Intraflagellar transport

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the bidirectional, motor-driven movement of large protein trains along the ciliary axoneme that builds and maintains cilia. It is ancestral in ciliated eukaryotes and has been lost along with cilia in lineages such as most fungi, flowering plants and Dictyostelium. IFT trains are polymers of two multisubunit complexes. IFT-B (including IFT88, IFT52, IFT57, IFT80, IFT70, IFT38, IFT46, IFT54, IFT56, IFT172, IFT20 and the IFT74/IFT81 tubulin-binding module) is needed to extend the axoneme and carries tubulin and other axonemal precursors. IFT-A (IFT140, IFT122, IFT144, IFT139, IFT121 and IFT43) is needed for retrograde transport and for ciliary import of membrane proteins. Heterotrimeric kinesin-II (two kinesin-2 motor subunits and a non-motor KAP subunit) carries trains from the ciliary base through the transition zone toward the tip. Some lineages add a homodimeric kinesin-2 accessory motor. In Caenorhabditis elegans sensory cilia, OSM-3 takes trains over from kinesin-II in a handover zone and alone builds the distal singlet segment, and the IFT-B subunit DYF-1 is required for OSM-3 to dock onto trains. At the tip trains turn around and are returned to the base by IFT-dynein (cytoplasmic dynein-2), whose heavy chain is DYNC2H1 (worm CHE-3). Ciliary kinases of the MAK/CILK1 family (worm DYF-5, human CILK1) regulate motor behaviour, train turnaround and cilium length; DYF-5 phosphorylates the tubulin-binding module of IFT-74 to promote tubulin unloading, and CILK1 phosphorylates the kinesin-II subunit KIF3A. The BBSome couples IFT-A and IFT-B and regulates IFT assembly at the base and turnaround at the tip. Loss of IFT-B, IFT-A, kinesin-II or dynein-2 function causes absent, truncated or malformed cilia; in worms this prevents dye uptake by sensory neurons, and in humans IFT gene mutations cause skeletal and renal ciliopathies.

MODULE:intraflagellar_transportDRAFTCONCRETEBiological Processmodules/intraflagellar_transport.yaml
intraciliary transportGO:0042073 cilium assemblyGO:0060271
PMID:11062270
Chlamydomonas IFT88 and its mouse homologue, polycystic kidney disease gene tg737, are required for assembly of cilia and flagella.
IFT88 is a complex B subunit required for flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas, and its mouse homologue is required for primary cilium assembly, so the IFT machine is shared by algae and mammals.
This indicates that IFT is important for primary cilia assembly in mammals.
PMID:15489852
Two anterograde intraflagellar transport motors cooperate to build sensory cilia on C. elegans neurons.
Kinesin-II and OSM-3 kinesin act redundantly along the middle-segment doublets, and OSM-3 alone builds the distal segment, creating two sequential anterograde pathways.
the two motors function redundantly to transport IFT particles along doublet microtubules adjacent to the transition zone to form the axoneme middle segment. Next, Osm-3-kinesin alone transports IFT particles along the distal singlet microtubules to stabilize the distal segment.
PMID:17314406
Sensory ciliogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans: assignment of IFT components into distinct modules based on transport and phenotypic profiles.
Transport and phenotypic profiling divides the worm IFT machinery into IFT-A, IFT-B, BBS, motor and cargo modules.
the C. elegans IFT machinery has a modular design, consisting of modules IFT-subcomplex A, IFT-subcomplex B, and a BBS protein complex, in addition to motor and cargo modules
PMID:11301258
An autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease gene homolog is involved in intraflagellar transport in C. elegans ciliated sensory neurons.
IFT-B (OSM-5) and IFT-A (DAF-10, CHE-11) polypeptides and CHE-2 move at the same rate in worm sensory cilia.
We demonstrate that OSM-5 (a Complex B polypeptide), DAF-10 and CHE-11 (two Complex A polypeptides), and CHE-2 [10], a previously uncategorized IFT polypeptide, all move at the same rate in C. elegans sensory cilia.
PMID:31451806
Structure of the dynein-2 complex and its assembly with intraflagellar transport trains.
In the human IFT cycle dynein-2 joins IFT trains at the base and is carried to the tip in an inhibited state by kinesin-2.
Dynein-2 assembles with IFT trains at the ciliary base, moves to the tip in an inhibited state under the power of
file:modules/bbsome.yaml
BBSome ciliary trafficking complex module
The BBSome, which acts as an IFT adaptor that couples IFT-A and IFT-B and regulates IFT turnaround, is modelled in its own module and is referenced here as an interface rather than duplicated.
file:modules/ciliary_transition_zone.yaml
Ciliary transition zone module
The transition zone that IFT trains pass through is modelled in its own module and is referenced here as an interface.
file:projects/CAEEL_CILIOPATHY.md
C. elegans Ciliopathy/IFT Pathway Project
Project page listing the worm IFT-B, IFT-A, kinesin-2 and dynein-2 genes whose gene reviews ground the worm members of this module.

