Camalexin biosynthesis (tryptophan-derived indole phytoalexin)

Camalexin (3-thiazol-2'-yl-indole) is the main phytoalexin of Arabidopsis thaliana and is made from tryptophan after pathogen attack. The ER-anchored cytochrome P450s CYP79B2 and CYP79B3 convert tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), a branch point shared with indole glucosinolate and auxin biosynthesis. CYP71A13, with a minor contribution from its paralog CYP71A12, commits IAOx to the camalexin branch. It monooxygenates IAOx to an alpha-hydroxy-indole-3-acetonitrile (indole-3-cyanohydrin) intermediate and is proposed to dehydrate this to a reactive electrophile (dehydro-IAN) that is captured by the thiol of glutathione or cysteine. CYP71A13 also dehydrates IAOx to indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN), which may be largely an off-pathway product; CYP71A12 releases more of the cyanohydrin as its breakdown products indole-3-carbaldehyde and cyanide. Glutathione transferases, including GSTF6, are implicated in the conjugation, but many GSTs can support it, higher-order phi-class GST mutants make normal camalexin, and the electrophile can react with glutathione without an enzyme. The cytosolic gamma-glutamyl peptidases GGP1 and GGP3 remove the gamma-glutamyl residue of the glutathione conjugate (GS-IAN), and an unidentified peptidase removes glycine to give the cysteine conjugate Cys(IAN). The bifunctional P450 CYP71B15 (PAD3) then closes the thiazoline ring of Cys(IAN) with cyanide release to form dihydrocamalexic acid, and oxidatively decarboxylates it to camalexin. The pathway P450s associate with each other and with P450 reductase in an ER-anchored metabolon that channels intermediates. Pathogen-induced transcription of the biosynthetic genes depends on the MAP kinases MPK3 and MPK6, which phosphorylate the WRKY33 transcription factor; WRKY33 binds and activates the CYP71A13 and PAD3 promoters. These two components regulate the pathway and are not pathway enzymes.

MODULE:camalexin_biosynthesisDRAFTCONCRETEMetabolic Pathwaymodules/camalexin_biosynthesis.yaml
camalexin biosynthetic processGO:0010120
PMID:23449503
Assigning gene function in biosynthetic pathways: camalexin and beyond.
Overview of the pathway from Trp through IAOx, IAN, the glutathione conjugate and Cys(IAN) to camalexin, with GGPs rather than GGTs as the gamma-glutamyl cleaving enzymes.
The glutathione conjugate γ-Glu-Cys(IAN)-Gly is then hydrolyzed by two consecutive peptidase reactions (discussed in detail below) to Cys(IAN), which is finally converted to camalexin by a two-step reaction catalyzed by CYP71B15 (PAD3)
PMID:31511315
The Formation of a Camalexin Biosynthetic Metabolon.
The camalexin P450s form an enzyme complex that channels intermediates such as IAOx.
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) efficiently synthesizes the antifungal phytoalexin camalexin without the apparent release of bioactive intermediates, such as indole-3-acetaldoxime, suggesting that the biosynthetic pathway of this compound is channeled by the formation of an enzyme complex.
PMID:31511315
The Formation of a Camalexin Biosynthetic Metabolon.
GSTU4 binds the metabolon but is not a camalexin biosynthetic enzyme; camalexin rises in gstu4 knockouts.
This shows that GSTU4 is not directly involved in camalexin biosynthesis but rather plays a role in a competing mechanism.
file:modules/camalexin_biosynthesis-deep-research-falcon.md
Camalexin biosynthesis module deep research (falcon)
Used as retrieval support only, after the module was drafted. It agrees with the structure here (GGP1/GGP3 not GGT1/GGT2, unidentified glycine-removing peptidase, GSTF6 as a candidate rather than an established GST, GSTU4 not a pathway enzyme). Identifiers and structural claims were checked against UniProt, QuickGO, Rhea, the cached publications or the gene reviews.
8Nodes
7Parts
0Variant Sets
0Variants
9Annotons
8Connections

Derived QC

Recommended-field compliance

100.0% recommended fields populated

All recommended fields populated.

