity under similar conditions |
| GO:0002119 nematode larval development | IMP PMID:9659934 The GATA-factor elt-2 is essential for formation of the Caen... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:9659934 shows elt-2 null mutants die at L1 stage, demonstrating essential role in larval development. Reason: elt-2 is essential for larval survival and development - null mutants arrest at L1 stage. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9659934 Homozygous elt-2 null mutants die at the L1 larval stage with an apparent malformation or degeneration of gut cells. |
| GO:0003690 double-stranded DNA binding | IDA PMID:14573471 The evolutionary duplication and probable demise of an endod... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:14573471 demonstrates ELT-2 binds to double-stranded DNA containing GATA sequences. Reason: In vitro binding experiments confirm ELT-2 binds dsDNA. Supporting Evidence: PMID:14573471 In vitro binding experiments could not detect specific binding of ELT-4 protein to candidate binding sites (double-stranded oligonucleotides containing single or multiple WGATAR sequences); ELT-4 protein neither enhanced nor inhibited the strong sequence-specific binding of the ELT-2 protein. |
| GO:0005634 nucleus | IDA PMID:9659934 The GATA-factor elt-2 is essential for formation of the Caen... | ACCEPT | Summary: Original study demonstrating ELT-2 nuclear localization. Reason: Key early evidence of nuclear localization of ELT-2. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9659934 The GATA-factor elt-2 is essential for formation of the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine. |
| GO:0007492 endoderm development | IMP PMID:9659934 The GATA-factor elt-2 is essential for formation of the Caen... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:9659934 establishes ELT-2 as essential for intestinal/endoderm development. Reason: Foundational study establishing ELT-2's essential role in endoderm development. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9659934 Homozygous elt-2 null mutants die at the L1 larval stage with an apparent malformation or degeneration of gut cells. |
| GO:0007586 digestion | IMP PMID:9659934 The GATA-factor elt-2 is essential for formation of the Caen... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:9659934 shows elt-2 null mutants have defective intestinal function. PMID:26016853 demonstrates ELT-2 regulates expression of hydrolytic enzymes involved in constitutive digestive functions in the adult intestine. Reason: ELT-2 regulates expression of digestive enzymes in the intestine and loss of elt-2 leads to digestive defects. Microarray analysis confirms ELT-2 controls hydrolytic enzyme expression. Supporting Evidence: PMID:26016853 one, enriched for hydrolytic enzymes, pointed at regulation of constitutive digestive functions as a dominant role of adult elt-2 PMID:9659934 The GATA-factor elt-2 is essential for formation of the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine. |
| GO:0030856 regulation of epithelial cell differentiation | IMP PMID:9659934 The GATA-factor elt-2 is essential for formation of the Caen... | ACCEPT | Summary: ELT-2 regulates differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Reason: ELT-2 controls terminal differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9659934 loss of elt-2 function has major consequences for later gut morphogenesis and function |
| GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | IMP PMID:9659934 The GATA-factor elt-2 is essential for formation of the Caen... | ACCEPT | Summary: PMID:9659934 shows ectopic ELT-2 expression activates ges-1 transcription. Reason: Ectopic expression experiments demonstrate ELT-2 activates transcription of intestinal genes. Supporting Evidence: PMID:9659934 When elt-2 is expressed ectopically using a transgenic heat-shock construct, the endogenous ges-1 gene is now expressed in most if not all cells of the embryo |
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