Boundary. This module covers the IFT machine itself: the IFT-B and IFT-A train complexes, the anterograde kinesin-2 motors, the retrograde IFT-dynein, and the MAK/CILK1-family kinases that regulate motor behaviour and cargo release. The ciliary transition zone (MODULE:ciliary_transition_zone) is a separate module; IFT trains pass through it, and IFT and transition-zone proteins act at different steps of ciliogenesis. Transcriptional control of ciliary genes (RFX factors such as worm DAF-19) is regulatory context, not a part. Taxon scope. The module is set at Eukaryota because the IFT-A, IFT-B, kinesin-II and dynein-2 families were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor and the IFT cycle has been characterised in green algae, nematodes and vertebrates. It does not apply to lineages that lost cilia, and some ciliated lineages build flagella without IFT (for example, Plasmodium gametes assemble their axonemes in the cytoplasm). Representatives here are from C. elegans and human only. No Chlamydomonas IFT protein has a gene review in this repository, so Chlamydomonas is used as evidence, not as a representative. Lineage-variable motor. The homodimeric kinesin-2 accessory motor is modelled as an optional part with a variant set. Only the nematode OSM-3 variant is grounded. Vertebrate KIF17 is the OSM-3 homolog and acts as an accessory or cell-type-specific motor (for example, in photoreceptor outer segments), but it has no gene review here, so it is mentioned in these notes and not modelled as a variant. Chlamydomonas flagella are built by heterotrimeric kinesin-II (FLA10/FLA8/KAP) without a homodimeric kinesin-2. Relation to MODULE:bbsome. The BBSome is modelled separately. In worms BBS-7 and BBS-8 hold IFT-A and IFT-B together so that both motors move the same train (in bbs-7/bbs-8 mutants IFT-A is moved by kinesin-II and IFT-B by OSM-3 separately; PMID:16049494), and the BBSome binds anterograde trains in a DYF-2- and BBS-1-dependent manner and is needed for turnaround at the tip (PMID:22922713). Those interactions are recorded as an interface in the IFT-A part and the turnaround connection, not as BBSome membership. Members and molecular functions. Each subunit or motor role is an ortholog family, with the worm protein and, where a gene review exists, a human representative (IFT88, IFT140, KIF3A, DYNC2H1, CILK1). Human orthologs of the other worm subunits (for example KIF3B, KIFAP3, DYNC2LI1, IFT122, WDR19, WDR35) have no gene reviews here and are named in text only. Molecular functions follow the gene reviews' core functions. Several worm reviews (OSM-6, CHE-13, CHE-11, DAF-10, DYF-2) give structural molecule activity for scaffold subunits; this module does not use that term, and those subunits, like the ones whose reviews assert no MF (CHE-2, DYF-3, DYF-6, OSM-1, IFT-20, IFT-139, IFT-43, IFTA-1, human IFT88 and IFT140), carry only a role description. IFT20 has a Golgi-associated role in mammalian cells that is not seen in worms; this module covers only its ciliary IFT-B role. Where the worm and human reviews differ, the annoton description says which review asserts the MF. No PANTHER family ids are asserted for these roles. IFT25, IFT27 and IFT22 are intentionally not in the IFT-B roster. IFT25 and IFT27 are absent from several ciliated lineages (PMID:31951201), and no C. elegans ortholog is modelled here. Worm IFTA-2, the IFT22/RABL5 homolog, co-purifies with IFT-74/81 (PMID:35969738), but its loss does not cause overt cilia assembly defects (PMID:16968739), and it has no gene review here, so it is named in text only. Kinase regulation. DYF-5 and CILK1 are modelled as regulators of IFT, not as transport machinery. Worm has a single MAK/CILK1-family ciliary kinase (DYF-5); mammals have both CILK1 and MAK, and only CILK1 is reviewed here. Ciliary segments. Worm amphid channel cilia have a transition zone, a middle segment of doublet microtubules and a distal segment of singlet microtubules. Segment-level anatomy is described in prose because GO has no terms for ciliary middle or distal segments.

9Nodes
7Parts
1Variant Sets
1Variants
7Annotons
7Connections

Derived QC

Recommended-field compliance

84.6% recommended fields populated
  • knowledge_gaps[0].provenance[0] · reference_section_type (0/1)
  • knowledge_gaps[1].provenance[0] · reference_section_type (0/1)

Module deep research

✗ none found

No MODULE:intraflagellar_transport deep-research report alongside the module YAML.

Leaf nodes lacking representative members

✓ every leaf node grounds to a representative protein.

Template conformance

✓ every declared conforms_to bundle matches its template motif.

Reaction chaining (advisory)

✓ every PRECEDES step chains, or its break is acknowledged via chaining_status.

  • anterograde_kinesin2_transport → retrograde_dynein2_transport [NOT_CHECKED]
    Turnaround of transport direction at the ciliary tip, not a reaction chain.

Function consistency and core coverage

16 gene-function check(s) reflected in core functions · 0 conflict(s) · 13 evidence or coverage gap(s) (32 comparison(s))

Retained noncore functions are reported separately; they do not require promotion to core functions. Support from representative genes does not establish conservation across the whole family. Missing reviews or identifiers leave a claim unverified.

