| Category | Claim | Supporting source | Publication date | URL/DOI | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identity/verification | RAS2 in *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* is a 322-aa Ras-family small GTPase (distinct from RAS genes in other organisms), consistent with UniProt P01120/YNL098C. | Tamanoi 2011 | Mar 2011 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000002, pqac-00000006) |
| Biochemical activity | Ras2 functions as a molecular switch cycling between GDP-bound inactive and GTP-bound active states; GTP-bound Ras activates adenylate cyclase Cyr1/CDC35, increasing cAMP and activating PKA via Bcy1/TPKs. | Tamanoi 2011; Dresel 2021 | Mar 2011; 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000001, pqac-00000002, pqac-00000006) |
| Effector architecture | Cyr1 is ~2,026 aa and contains a Ras-associating domain within an LRR-containing middle region that mediates interaction with active Ras. | Dresel 2021 | 2021 | Not provided | (pqac-00000001) |
| GEF regulation | Cdc25 is the principal Ras GEF required for glucose-induced Ras2-GTP increase and normal cAMP production; Sdc25 is also a Ras GEF. Activated Ras2 (e.g., Ras2Val19) can bypass Cdc25 function. | Broggi 2013; Tamanoi 2011 | 2013; Mar 2011 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000000, pqac-00000004, pqac-00000006) |
| GAP regulation | Ira1 and Ira2 are Ras GAPs that stimulate Ras GTP hydrolysis and negatively regulate intracellular cAMP signaling. | Broggi 2013; Tamanoi 2011 | 2013; Mar 2011 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000000, pqac-00000004, pqac-00000006) |
| Additional regulators | Kelch-repeat proteins Gpb1/Gpb2 inhibit Ras signaling through association with Ira1/Ira2 and have also been linked to direct PKA regulation. | Tamanoi 2011; Dresel 2021 | Mar 2011; 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000003, pqac-00000004) |
| cAMP turnover | cAMP output downstream of Ras2-Cyr1 is constrained by phosphodiesterases Pde1 (low affinity) and Pde2 (high affinity). | Dresel 2021; Tamanoi 2011 | 2021; Mar 2011 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000001, pqac-00000002) |
| CAAX processing | Ras2 undergoes CAAX-dependent lipid processing including farnesylation, AAX proteolysis, carboxymethylation, and palmitoylation, which are required for membrane association and signaling competence. | Broggi 2013; Tamanoi 2011 | 2013; Mar 2011 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000000, pqac-00000002, pqac-00000006) |
| Specific lipid modifications | Ras2 is farnesylated at Cys319 and palmitoylated at Cys318. Farnesylation is required for plasma-membrane localization and effector recruitment; C318S loss of palmitoylation mislocalizes Ras2 to the cytoplasm, although palmitoylation is not essential for normal growth in the cited work. | Broggi 2013 | 2013 | Not provided | (pqac-00000000) |
| Phosphorylation | Ras2 phosphorylation at Ser214 acts in feedback regulation of Ras-cAMP signaling; an S214A mutant increases cAMP, lowers glycogen, and heightens heat-shock sensitivity. | Tamanoi 2011 | Mar 2011 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000004) |
| Phosphorylation/localization | Ras2 phosphorylation at Ser225 alters localization and has been linked to entry into quiescence through aberrant Ras/cAMP/PKA signaling. | Dresel 2021 | 2021 | Not provided | (pqac-00000007) |
| Core localization | Ras2 signaling that activates Cyr1 occurs at the plasma membrane, but Ras2 and its regulators/partners have also been observed on endomembranes. | Dresel 2021; Broggi 2013 | 2021; 2013 | Not provided | (pqac-00000001, pqac-00000005) |
| Trafficking/localization detail | Farnesylation first targets Ras proteins to ER/Golgi membranes for processing; Ras2 can reach the plasma membrane independently of the classical secretory pathway. | Broggi 2013 | 2013 | Not provided | (pqac-00000000, pqac-00000006) |
| Extended localization | Ras2 has been reported to contact the ER via Eri1 and to accumulate at mitochondrial membranes, especially under nutrient depletion; evidence also supports nuclear active Ras2 in invasive growth contexts. | Dresel 2021; Broggi 2013 | 2021; 2013 | Not provided | (pqac-00000001, pqac-00000007) |
| Essentiality | *RAS1 RAS2* double loss is lethal, whereas single deletions are viable on glucose; Ras1 is 309 aa and Ras2 is 322 aa. | Tamanoi 2011; Broggi 2013 | Mar 2011; 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000002, pqac-00000006) |
| Carbon source phenotype | ras2Δ strains show defects in growth on nonfermentable carbon sources; Ras1 overexpression can suppress some ras2Δ defects on nonfermentable medium. | Tamanoi 2011; Broggi 2013 | Mar 2011; 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000002, pqac-00000006) |
| Glucose response scale | Ras2-driven Ras/cAMP/PKA signaling accounts for nearly 90% of the transcriptional changes observed after glucose addition. | Dresel 2021 | 2021 | Not provided | (pqac-00000001) |
| Stress/storage phenotypes | Reduced Ras/cAMP signaling is associated with higher heat resistance and increased trehalose/glycogen and STRE gene expression, whereas hyperactive Ras2 signaling causes heat-shock and starvation sensitivity and reduced glycogen. | Tamanoi 2011; Broggi 2013 | Mar 2011; 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911407322 | (pqac-00000002, pqac-00000004, pqac-00000005) |
| Differentiation programs | Ras2 influences filamentous/invasive growth and cell fate decisions, including signaling to Flo8 and invasive-growth programs. | Dresel 2021; Broggi 2013 | 2021; 2013 | Not provided | (pqac-00000001, pqac-00000007) |
| Fermentation/application relevance | In wine yeast fermentation models, the Cdc25/Ras/cAMP-PKA pathway regulates proline utilization, indicating practical relevance of Ras2-pathway control to fermentation traits. | Nishimura et al. 2022 (reported in retrieved literature) | Jun 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbac100 | (pqac-00000004) |


*Table: This table summarizes verified core findings for *S. cerevisiae* Ras2 (RAS2/YNL098C/UniProt P01120), including molecular function, regulation, localization, and phenotype/application links. It is useful as a quick evidence map for the full research report.*