| Feature | *C. elegans* mff-1 | Human MFF | *Drosophila* Tango11 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene name | **mff-1**; ORF **F11C1.2**; UniProt **Q19343** | **MFF** (*mitochondrial fission factor*) | **Tango11** / **CG3404**; described as the *Drosophila* ortholog of MFF (pqac-00000007, pqac-00000017) |
| Protein family | Tango11/MFF family; one of two *C. elegans* MFF paralogs (**mff-1**, **mff-2**) (pqac-00000007, pqac-00000017) | Metazoan MFF/Tango11 family; major DRP1 receptor in mammals (pqac-00000014, pqac-00000016) | Tango11/MFF family; conserved metazoan ortholog of mammalian MFF (pqac-00000017) |
| Domain (IPR008518) | Mff/Tango-11 domain (IPR008518); consistent with assignment as mitochondrial fission factor family member | Mff/Tango-11 family domain with N-terminal DRP1-binding repeat region, coiled-coil segment, and C-terminal transmembrane anchor (pqac-00000013, pqac-00000016) | Conserved Tango11/MFF family domain inferred from orthology to mammalian MFF (pqac-00000017) |
| Subcellular localization | Mitochondrial outer membrane; MFF-1 behaves as an outer membrane marker and is protease-sensitive in intact mitochondria, consistent with cytosolic exposure (pqac-00000011) | C-tail-anchored outer mitochondrial membrane protein; also present on peroxisomal membranes (pqac-00000013, pqac-00000014, pqac-00000031) | Functional ortholog implicated in mitochondrial morphology control; specific localization not directly shown in retrieved evidence, but inferred to act at mitochondria from orthology and phenotype (pqac-00000017) |
| Primary function | Candidate DRP-1 receptor/adaptor for mitochondrial fission in worms; proposed to act alongside **mff-2** as an additional DRP-1 receptor beyond EGL-1/CED-9 (pqac-00000007, pqac-00000010, pqac-00000003) | Core membrane adaptor/receptor that recruits cytosolic DRP1 to mitochondrial constriction sites and promotes mitochondrial division (pqac-00000014, pqac-00000015, pqac-00000016) | Required for normal mitochondrial morphology; knockdown causes perinuclear mitochondrial clustering similar to **Drp1** knockdown, supporting a conserved fission role (pqac-00000017) |
| DRP1 interaction | Proposed DRP-1 recruiter in *C. elegans* based on homology to mammalian MFF and worm mitochondrial dynamics studies (pqac-00000007, pqac-00000010, pqac-00000003) | Direct but transient DRP1-binding receptor; N-terminal repeats are required for recruitment, and MFF preferentially recruits oligomerized/active DRP1 (pqac-00000014, pqac-00000015, pqac-00000016) | Conserved Drp1-pathway component inferred from orthology and mitochondrial morphology phenotype after knockdown (pqac-00000017) |
| Oligomerization | No direct oligomerization data found in retrieved worm-specific literature | Oligomerizes via coiled-coil domain, likely as a trimer; oligomerization is required for DRP1 activation, puncta formation, mitochondrial division, and peroxisomal division (pqac-00000030, pqac-00000031, pqac-00000032) | No direct oligomerization data found in retrieved evidence; likely conserved by family membership (pqac-00000017) |
| Peroxisomal fission role | No direct worm-specific evidence found in retrieved literature | Essential for peroxisomal as well as mitochondrial fission; loss causes elongated/tubular peroxisomes (pqac-00000013, pqac-00000031, pqac-00000033) | No direct evidence found in retrieved literature |
| Key regulators (e.g., AMPK) | No direct worm-specific regulators identified in retrieved evidence | Regulated by AMPK phosphorylation; sites reported include **S146** in innate immunity studies and **S155, S172, S275** in broader mitochondrial dynamics reviews; phosphorylation links energy status to fission and MAVS signaling (pqac-00000025, pqac-00000026, pqac-00000028, pqac-00000029) | No direct regulator identified in retrieved evidence |
| Disease association | No specific disease association expected for worm gene | Biallelic loss-of-function mutations cause **encephalopathy due to mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission defect / lethal encephalopathy**, with developmental delay, optic atrophy, peripheral neuropathy, microcephaly, seizures, and elongated mitochondria/peroxisomes in patient cells (pqac-00000018, pqac-00000019, pqac-00000020, pqac-00000022) | No human disease association applicable; useful as a comparative model gene (pqac-00000017) |


*Table: This table compares the key features of worm mff-1, human MFF, and Drosophila Tango11 to support functional annotation by orthology. It highlights what is directly shown in C. elegans versus what is inferred from better-characterized metazoan orthologs.*