AnnotonParticipantFunctionAssessment
ift_b_subunits PROTEIN_COMPLEX
Gene 		IFT train scaffold carrying axonemal precursors
No function ID 		Participant Unchecked
No direct UniProt participant to compare. Abstract selectors and complex-wide activities cannot be inferred from donor or subunit gene reviews.
ift_b_subunits/ift88_unit OSM-5 (worm)
UniProtKB:G5ED37
Family Representative 		kinesin binding
GO:0019894 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
ift_b_subunits/ift88_unit IFT88 (human)
UniProtKB:Q13099
Family Representative 		kinesin binding
GO:0019894 		Annotation Supported
A retained annotation or curated replacement supports this function, but core_functions does not yet reflect it.
ift_b_subunits/ift70_unit DYF-1 (worm)
UniProtKB:Q8I7G4
Family Representative 		intraciliary transport particle B binding
GO:0120170 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
ift_b_subunits/ift54_unit DYF-11 (worm)
UniProtKB:Q17595
Family Representative 		microtubule binding
GO:0008017 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
ift_b_subunits/ift56_unit DYF-13 (worm)
UniProtKB:Q95QT8
Family Representative 		intraciliary transport particle B binding
GO:0120170 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
ift_b_subunits/ift74_unit IFT-74 (worm)
UniProtKB:A0A2C9C2L6
Family Representative 		beta-tubulin binding
GO:0048487 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
ift_b_subunits/ift81_unit IFT-81 (worm)
UniProtKB:A8DYR7
Family Representative 		tubulin binding
GO:0015631 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
ift_a_subunits PROTEIN_COMPLEX
Gene 		IFT train scaffold for retrograde transport and membrane-cargo import
No function ID 		Participant Unchecked
No direct UniProt participant to compare. Abstract selectors and complex-wide activities cannot be inferred from donor or subunit gene reviews.
kinesin_ii_motor PROTEIN_COMPLEX
Gene 		plus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
GO:0008574 		Participant Unchecked
No direct UniProt participant to compare. Abstract selectors and complex-wide activities cannot be inferred from donor or subunit gene reviews.
kinesin_ii_motor/kif3a_unit KLP-20 (worm)
UniProtKB:Q965T6
Family Representative 		plus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
GO:0008574 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
kinesin_ii_motor/kif3a_unit KIF3A (human)
UniProtKB:Q9Y496
Family Representative 		plus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
GO:0008574 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
kinesin_ii_motor/kif3b_unit KLP-11 (worm)
UniProtKB:Q19633
Family Representative 		microtubule motor activity
GO:0003777 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
kinesin_ii_motor/kap_unit KAP-1 (worm)
UniProtKB:G5EEE6
Family Representative 		kinesin binding
GO:0019894 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
osm3_motor OSM-3
UniProtKB:P46873
Gene 		plus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
GO:0008574 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
che3_heavy_chain CHE-3 (worm)
UniProtKB:Q19542
Family Representative 		minus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
GO:0008569 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
che3_heavy_chain DYNC2H1 (human)
UniProtKB:Q8NCM8
Family Representative 		minus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
GO:0008569 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
xbx1_light_intermediate_chain XBX-1 (worm)
UniProtKB:Q19119
Family Representative 		dynein heavy chain binding
GO:0045504 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
dyf5_kinase DYF-5 (worm)
UniProtKB:B3WFY8
Family Representative 		protein serine/threonine kinase activity
GO:0004674 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
dyf5_kinase CILK1 (human)
UniProtKB:Q9UPZ9
Family Representative 		protein serine/threonine kinase activity
GO:0004674 		Core Supported
The GO molecular function is reflected in core_functions (exact term or a reviewed subclass).
ift88_unit IFT88 orthologs
Family 		kinesin binding
GO:0019894 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
ift70_unit IFT70/TTC30 orthologs
Family 		intraciliary transport particle B binding
GO:0120170 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
ift54_unit IFT54/TRAF3IP1 orthologs
Family 		microtubule binding
GO:0008017 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
ift56_unit IFT56/TTC26 orthologs
Family 		intraciliary transport particle B binding
GO:0120170 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
ift74_unit IFT74 orthologs
Family 		beta-tubulin binding
GO:0048487 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
ift81_unit IFT81 orthologs
Family 		tubulin binding
GO:0015631 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
kif3a_unit KIF3A orthologs
Family 		plus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
GO:0008574 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
kif3b_unit KIF3B/KIF3C orthologs
Family 		microtubule motor activity
GO:0003777 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
kap_unit kinesin-associated protein (KAP3/KIFAP3) orthologs
Family 		kinesin binding
GO:0019894 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
che3_heavy_chain cytoplasmic dynein-2 heavy chain (DYNC2H1) orthologs
Family 		minus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
GO:0008569 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
xbx1_light_intermediate_chain cytoplasmic dynein-2 light intermediate chain (DYNC2LI1) orthologs
Family 		dynein heavy chain binding
GO:0045504 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.
dyf5_kinase MAK/CILK1 (RCK) ciliary kinase family
Family 		protein serine/threonine kinase activity
GO:0004674 		Family Id Missing
The family has no identifier linking it to a curated family review.

Feedback loops (advisory, prose-driven: a regulator counts as "feedback" when its own description says so)

✓ every negative regulator described as feedback has an upstream edge closing the loop.

  • dyf5_regulation ⊣ kinesin_ii_import [input]
    dyf5_regulation is a negative regulator with no upstream edge (not described as feedback)

Gene-review completeness (31/31 grounded genes reviewed)

28 complete review(s) · 29 with deep research · 0 missing review · 2 reviewed but lacking deep research

Gene Review Complete Deep research
che-11 P90757 ✓ ✓ ✓
che-13 Q93833 ✓ ✓ ✓
che-2 G5EGF0 ✓ ✓ ✓
che-3 Q19542 ✓ ✓ ✓
CILK1 Q9UPZ9 ✓ ✓ ✓
daf-10 G5EFW7 ✓ ✓ ✓
dyf-1 Q8I7G4 ✓ 15/16 ✓
dyf-11 Q17595 ✓ ✓ ✓
dyf-13 Q95QT8 ✓ ✓ ✓
dyf-2 G5ECZ4 ✓ ✓ ✓
dyf-3 Q6I6D4 ✓ ✓ ✓
dyf-5 B3WFY8 ✓ ✓ ✓
dyf-6 Q0G838 ✓ ✓ ✓
DYNC2H1 Q8NCM8 ✓ 44/46 ✓
ift-139 Q20255 ✓ ✓ ✗
ift-20 Q8TA52 ✓ ✓ ✓
ift-43 Q9BIA4 ✓ ✓ ✗
ift-74 A0A2C9C2L6 ✓ ✓ ✓
ift-81 A8DYR7 ✓ ✓ ✓
IFT140 Q96RY7 ✓ ✓ ✓
IFT88 Q13099 ✓ ✓ ✓
ifta-1 Q18859 ✓ ✓ ✓
kap-1 G5EEE6 ✓ ✓ ✓
KIF3A Q9Y496 ✓ ✓ ✓
klp-11 Q19633 ✓ ✓ ✓
klp-20 Q965T6 ✓ ✓ ✓
osm-1 Q22830 ✓ ✓ ✓
osm-3 P46873 ✓ 46/47 ✓
osm-5 G5ED37 ✓ ✓ ✓
osm-6 G5EDF6 ✓ ✓ ✓
xbx-1 Q19119 ✓ ✓ ✓

Details

Context
EukaryotaNCBITaxon:2759
ciliated cells
ciliumGO:0005929
Intraflagellar transportBiological Processintraflagellar_transport

IFT-B and IFT-A trains carried to the ciliary tip by kinesin-2 motors and returned to the base by IFT-dynein, with motor behaviour and cargo release tuned by MAK/CILK1-family ciliary kinases.

intraciliary transportGO:0042073 cilium assemblyGO:0060271
Context
EukaryotaNCBITaxon:2759
ciliated cells
ciliumGO:0005929