Module deep research

✓ present

  • camalexin_biosynthesis-deep-research-falcon.md (falcon)

Leaf nodes lacking representative members

✓ every leaf node grounds to a representative protein.

Template conformance

✓ every declared conforms_to bundle matches its template motif.

Function consistency and core coverage

10 gene-function check(s) reflected in core functions · 0 conflict(s) · 4 evidence or coverage gap(s) (14 comparison(s))

Retained noncore functions are reported separately; they do not require promotion to core functions. Support from representative genes does not establish conservation across the whole family. Missing reviews or identifiers leave a claim unverified.

AnnotonParticipantFunctionAssessment
cyp79b_activity CYP79B2 (Arabidopsis; pathogen-induced, main camalexin contributor)
UniProtKB:O81346
Family Representative 		tryptophan N-monooxygenase activity
GO:0090489 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
cyp79b_activity CYP79B3 (Arabidopsis)
UniProtKB:Q501D8
Family Representative 		tryptophan N-monooxygenase activity
GO:0090489 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
cyp71a13_activity CYP71A13 (Arabidopsis; main camalexin enzyme)
UniProtKB:O49342
Gene 		indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase activity
GO:0047720 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
cyp71a12_activity CYP71A12 (Arabidopsis; minor contribution to camalexin, main enzyme of the ICOOH and 4-hydroxy-ICN branches)
UniProtKB:O49340
Gene 		indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase activity
GO:0047720 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
gstf6_activity GSTF6 (Arabidopsis)
UniProtKB:P42760
Gene 		glutathione transferase activity (conjugation of activated IAN)
GO:0004364 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
ggp1_activity GGP1 (Arabidopsis)
UniProtKB:Q9M0A7
Family Representative 		gamma-glutamyl-peptidase activity
GO:0034722 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
pad3_dhca_synthase CYP71B15 / PAD3 (Arabidopsis)
UniProtKB:Q9LW27
Gene 		dihydrocamalexate synthase activity
No function ID 		No Function Id
A gene review exists, but this function lacks a GO identifier. Free-text chemistry is not automatically compared.
pad3_dhca_decarboxylase CYP71B15 / PAD3 (Arabidopsis)
UniProtKB:Q9LW27
Gene 		dihydrocamalexic acid decarboxylase activity (oxidative, P450)
GO:0010298 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
mpk3_mpk6_activity MPK3 (Arabidopsis)
UniProtKB:Q39023
Family Representative 		MAP kinase activity
GO:0004707 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
mpk3_mpk6_activity MPK6 (Arabidopsis)
UniProtKB:Q39026
Family Representative 		MAP kinase activity
GO:0004707 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
wrky33_activity WRKY33 (Arabidopsis)
UniProtKB:Q8S8P5
Gene 		transcription cis-regulatory region binding (CYP71A13 and PAD3 promoters)
GO:0000976 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
cyp79b_activity CYP79B tryptophan N-monooxygenases (redundant paralogs)
Family 		tryptophan N-monooxygenase activity
GO:0090489 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
ggp1_activity GGP1 gamma-glutamyl peptidase subfamily
PANTHER:PTHR42695:SF14
Family 		gamma-glutamyl-peptidase activity
GO:0034722 		Family Review Missing
No supported structured family review is available for PANTHER:PTHR42695:SF14.
mpk3_mpk6_activity MPK3/MPK6 group A MAP kinases (redundant paralogs)
Family 		MAP kinase activity
GO:0004707 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.

Gene-review completeness (10/10 grounded genes reviewed)

9 complete review(s) · 10 with deep research · 0 missing review · 0 reviewed but lacking deep research

Gene Review Complete Deep research
CYP71A12 O49340 ✓ ✓ ✓
CYP71A13 O49342 ✓ ✓ ✓
CYP71B15 Q9LW27 ✓ ✓ ✓
CYP79B2 O81346 ✓ ✓ ✓
CYP79B3 Q501D8 ✓ ✓ ✓
GGP1 Q9M0A7 ✓ ✓ ✓
GSTF6 P42760 ✓ 24/26 ✓
MPK3 Q39023 ✓ ✓ ✓
MPK6 Q39026 ✓ ✓ ✓
WRKY33 Q8S8P5 ✓ ✓ ✓