Connections

IFT-B trains are the cargo carriers moved by the kinesin-2 motors.
IFT-A travels with IFT-B on the same trains; the BBSome keeps the two subcomplexes together.
At the ciliary tip trains turn around and are returned by dynein-2; turnaround requires the BBSome (MODULE:bbsome).
PMID:22922713
The BBSome controls IFT assembly and turnaround in cilia.
dyf-2 and bbs-1 hypomorphs show normal anterograde IFT but defective turnaround at the tip.
normal anterograde IFT transport but defective IFT turnaround at the ciliary tip
dyf5_regulation -> kinesin_ii_import Negatively Regulates
In worms DYF-5 restricts kinesin-II to the middle segment, proposed to act by promoting its undocking from IFT trains. In mammals CILK1 phosphorylates the kinesin-II subunit KIF3A.
PMID:24797473
ICK is essential for cell type-specific ciliogenesis and the regulation of ciliary transport.
ICK phosphorylates Kif3a, and blocking this phosphorylation affects cilium formation.
ICK directly phosphorylated Kif3a, while inhibition of this Kif3a phosphorylation affected ciliary formation
In worm dyf-5 mutants OSM-3 moves slowly and is not attached to IFT particles, so DYF-5 is needed for OSM-3 docking.
PMID:17420466
Mutation of the MAP kinase DYF-5 affects docking and undocking of kinesin-2 motors and reduces their speed in the cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans.
In dyf-5 mutants OSM-3 moves at reduced speed and is not attached to IFT particles.
in dyf-5(lf) mutants, OSM-3 moves at a reduced speed and is not attached to IFT particles
dyf5_regulation -> ift_b_complex Negatively Regulates
DYF-5 phosphorylation of IFT-74 lowers the tubulin affinity of the IFT-74/81 module and promotes tubulin unloading.
PMID:35969738
DYF-5/MAK-dependent phosphorylation promotes ciliary tubulin unloading.
Tubulin is loaded onto IFT through IFT-74/81 and released after DYF-5 phosphorylation.
Tubulin dimers are loaded to IFT machinery through an interaction between tubulin and the IFT-74/81 module
Part 1: anterograde IFT train complex B
IFT-B complexProtein Complexift_b_complex

IFT-B is the larger of the two IFT train subcomplexes. It is needed to build the axoneme and carries tubulin through the IFT74/IFT81 tubulin-binding module. Mammalian interaction mapping divides it into a core (IFT-B1) and a peripheral (IFT-B2) subcomplex. In worms IFT-B is the subcomplex that OSM-3 moves when trains are split in bbs mutants; worm IFT-B subunits concentrate at the ciliary base and move bidirectionally along the axoneme, and mutants lacking them have short or absent axonemes and fail to take up dyes.

intraciliary transport particle BGO:0030992

Annotons

IFT-B subunits
ift_b_subunits
Participant: Protein Complex: IFT-B complex
Protein Complex:
IFT-B complexGO:0030992
Active units:
IFT88 (OSM-5)
Participant: Family: IFT88 orthologs
Family:
IFT88 orthologs
Representative Members: OSM-5 (worm)UniProtKB:G5ED37 IFT88 (human)UniProtKB:Q13099
Role: TPR-repeat core IFT-B1 subunit. The worm review asserts kinesin binding; the human review asserts no specific MF.
Function:
kinesin bindingGO:0019894
IFT52 (OSM-6)
Participant: Family: IFT52 orthologs
Family:
IFT52 orthologs
Representative Members: OSM-6 (worm)UniProtKB:G5EDF6
Role: core IFT-B1 scaffold subunit; no specific MF asserted here
IFT57 (CHE-13)
Participant: Family: IFT57 orthologs
Family:
IFT57 orthologs
Representative Members: CHE-13 (worm)UniProtKB:Q93833
Role: peripheral IFT-B2 scaffold subunit; no specific MF asserted here
IFT80 (CHE-2)
Participant: Family: IFT80 orthologs
Family:
IFT80 orthologs
Representative Members: CHE-2 (worm)UniProtKB:G5EGF0
Role: WD40-repeat peripheral IFT-B2 subunit; no specific MF asserted
IFT70 (DYF-1)
Participant: Family: IFT70/TTC30 orthologs
Family:
IFT70/TTC30 orthologs
Representative Members: DYF-1 (worm)UniProtKB:Q8I7G4
Role: TPR-repeat IFT-B subunit; in worms required for OSM-3 to dock onto and move IFT particles
Function:
intraciliary transport particle B bindingGO:0120170
IFT38 (DYF-3)
Participant: Family: IFT38/CLUAP1 orthologs
Family:
IFT38/CLUAP1 orthologs
Representative Members: DYF-3 (worm)UniProtKB:Q6I6D4
Role: peripheral (IFT-B2) subunit; no specific MF asserted
IFT46 (DYF-6)
Participant: Family: IFT46 orthologs
Family:
IFT46 orthologs
Representative Members: DYF-6 (worm)UniProtKB:Q0G838
Role: core IFT-B1 subunit; no specific MF asserted
IFT54 (DYF-11)
Participant: Family: IFT54/TRAF3IP1 orthologs
Family:
IFT54/TRAF3IP1 orthologs
Representative Members: DYF-11 (worm)UniProtKB:Q17595
Role: peripheral IFT-B2 subunit; in worms needed to assemble functional motor-IFT particle complexes and for ciliary entry of kinesin-II, IFT-A and IFT-B
Function:
microtubule bindingGO:0008017
IFT56 (DYF-13)
Participant: Family: IFT56/TTC26 orthologs
Family:
IFT56/TTC26 orthologs
Representative Members: DYF-13 (worm)UniProtKB:Q95QT8
Role: TPR-repeat IFT-B1 subunit
Function:
intraciliary transport particle B bindingGO:0120170
IFT172 (OSM-1)
Participant: Family: IFT172 orthologs
Family:
IFT172 orthologs
Representative Members: OSM-1 (worm)UniProtKB:Q22830
Role: large WD40/TPR peripheral IFT-B2 subunit; no specific MF asserted
IFT20 (IFT-20)
Participant: Family: IFT20 orthologs
Family:
IFT20 orthologs
Representative Members: IFT-20 (worm)UniProtKB:Q8TA52
Role: small coiled-coil peripheral IFT-B2 subunit needed for recruitment and ciliary entry of IFT-B; no specific MF asserted. Worm IFT-20 is not detected at the Golgi, unlike mammalian IFT20.
IFT74 (IFT-74)
Participant: Family: IFT74 orthologs
Family:
IFT74 orthologs
Representative Members: IFT-74 (worm)UniProtKB:A0A2C9C2L6
Role: tubulin-binding module subunit; its basic N-terminus binds beta-tubulin and is the substrate of DYF-5 phosphorylation
Function:
beta-tubulin bindingGO:0048487
IFT81 (IFT-81)
Participant: Family: IFT81 orthologs
Family:
IFT81 orthologs
Representative Members: IFT-81 (worm)UniProtKB:A8DYR7
Role: tubulin-binding module subunit; its calponin-homology domain binds the tubulin dimer
Function:
tubulin bindingGO:0015631

Function

IFT train scaffold carrying axonemal precursors Complex-level role. No single GO MF is asserted for the whole complex; subunit MFs follow the gene reviews.

Processes

intraciliary transportGO:0042073

Locations

ciliary basal bodyGO:0036064 axonemeGO:0005930

The train complex that anterograde motors carry and that is required to extend the axoneme.

PMID:11062270
Chlamydomonas IFT88 and its mouse homologue, polycystic kidney disease gene tg737, are required for assembly of cilia and flagella.
In Chlamydomonas, IFT88 is one of the subunits of IFT complex B, with IFT172, IFT81 and IFT57.
Complex B is composed of IFT88 and 10 other proteins including IFT172, IFT81, and IFT57
PMID:12651157
Identification of CHE-13, a novel intraflagellar transport protein required for cilia formation.
CHE-13 acts as part of IFT complex B with OSM-5 and OSM-6.
loss of che-13 differentially affects the localization of two known IFT complex B proteins, OSM-5 and OSM-6, implying that CHE-13 functions as part of this complex
PMID:16049494
Functional coordination of intraflagellar transport motors.
DYF-1 is required for OSM-3 to dock onto and move IFT particles.
A conserved ciliary protein, DYF-1, is specifically required for OSM-3 kinesin to dock onto and move IFT particles
PMID:18369462
An essential role for DYF-11/MIP-T3 in assembling functional intraflagellar transport complexes.
DYF-11 is an IFT-B component needed to assemble functional motor-IFT particle complexes.
DYF-11 functions as a novel component of IFT subcomplex B
PMID:15916950
Functional genomics of the cilium, a sensory organelle.
DYF-13 is a ciliary protein that undergoes IFT and is a core IFT component.
suggest that DYF-13, an evolutionarily conserved protein, is a novel core IFT component required for cilia function
PMID:16648645
The molecular identities of the Caenorhabditis elegans intraflagellar transport genes dyf-6, daf-10 and osm-1.
DYF-6 moves within ciliated endings and is involved in IFT.
Movement of DYF-6::GFP within the ciliated endings of the neurons indicates that DYF-6 is involved in IFT.
PMID:15713455
The dyf-3 gene encodes a novel protein required for sensory cilium formation in Caenorhabditis elegans.
dyf-3 mutants have stunted cilia, and DYF-3 is proposed to act in IFT.
DYF-3 may be involved in the intraflagellar transport system
PMID:10545497
Role of a class DHC1b dynein in retrograde transport of IFT motors and IFT raft particles along cilia, but not dendrites, in chemosensory neurons of living Caenorhabditis elegans.
OSM-1 and OSM-6 move retrogradely along worm cilia as IFT particle components.
OSM-1 and OSM-6, all move at approximately 1.1 microm/s in the retrograde direction along cilia and dendrites
PMID:33997658
The IFT20 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans is required for ciliogenesis and cilia-mediated behavior.
Worm IFT-20 is needed for ciliary recruitment and entry of IFT subunits, and unlike mammalian IFT20 it is not detected at the Golgi.
IFT-20 was not detectable at the Golgi and does not seem to interact with the C. elegans homolog of GMAP210
PMID:23990561
Molecular basis of tubulin transport within the cilium by IFT74 and IFT81.
IFT74 and IFT81 form the tubulin-binding module of IFT-B.
the two core IFT proteins IFT74 and IFT81 form a tubulin-binding module and mapped the interaction to a calponin homology domain of IFT81 and a highly basic domain in IFT74
PMID:26980730
Overall Architecture of the Intraflagellar Transport (IFT)-B Complex Containing Cluap1/IFT38 as an Essential Component of the IFT-B Peripheral Subcomplex.
Mammalian interaction mapping divides IFT-B into core and peripheral subcomplexes; the DYF-3 ortholog Cluap1/IFT38 is a peripheral subunit.
we determined the overall architecture of the IFT-B complex, which can be divided into core and peripheral subcomplexes
Part 2: IFT train complex A
IFT-A complexProtein Complexift_a_complex

IFT-A is the smaller train subcomplex, with a core of IFT140, IFT122 and IFT144 and peripheral subunits IFT139, IFT121 and IFT43. It is needed for retrograde transport and, with its adaptor TULP3 in mammals, for ciliary import of membrane proteins. In worms IFT-A is moved by kinesin-II when trains are split in bbs mutants; IFT-139 and IFT-43 act redundantly to promote dynein-2 motility; and DYF-2/IFT144 is required, together with BBS-1, for the BBSome to bind anterograde trains.

intraciliary transport particle AGO:0030991

Annotons

IFT-A subunits
ift_a_subunits
Participant: Protein Complex: IFT-A complex
Protein Complex:
IFT-A complexGO:0030991
Active units:
IFT140 (CHE-11)
Participant: Family: IFT140 orthologs
Family:
IFT140 orthologs
Representative Members: CHE-11 (worm)UniProtKB:P90757 IFT140 (human)UniProtKB:Q96RY7
Role: WD40/TPR core IFT-A scaffold subunit; no specific MF asserted here
IFT122 (DAF-10)
Participant: Family: IFT122 orthologs
Family:
IFT122 orthologs
Representative Members: DAF-10 (worm)UniProtKB:G5EFW7
Role: WD40/TPR/zinc-ribbon core IFT-A scaffold subunit; no specific MF asserted here
IFT144/WDR19 (DYF-2)
Participant: Family: IFT144/WDR19 orthologs
Family:
IFT144/WDR19 orthologs
Representative Members: DYF-2 (worm)UniProtKB:G5ECZ4
Role: WD40/TPR core IFT-A scaffold subunit; in worms, with BBS-1, required for the BBSome to bind anterograde IFT trains; no specific MF asserted here
IFT139/TTC21B (IFT-139)
Participant: Family: IFT139/TTC21B orthologs
Family:
IFT139/TTC21B orthologs
Representative Members: IFT-139 (worm)UniProtKB:Q20255
Role: TPR peripheral IFT-A subunit; promotes dynein-2 motility redundantly with IFT-43; no specific MF asserted
IFT43 (IFT-43)
Participant: Family: IFT43 orthologs
Family:
IFT43 orthologs
Representative Members: IFT-43 (worm)UniProtKB:Q9BIA4
Role: small peripheral IFT-A subunit; redundant with IFT-139 for dynein-2 motility; no specific MF asserted
IFT121/WDR35 (IFTA-1)
Participant: Family: IFT121/WDR35 orthologs
Family:
IFT121/WDR35 orthologs Worm IFTA-1 is the IFT121/WDR35 ortholog, not IFT122 (IFT122 is DAF-10).
Representative Members: IFTA-1 (worm)UniProtKB:Q18859
Role: WD40/TPR peripheral IFT-A subunit required for retrograde IFT; no specific MF asserted