Details

Context
Arabidopsis thalianaNCBITaxon:3702
Camalexin biosynthesisMetabolic Pathwaycamalexin_biosynthesis
camalexin biosynthetic processGO:0010120
Context
Arabidopsis thalianaNCBITaxon:3702

Boundary. Parts 1-4 are the biosynthetic pathway (GO:0010120); part 5 is kept as an explicit regulatory part with its own concept (GO:1901183) so that the enzyme-versus-regulator split made in the MPK3 and WRKY33 gene reviews is visible: MPK3/MPK6 and WRKY33 regulate the pathway and are not parts of it. Upstream perception (CERK1, FLS2, MKK4/MKK5), the MPK4-MKS1 sequestration of WRKY33, other transcriptional inputs, tryptophan supply, camalexin export (ABCG36/PDR8) and the indole glucosinolate, auxin and 4-hydroxy-ICN branches from IAOx are outside this module. Metabolon. CYP79B2, CYP71A12, CYP71A13 and CYP71B15 co-purify and interact (co-IP, FRET-FLIM) with each other and with P450 reductase ATR1 at the ER (PMID:31511315). This is recorded in prose rather than as a complex part because the complex has no GO term beyond generic catalytic complex and the soluble steps (GST, GGP) are not shown to be in it. GSTU4 binds the complex but is not a pathway enzyme. Gene reviews. CYP79B2, CYP79B3, CYP71A13, CYP71A12, GSTF6, CYP71B15, GGP1, WRKY33 and MPK3 have completed reviews (genes/ARATH/) and the annoton functions and locations follow their core functions; MPK6's review is also complete. GGP3 and GSTU4 have no gene review yet and are grounded by UniProt only. CYP71A13 and CYP71A12 are modelled as separate annotons. Both reviews now use GO:0047720 as the core molecular function, but CYP71A12 contributes little to camalexin and releases more cyanohydrin breakdown products, and its review proposes a cyanohydrin-forming term. PANTHER. Only GGP1 is in the local PANTHER member index, so the other family descriptors carry no PANTHER id. Ontology follow-ups (not knowledge gaps). GO has no molecular-function term for the first PAD3 reaction (Cys(IAN) to dihydrocamalexic acid with cyanide release, RHEA:10452; proposed in the CYP71B15 review as dihydrocamalexate synthase activity), and GO:0010298 describes the second reaction as a simple decarboxylation although it is an O2-dependent oxidative decarboxylation (RHEA:34807, EC 1.14.19.52). The MPK6 review now uses positive regulation of camalexin biosynthetic process, matching MPK3, so the paralogs are treated alike.

Connections

iaox_formation -> ian_formation Provides Input For
IAOx is the CYP71A13 substrate (channelled within the P450 metabolon).
ian_formation -> gsh_conjugation Provides Input For
The CYP71A13-derived electrophile (dehydro-IAN, formed via indole-3-cyanohydrin) is captured by glutathione.
gsh_conjugation -> pad3_steps Provides Input For
Cys(IAN) is the PAD3 substrate.
wrky33_activation -> ian_formation Positively Regulates
WRKY33 binds and activates the CYP71A13 promoter.
wrky33_activation -> pad3_steps Positively Regulates
WRKY33 binds and activates the PAD3 promoter.
Part 1: tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime (CYP79B2/B3)
IAOx formationReactioniaox_formation

N-hydroxylation and decarboxylation of L-tryptophan to (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldoxime (RHEA:33279, EC 1.14.14.156). The step is shared with indole glucosinolate and auxin biosynthesis; the cyp79b2 cyp79b3 double mutant lacks camalexin and indole glucosinolates.

Annotons

CYP79B2/CYP79B3: tryptophan N-monooxygenase
cyp79b_activity
Participant: Family: CYP79B tryptophan N-monooxygenases (redundant paralogs)
Family:
CYP79B tryptophan N-monooxygenases (redundant paralogs)
Representative Members: CYP79B2 (Arabidopsis; pathogen-induced, main camalexin contributor)UniProtKB:O81346 CYP79B3 (Arabidopsis)UniProtKB:Q501D8

Function

tryptophan N-monooxygenase activityGO:0090489
Substrates: L-tryptophan O2 reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase]
Products: (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldoxime (IAOx) CO2

Locations

endoplasmic reticulum membraneGO:0005789

Both paralogs have completed gene reviews with the same core function. Unlike CYP79B2, CYP79B3 is not induced when camalexin synthesis is elicited by silver nitrate (CYP79B3 review), so CYP79B2 is listed as the main camalexin contributor.

Part 2: indole-3-acetaldoxime to the reactive cyanohydrin / dehydro-IAN intermediate (CYP71A13, minor CYP71A12)
Indole cyanohydrin / dehydro-IAN formationReactionian_formation

The committed camalexin step. With 18O2 labelling, Klein et al. 2013 showed that CYP71A13 and CYP71A12 monooxygenate IAOx to an alpha-hydroxy-IAN (indole-3-cyanohydrin) intermediate. They propose that the enzyme then dehydrates this to a reactive electrophile (dehydro-IAN) that is captured by the free thiol of cysteine or glutathione; the P450 does not itself form the C-S bond. The dehydration of IAOx to IAN (RHEA:23156, EC 4.8.1.3), long taken as the pathway step, is the major in vitro product of CYP71A13, but IAN is turned over about 1000-fold more slowly than IAOx and may be largely an off-pathway product. CYP71A13 forms the thiol-trapped product more efficiently; CYP71A12 releases more of the cyanohydrin as indole-3-carbaldehyde and cyanide. GO has no molecular-function term for the cyanohydrin-forming monooxygenation (see knowledge gaps).

Annotons

CYP71A13: indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase / IAOx-activating P450 (main camalexin enzyme)
cyp71a13_activity
Participant: Gene Product: CYP71A13 (Arabidopsis; main camalexin enzyme)
Gene Product:
CYP71A13 (Arabidopsis; main camalexin enzyme)UniProtKB:O49342

Function

indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase activityGO:0047720 Used as in the CYP71A13 gene review core function. The term covers only the dehydration of IAOx to IAN; the O2- and reductase-dependent formation of the alpha-hydroxy-IAN and dehydro-IAN intermediate that feeds camalexin has no GO term.
Substrates: (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldoxime (IAOx) O2 (for the cyanohydrin-forming monooxygenation) reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase]
Products: indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN; possibly off-pathway) dehydro-IAN electrophile via alpha-hydroxy-IAN (thiol-trapped by glutathione or cysteine)

Locations

endoplasmic reticulum membraneGO:0005789

GO:0047720 is kept because the CYP71A13 gene review keeps it as the core molecular function (IDA in GOA, PMID:17573535). It under-describes the chemistry: the camalexin-relevant activity is the monooxygenation of IAOx to alpha-hydroxy-IAN and its conversion to the thiol-trapped electrophile, for which GO has no term. The CYP71A13 review raises this as a suggested question.

CYP71A12: IAOx-converting P450 (dehydratase; minor camalexin contribution)
cyp71a12_activity
Participant: Gene Product: CYP71A12 (Arabidopsis; minor contribution to camalexin, main enzyme of the ICOOH and 4-hydroxy-ICN branches)
Gene Product:
CYP71A12 (Arabidopsis; minor contribution to camalexin, main enzyme of the ICOOH and 4-hydroxy-ICN branches)UniProtKB:O49340

Function

indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase activityGO:0047720 Used as in the CYP71A12 gene review core function. Recombinant CYP71A12 dehydrates IAOx with a higher catalytic efficiency than CYP71A13, but 18O2 labelling shows it also alpha-hydroxylates IAOx to indole-3-cyanohydrin, which it releases more than CYP71A13 does as indole-3-carbaldehyde and cyanide. GO has no term for the cyanohydrin-forming activity; the CYP71A12 review proposes one (see knowledge gaps).
Substrates: (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldoxime (IAOx)
Products: indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) indole-3-cyanohydrin (alpha-hydroxy-IAN; monooxygenation route)

Locations

endoplasmic reticulum membraneGO:0005789

CYP71A12 is modelled as a separate annoton because its contribution to camalexin is minor and its product spectrum differs from CYP71A13's (more cyanohydrin breakdown products). An earlier version of this module asserted only monooxygenase activity; the combined CYP71A12 review restores GO:0047720 on the kinetic data. Its main products enter the indole-3-carboxylic acid and 4-hydroxy-ICN branches, which are outside this module.