Function

IFT train scaffold for retrograde transport and membrane-cargo import Complex-level role. No single GO MF is asserted for the whole complex; subunit MFs follow the gene reviews.

Processes

intraciliary retrograde transportGO:0035721

Locations

axonemeGO:0005930
PMID:22503633
Mainzer-Saldino syndrome is a ciliopathy caused by IFT140 mutations.
Human IFT140 is a component of IFT-A, which regulates retrograde transport.
IFT140 is one of the six currently known components of the intraflagellar transport complex A (IFT-A) that regulates retrograde protein transport in ciliated cells.
PMID:27932497
Intraflagellar transport-A complex mediates ciliary entry and retrograde trafficking of ciliary G protein-coupled receptors.
Mammalian IFT-A is needed for ciliary entry of GPCRs and travels with IFT-B.
In control cells, the IFT-A complex is required for ciliary entry of GPCRs and anterogradely trafficked along with the IFT-B complex.
PMID:11301258
An autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease gene homolog is involved in intraflagellar transport in C. elegans ciliated sensory neurons.
DAF-10 and CHE-11 are IFT complex A polypeptides that move with IFT-B.
DAF-10 and CHE-11 (two Complex A polypeptides)
PMID:16957054
Caenorhabditis elegans DYF-2, an orthologue of human WDR19, is a component of the intraflagellar transport machinery in sensory cilia.
DYF-2 maintains the integrity of the IFT machinery, and its loss interferes with complex A function.
mutations in dyf-2 can interfere with the function of complex A components, suggesting an important role of this protein in the assembly of the IFT particle as a whole
PMID:17021254
The WD repeat-containing protein IFTA-1 is required for retrograde intraflagellar transport.
IFTA-1 associates with IFT-A and is required for retrograde IFT.
Together, our data indicate that IFTA-1 is a novel IFT protein that is required for retrograde transport along ciliary axonemes.
PMID:28479320
Dynein-Driven Retrograde Intraflagellar Transport Is Triphasic in C. elegans Sensory Cilia.
IFT-139 and IFT-43 act redundantly to promote dynein-2 motility.
our affinity purification and genetic analyses show that IFT-A subunits IFT-139 and IFT-43 function redundantly to promote dynein-2 motility
PMID:30293716
Intraflagellar Transport Complex A Genes Differentially Regulate Cilium Formation and Transition Zone Gating.
Worm IFT-A subunits differ in membrane-protein handling: IFT-140 controls ciliary entry and IFT-43/121/139 control removal of periciliary membrane proteins.
with IFT-140 controlling their ciliary entry and IFT-43/121/139 controlling their ciliary removal
PMID:22922713
The BBSome controls IFT assembly and turnaround in cilia.
The BBSome binds anterograde IFT particles in a DYF-2- and BBS-1-dependent manner and reaches the tip to regulate IFT recycling.
binds to the anterograde IFT particle in a DYF-2- (an orthologue of human WDR19) and BBS-1-dependent manner, and lastly reaches the ciliary tip to regulate proper IFT recycling
Part 3: anterograde transport by kinesin-2 motors
Anterograde IFT by kinesin-2Transport Stepanterograde_kinesin2_transport

Kinesin-2 motors move IFT trains toward the ciliary tip. Heterotrimeric kinesin-II is the conserved anterograde IFT motor. Some lineages add a homodimeric kinesin-2. In C. elegans, kinesin-II imports trains through the ciliary base and transition zone and hands them over to OSM-3 on the proximal axoneme; in the middle segment the two motors act together and partly redundantly, OSM-3 alone moves trains along the distal singlets, and the BBSome (BBS-7, BBS-8) is needed to keep both motors on the same train.

intraciliary anterograde transportGO:0035720

Connections

Where an accessory motor is present (worm OSM-3), kinesin-II hands IFT trains over to it in the handover zone on the proximal axoneme.
PMID:26523365
Functional differentiation of cooperating kinesin-2 motors orchestrates cargo import and transport in C. elegans cilia.
Kinesin-II imports trains and OSM-3 drives their long-range transport.
the slower, less processive kinesin-II imports IFT trains into the cilium and OSM-3 drives their long-range transport
Part 1: heterotrimeric kinesin-II transport
Heterotrimeric kinesin-II transport of IFT trainsTransport Stepkinesin_ii_import

Heterotrimeric kinesin-II is made of two different kinesin-2 motor subunits (human KIF3A/KIF3B; worm KLP-20/KLP-11) and a non-motor armadillo-repeat subunit (human KAP3; worm KAP-1) that links the motor to IFT cargo. In worms it is the slower, less processive motor: it carries trains through the base and transition zone into a handover zone on the proximal axoneme and then turns around and recycles to the base. KLP-11 is unprocessive as a homodimer and gains processivity by heterodimerizing with KLP-20; heterodimerization is also needed to bind KAP-1, which co-recognizes the folded pair of motor tails.