Part 3: glutathione conjugation and processing to the cysteine conjugate (GSTF6, GGP1/GGP3)
Glutathione conjugation and processingMetabolic Pathwaygsh_conjugation

Glutathione, not free cysteine, supplies the thiazole sulfur. The activated IAN intermediate is conjugated to glutathione (GS-IAN); the gamma-glutamyl residue is removed in the cytosol by GGP1 (and GGP3), and glycine is then removed by an unidentified peptidase to give Cys(IAN). The extracellular gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases GGT1/GGT2 were proposed for the gamma-glutamyl step but the intermediate-accumulation, localization and enzyme-activity evidence favours GGP1.

Connections

gst_conjugation -> ggp_step Provides Input For
GS-IAN is the GGP substrate; the Cys(IAN)-Gly product is trimmed to Cys(IAN) by an unidentified peptidase before PAD3.
Part 1: glutathione conjugation of the activated IAN intermediate
Glutathione conjugation (GSTF6)Reactiongst_conjugation

Annotons

GSTF6: glutathione transferase (implicated)
gstf6_activity
Participant: Gene Product: GSTF6 (Arabidopsis)
Gene Product:
GSTF6 (Arabidopsis)UniProtKB:P42760

Function

glutathione transferase activity (conjugation of activated IAN)GO:0004364
Substrates: indole-3-cyanohydrin / activated IAN intermediate glutathione
Products: GS-IAN (gamma-Glu-Cys(IAN)-Gly)

Locations

cytosolGO:0005829

The 'implicated' framing follows the GSTF6 gene review, which keeps glutathione transferase activity as core but treats GSTF6 as one of several redundant contributors to GS-IAN formation: single-gene knockout and overexpression effects are modest (Su et al. 2011), camalexin is normal in gstf2 gstf3 gstf6 triple and gstf2 gstf3 gstf6 gstf7 knockdown lines, 41 of 54 Arabidopsis GSTs supported GS-IAN formation with CYP71A13 in engineered yeast (Mucha et al. 2019, as reported in the GSTF6 deep research), and the CYP71A13-derived electrophile reacts with thiols without an enzyme (PMID:24151049). GOA has no camalexin annotation for GSTF6. GSTU4 (UniProtKB:Q9ZW27) is recruited to the metabolon but is not a pathway enzyme (camalexin rises in gstu4 knockouts; PMID:31511315) and is deliberately not modelled as a participant.

Part 2: removal of the gamma-glutamyl residue from GS-IAN
Gamma-glutamyl removal (GGP1/GGP3)Reactionggp_step

Annotons

GGP1 (and GGP3): gamma-glutamyl peptidase
ggp1_activity
Participant: Family: GGP1 gamma-glutamyl peptidase subfamily
Family:
GGP1 gamma-glutamyl peptidase subfamilyPANTHER:PTHR42695:SF14
Representative Members: GGP1 (Arabidopsis)UniProtKB:Q9M0A7

Function

gamma-glutamyl-peptidase activityGO:0034722
Substrates: GS-IAN (gamma-Glu-Cys(IAN)-Gly)
Products: Cys(IAN)-Gly L-glutamate

Locations

cytosolGO:0005829

GGP3 (UniProtKB:Q9M0A5) acts redundantly (the ggp1 ggp3 double mutant has less camalexin than ggp1) but is not listed as a representative member because it is not in the local PANTHER member index for the GGP1 subfamily; it has no gene review. GGP1 also acts in core glucosinolate biosynthesis and glutathione catabolism (recorded in its gene review and in the aliphatic glucosinolate module).

Part 4: cysteine conjugate to dihydrocamalexic acid and camalexin (CYP71B15/PAD3)
Thiazole ring formation (PAD3)Metabolic Pathwaypad3_steps

The bifunctional P450 CYP71B15 (PAD3) catalyses two consecutive reactions (overall RHEA:52776, EC 1.14.19.52): thiazoline ring closure of Cys(IAN) with cyanide release to dihydrocamalexic acid (RHEA:10452), and oxidative decarboxylation of dihydrocamalexic acid to camalexin (RHEA:34807).