Annotons

Heterotrimeric kinesin-II motor
kinesin_ii_motor
Participant: Protein Complex: heterotrimeric kinesin-II (KIF3A/KIF3B/KAP3; KLP-20/KLP-11/KAP-1)
Protein Complex:
heterotrimeric kinesin-II (KIF3A/KIF3B/KAP3; KLP-20/KLP-11/KAP-1)GO:0030993
Active units:
KIF3A-type motor subunit (KLP-20)
Participant: Family: KIF3A orthologs
Family:
KIF3A orthologs
Representative Members: KLP-20 (worm)UniProtKB:Q965T6 KIF3A (human)UniProtKB:Q9Y496
Role: processive motor subunit
Function:
plus-end-directed microtubule motor activityGO:0008574
KIF3B-type motor subunit (KLP-11)
Participant: Family: KIF3B/KIF3C orthologs
Family:
KIF3B/KIF3C orthologs Human KIF3B has no gene review here and is not listed as a representative.
Representative Members: KLP-11 (worm)UniProtKB:Q19633
Role: motor subunit; in worms unprocessive alone and regulates the heterodimer
Function:
microtubule motor activityGO:0003777
KAP non-motor subunit (KAP-1)
Participant: Family: kinesin-associated protein (KAP3/KIFAP3) orthologs
Family:
kinesin-associated protein (KAP3/KIFAP3) orthologs Human KIFAP3 has no gene review here and is not listed as a representative.
Representative Members: KAP-1 (worm)UniProtKB:G5EEE6
Role: non-motor subunit that binds the paired motor tails and links the motor to IFT cargo
Function:
kinesin bindingGO:0019894

Function

plus-end-directed microtubule motor activityGO:0008574

Processes

intraciliary anterograde transportGO:0035720

Locations

ciliary transition zoneGO:0035869 axonemeGO:0005930

Carries IFT trains from the ciliary base through the transition zone toward the tip; in worms it imports trains and carries them along the middle-segment doublets.

PMID:16298999
Role of the kinesin-2 family protein, KIF3, during mitosis.
Mammalian kinesin-2 is a KIF3A/KIF3B motor heterodimer with KAP3.
Kinesin-2 is composed of two microtubule-based motor subunits, KIF3A/3B, and a kinesin-associated protein known as KAP3
PMID:23386061
Kif3a interacts with Dynactin subunit p150 Glued to organize centriole subdistal appendages.
Cilium formation requires the kinesin-II subunit Kif3a.
Formation of cilia, microtubule-based structures that function in propulsion and sensation, requires Kif3a, a subunit of Kinesin II essential for intraflagellar transport (IFT).
PMID:26523365
Functional differentiation of cooperating kinesin-2 motors orchestrates cargo import and transport in C. elegans cilia.
Kinesin-II carries trains through the base and transition zone to a handover zone and recycles rapidly to the base.
kinesin-II transports IFT trains through the ciliary base and transition zone to a 'handover zone' on the proximal axoneme
PMID:20498083
Regulation of a heterodimeric kinesin-2 through an unprocessive motor domain that is turned processive by its partner.
Heterodimerization of KLP11/KLP20 generates processivity and is needed to bind KAP1.
heterodimerization is necessary to bind KAP1, the in vivo link between motor and cargo
PMID:40707480
A mutual co-recognition mechanism ensures the proper assembly of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 for intraflagellar transport.
KAP-1 binds the folded pair of KLP-11 and KLP-20 tails.
The two motor tails fold together and are co-recognized by the central groove of KAP-1.
PMID:9950681
Two heteromeric kinesin complexes in chemosensory neurons and sensory cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans.
Heterotrimeric kinesin-II and dimeric OSM-3 are both expressed in chemosensory neurons and concentrate in their ciliated endings.
two heteromeric kinesin complexes from C. elegans, heterotrimeric CeKinesin-II and dimeric CeOsm-3
Part 2: accessory homodimeric kinesin-2 transport (lineage-variable) (optional)
Accessory homodimeric kinesin-2 transportTransport Stepaccessory_kinesin2_transport

A homodimeric kinesin-2 of the OSM-3/KIF17 family adds a fast, processive anterograde motor in some lineages. It is absent from Chlamydomonas flagellar IFT. Only the nematode implementation is modelled; vertebrate KIF17 is described in the module notes.

Variant set: Accessory homodimeric kinesin-2 lineage by taxon / sequence lineage (Zero Or More)

Only the nematode OSM-3 variant is grounded. Vertebrate KIF17 has no gene review in this repository and is left to the module notes rather than modelled as a variant.

Nematode OSM-3 transport along the middle and distal segmentsTransport Steposm3_distal_transport

Homodimeric OSM-3 gradually replaces kinesin-II in the handover zone and drives trains to the ciliary tip; it is the only motor on the distal singlets. OSM-3 is autoinhibited in solution, and attachment to IFT cargo is proposed to relieve autoinhibition. Docking of OSM-3 onto trains requires the IFT-B subunit DYF-1.

Annotons

OSM-3 homodimeric kinesin-2
osm3_motor
Participant: Gene Product: OSM-3
Gene Product:
OSM-3UniProtKB:P46873

Function

plus-end-directed microtubule motor activityGO:0008574

Processes

intraciliary anterograde transportGO:0035720

Locations

axonemeGO:0005930

Fast, processive anterograde motor for long-range transport and the sole motor that builds the distal segment.

PMID:26523365
Functional differentiation of cooperating kinesin-2 motors orchestrates cargo import and transport in C. elegans cilia.
OSM-3 gradually replaces kinesin-II and drives transport to the tip.
There, OSM-3 gradually replaces kinesin-II, yielding velocity profiles inconsistent with in vitro motility assays, and then drives transport to the ciliary tip.
PMID:17000874
Autoinhibition regulates the motility of the C. elegans intraflagellar transport motor OSM-3.
OSM-3 is autoinhibited; cargo binding is proposed to relieve this in vivo.
OSM-3 motility is repressed by an intramolecular interaction that involves folding about a central hinge and that IFT cargo binding relieves this autoinhibition in vivo
PMID:17000880
Mechanism of transport of IFT particles in C. elegans cilia by the concerted action of kinesin-II and OSM-3 motors.
The two motors move the same IFT particles along the doublets, and a BBS-dependent mechanical competition model fits in vivo transport.
heterotrimeric kinesin-II and homodimeric OSM-3-kinesin, which cooperate to move the same intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles along microtubule (MT) doublets
Part 4: retrograde transport by IFT-dynein
Retrograde IFT by dynein-2Transport Stepretrograde_dynein2_transport

Cytoplasmic dynein-2 returns IFT trains, kinesin-II and their cargo from the tip to the base. Dynein-2 is itself carried to the tip on anterograde trains in an inhibited state. In worm che-3 mutants retrograde IFT in cilia is blocked while anterograde IFT continues, and IFT proteins accumulate in bulbous cilia. In worms the ciliary entry of dynein-2 needs its tail, the light intermediate chain XBX-1 and IFT-B.

intraciliary retrograde transportGO:0035721

Annotons

Dynein-2 heavy chain
che3_heavy_chain
Participant: Family: cytoplasmic dynein-2 heavy chain (DYNC2H1) orthologs
Family:
cytoplasmic dynein-2 heavy chain (DYNC2H1) orthologs
Representative Members: CHE-3 (worm)UniProtKB:Q19542 DYNC2H1 (human)UniProtKB:Q8NCM8

Function

minus-end-directed microtubule motor activityGO:0008569

Processes

intraciliary retrograde transportGO:0035721

Locations

axonemeGO:0005930

Motor subunit of IFT-dynein.

PMID:21723285
Recombinant human cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1 and 2: observation of dynein-2 motor activity in vitro.
Recombinant human dynein-2 heavy chain has motor activity in vitro.
This is the first demonstration of dynein-2 motor activity, which supports the retrograde intraflagellar transport role of dynein-2.
PMID:10545497
Role of a class DHC1b dynein in retrograde transport of IFT motors and IFT raft particles along cilia, but not dendrites, in chemosensory neurons of living Caenorhabditis elegans.
CHE-3 is specifically responsible for retrograde transport of kinesin-II and its cargo within sensory cilia.
the class DHC1b cytoplasmic dynein, CHE-3, is specifically responsible for the retrograde transport of the anterograde motor, kinesin-II, and its cargo within sensory cilia
PMID:28479320
Dynein-Driven Retrograde Intraflagellar Transport Is Triphasic in C. elegans Sensory Cilia.
Ciliary entry of dynein-2 requires its tail, its light intermediate chain and IFT-B.
Disruption of the dynein-2 tail domain, light intermediate chain, or intraflagellar transport (IFT)-B complex abolishes dynein-2's ciliary localization
Dynein-2 light intermediate chain
xbx1_light_intermediate_chain
Participant: Family: cytoplasmic dynein-2 light intermediate chain (DYNC2LI1) orthologs
Family:
cytoplasmic dynein-2 light intermediate chain (DYNC2LI1) orthologs Human DYNC2LI1 has no gene review here and is not listed as a representative.
Representative Members: XBX-1 (worm)UniProtKB:Q19119

Function

dynein heavy chain bindingGO:0045504

Processes

intraciliary retrograde transportGO:0035721

Locations

axonemeGO:0005930

Non-catalytic subunit of IFT-dynein that binds the heavy chain.

PMID:31451806
Structure of the dynein-2 complex and its assembly with intraflagellar transport trains.
In human dynein-2 each heavy chain binds a light intermediate chain.
Both copies of DHC2 bind a LIC3 subunit.
PMID:12802075
XBX-1 encodes a dynein light intermediate chain required for retrograde intraflagellar transport and cilia assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans.
XBX-1 acts with CHE-3 dynein in retrograde IFT, downstream of complex A.
the DLIC protein XBX-1 functions together with the CHE-3 dynein in retrograde IFT, downstream of the complex A proteins
Part 5: ciliary kinase regulation of IFT motors and cargo unloading
MAK/CILK1-family kinase regulation of IFTRegulatory Stepdyf5_regulation

Ciliary serine/threonine kinases of the MAK/CILK1 family (worm DYF-5, human CILK1, Chlamydomonas LF4) travel into the cilium and regulate IFT and cilium length; loss of their function generally gives long cilia. In worm dyf-5 mutants IFT proteins accumulate distally, kinesin-II is no longer confined to the middle segment and OSM-3 moves slowly without attached IFT particles. DYF-5 phosphorylates the tubulin-binding module of IFT-74, lowering IFT-74/81 affinity for tubulin and promoting tubulin unloading at the tip. Human CILK1 concentrates at the ciliary tip and phosphorylates KIF3A, and its loss causes IFT-A, IFT-B and BBSome components to accumulate at ciliary tips. These kinases regulate IFT rather than form part of the transport machinery.

Annotons

MAK/CILK1-family ciliary kinase
dyf5_kinase
Participant: Family: MAK/CILK1 (RCK) ciliary kinase family
Family:
MAK/CILK1 (RCK) ciliary kinase family Worm has one member (DYF-5); mammals have CILK1 and MAK, of which only CILK1 has a gene review here.
Representative Members: DYF-5 (worm)UniProtKB:B3WFY8 CILK1 (human)UniProtKB:Q9UPZ9

Function

protein serine/threonine kinase activityGO:0004674
Targets: IFT-74 tubulin-binding module (worm) KIF3A kinesin-II motor subunit (human)

Processes

regulation of intraciliary anterograde transportGO:1905796 regulation of cilium assemblyGO:1902017

Locations

ciliumGO:0005929

Regulates motor docking and undocking and train turnaround, and phosphorylates IFT components to release cargo and limit cilium length.

PMID:17420466
Mutation of the MAP kinase DYF-5 affects docking and undocking of kinesin-2 motors and reduces their speed in the cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans.
dyf-5 is required to restrict kinesin-II to the middle segment.
dyf-5 is required to restrict kinesin II to the cilia middle segments
PMID:35969738
DYF-5/MAK-dependent phosphorylation promotes ciliary tubulin unloading.
DYF-5 phosphorylates IFT-74 and lowers IFT-74/81 tubulin-binding affinity.
the ciliary kinase DYF-5/MAK phosphorylates multiple sites within the tubulin-binding module of IFT-74, reducing the tubulin-binding affinity of IFT-74/81 approximately sixfold
PMID:24797473
ICK is essential for cell type-specific ciliogenesis and the regulation of ciliary transport.
Mouse ICK (CILK1) phosphorylates Kif3a, and its loss causes IFT and BBSome components to accumulate at ciliary tips.
Loss of ICK caused the accumulation of IFT-A, IFT-B, and BBSome components at the ciliary tips.
PMID:24853502
Intestinal cell kinase, a protein associated with endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia syndrome, is a key regulator of cilia length and Hedgehog signaling.
ICK controls ciliary length in mammalian cells.
these results indicate that ICK plays a crucial role in controlling ciliary length