Annotons

CYP71B15/PAD3: dihydrocamalexate synthase (no GO term yet)
pad3_dhca_synthase
Participant: Gene Product: CYP71B15 / PAD3 (Arabidopsis)
Gene Product:
CYP71B15 / PAD3 (Arabidopsis)UniProtKB:Q9LW27

Function

dihydrocamalexate synthase activity Proposed term (see knowledge gaps), reused from the CYP71B15 gene review; corresponds to RHEA:10452.
Substrates: Cys(IAN) (2-(L-cystein-S-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-acetonitrile) O2 reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase]
Products: dihydrocamalexic acid hydrogen cyanide

Locations

endoplasmic reticulum membraneGO:0005789
CYP71B15/PAD3: dihydrocamalexic acid decarboxylase (camalexin synthase)
pad3_dhca_decarboxylase
Participant: Gene Product: CYP71B15 / PAD3 (Arabidopsis)
Gene Product:
CYP71B15 / PAD3 (Arabidopsis)UniProtKB:Q9LW27

Function

dihydrocamalexic acid decarboxylase activity (oxidative, P450)GO:0010298
Substrates: dihydrocamalexic acid O2 reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase]
Products: camalexin CO2

Locations

endoplasmic reticulum membraneGO:0005789

GO:0010298 is defined as a simple decarboxylation and sits under carboxy-lyase activity, whereas the PAD3 reaction is an O2- and reductase-dependent oxidative decarboxylation (RHEA:34807). The term is used as in the CYP71B15 review, which raises the redefinition as a suggested question.

Connections

Dihydrocamalexic acid made in the first PAD3 reaction is the substrate of the second.
Part 5: transcriptional activation of the pathway (MPK3/MPK6-WRKY33; regulatory, not catalytic)
MPK3/MPK6-WRKY33 transcriptional activationRegulatory Stepwrky33_activation

Pathogen-activated MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylate WRKY33, which binds W-boxes in the CYP71A13 and PAD3 promoters and drives their induction. This part regulates camalexin biosynthesis; its members are annotated to positive regulation of camalexin biosynthetic process (GO:1901183), not to the biosynthetic process itself.

positive regulation of camalexin biosynthetic processGO:1901183

Annotons

MPK3/MPK6: MAP kinase phosphorylating WRKY33
mpk3_mpk6_activity
Participant: Family: MPK3/MPK6 group A MAP kinases (redundant paralogs)
Family:
MPK3/MPK6 group A MAP kinases (redundant paralogs)
Representative Members: MPK3 (Arabidopsis)UniProtKB:Q39023 MPK6 (Arabidopsis)UniProtKB:Q39026

Function

MAP kinase activityGO:0004707
Targets: WRKY33 (N-terminal SP sites)

Processes

positive regulation of camalexin biosynthetic processGO:1901183

Locations

nucleusGO:0005634

The MPK3 and MPK6 reviews both use GO:1901183 (positive regulation of camalexin biosynthetic process) for this role, so the redundant pair is treated the same way.

WRKY33: W-box-binding activator of CYP71A13 and PAD3
wrky33_activity
Participant: Gene Product: WRKY33 (Arabidopsis)
Gene Product:
WRKY33 (Arabidopsis)UniProtKB:Q8S8P5

Function

transcription cis-regulatory region binding (CYP71A13 and PAD3 promoters)GO:0000976
Targets: CYP71A13 promoter PAD3 (CYP71B15) promoter

Processes

positive regulation of camalexin biosynthetic processGO:1901183

Locations

nucleusGO:0005634

Connections

mpk3_mpk6_activity -> wrky33_activity Positively Regulates
Phosphorylation of WRKY33 at MPK3/MPK6 sites is needed for full camalexin induction (phospho-site mutant WRKY33 complements poorly).
PMID:21498677
Mutation of MPK3/MPK6 phosphorylation sites in WRKY33 compromises its ability to complement the camalexin induction in the wrky33 mutant