ARO → GO mappings

ARO → GO mappings (antimicrobial resistance)

Generated 2026-06-12 from aro2go.sssom.yaml. CARD/ARO ids link to card.mcmaster.ca; GO ids link to AmiGO.

23 GO mappings · 9 recorded GO gaps (no suitable GO term). Propagation is exact-or-narrower: a mapping applies to any gene whose ARO assignment is the mapped term or a narrower (is_a descendant) ARO term.
Applied to UniProt: 630 candidate new GO annotations across CARD-cross-referenced entries (see ANNOTATION_GAIN.md).

GO mappings

ARO term	predicate	GO term	UniProt new	notes
`ARO:0001001` antibiotic target alteration	related match	`GO:0046677` response to antibiotic	0
`ARO:0001002` antibiotic target replacement	related match	`GO:0046677` response to antibiotic	0
`ARO:0001003` antibiotic target protection	related match	`GO:0046677` response to antibiotic	0
`ARO:0001004` antibiotic inactivation	related match	`GO:0046677` response to antibiotic	0	Mechanism axis (ARO 'antibiotic inactivation') relates to the GO biological process 'response to antibiotic'; relatedMatch (not exact) because the two terms sit on different axes. This row is the mechanism->BP QC prior: an inactivation-mechanism determinant should carry GO:0046677.
`ARO:0010000` antibiotic efflux	related match	`GO:0046677` response to antibiotic	0	Efflux determinants additionally have a transmembrane-transporter MF, but GO lacks a specific 'antibiotic/efflux transmembrane transporter activity' term, so only the BP prior is asserted here.
`ARO:3000001` beta-lactamase	enables	`GO:0008800` beta-lactamase activity	448
`ARO:3000114` aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH)	enables	`GO:0034071` aminoglycoside phosphotransferase activity	12
`ARO:3000121` aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC)	enables	`GO:0034069` aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase activity	25
`ARO:3000122` chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)	enables	`GO:0008811` chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity	0
`ARO:3000149` FosA	related match	`GO:0004364` glutathione transferase activity	0	Re-anchored from the heterogeneous parent ARO:3000133 'fosfomycin thiol transferase' to the glutathione-specific FosA: FosA adds glutathione to fosfomycin's epoxide and genuinely has GST activity. The parent node also contains FosB (bacillithiol/L-cysteine thiol transferase, NOT glutathione) and FosX (an epoxide hydrolase), for which GO:0004364 would be wrong. relatedMatch because GO:0004364 is the general GST activity (no fosfomycin-specific term; GO:0034797/0034798 are obsolete). The other FosA-type GSTs (FosA2/FosA3/fosA5) are ARO siblings (not descendants) and are mapped separately below; FosB/FosX are deliberately excluded.
`ARO:3000218` aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (ANT)	enables	`GO:0034068` aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity	13
`ARO:3000244` reduced permeability to antibiotic	related match	`GO:0046677` response to antibiotic	0
`ARO:3000316` mphA	enables	`GO:0050073` macrolide 2'-kinase activity	1	mph(A) / macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase I enables the GO macrolide 2'-kinase activity (the determinant is not a GO term, so this is an enables relation, not a term equivalence).
`ARO:3000318` mphB	enables	`GO:0050073` macrolide 2'-kinase activity	1	mph(B) / macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase II enables the same GO MF; substrate-scope differences (16-membered macrolides) are finer than the GO term and recorded separately as ChEBI substrates.
`ARO:3000333` macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH)	enables	`GO:0050073` macrolide 2'-kinase activity	8	Family-level mapping: every member of the ARO macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) family is a macrolide 2'-kinase. Useful for propagating a candidate GO MF to other MPH members (mphC/E/G).
`ARO:3000560` Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase	enables	`GO:0008988` rRNA (adenine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity	29	Family-safe term: all Erm methylate the N6 of 23S rRNA adenine A2058, so every member enables GO:0008988 (rRNA adenine-N6-methyltransferase). The N6,N6-DImethyltransferase term GO:0052910 (a descendant of GO:0008988) is correct only for the di-methylating majority and would over-annotate mono-methylating Erm variants, so it is applied at the allele level, not the family node.
`ARO:3001218` trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr	enables	`GO:0004146` dihydrofolate reductase activity	0	Target-replacement resistance: a drug-insensitive Dfr variant that retains dihydrofolate reductase activity (the resistance is to trimethoprim, not loss of the GO MF).
`ARO:3002804` FosA2	related match	`GO:0004364` glutathione transferase activity	0	FosA-type Mn2+/K+-dependent glutathione S-transferase (chromosomal FosA of Enterobacter cloacae); same fosfomycin-GSH conjugation activity as FosA. relatedMatch to the general GST term.
`ARO:3002872` FosA3	related match	`GO:0004364` glutathione transferase activity	1	FosA-type glutathione S-transferase; the most widespread plasmid-borne FosA in ESBL-producing Enterobacterales. relatedMatch to the general GST term.
`ARO:3003209` fosA5	related match	`GO:0004364` glutathione transferase activity	1	FosA-type glutathione S-transferase (K. pneumoniae origin); same fosfomycin-GSH conjugation activity. relatedMatch to the general GST term.
`ARO:3003415` sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP	enables	`GO:0004156` dihydropteroate synthase activity	0	Target-replacement resistance: a sulfonamide-insensitive Sul/FolP variant that retains dihydropteroate synthase activity.
`ARO:3004112` phosphoethanolamine transferase conferring colistin resistance	enables	`GO:0043838` phosphatidylethanolamine:Kdo2-lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase activity	79	Colistin resistance (last-resort): MCR/EptA-type enzymes transfer phosphoethanolamine onto lipid A, reducing the net negative charge that polymyxins bind. This ARO family node covers the mobile MCR alleles plus pmr and intrinsic chromosomal phosphoethanolamine transferases (>110 descendant ARO terms), all of which enable this exact GO MF.
`ARO:3004271` 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405)	related match	`GO:0070043` rRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity	12	High-level aminoglycoside resistance: ArmA/RmtA-H-type 16S rRNA methyltransferases methylate N7 of G1405 in the aminoglycoside binding site. relatedMatch (not enables) because GO:0070043 is the general rRNA guanine-N7-methyltransferase activity (which also covers housekeeping enzymes such as RsmG); the G1405-specific resistance methyltransferase is narrower than this term, so the GO MF still propagates.

ARO term

predicate

GO term

UniProt new

notes

ARO:0001001 antibiotic target alteration

related match

GO:0046677 response to antibiotic

ARO:0001002 antibiotic target replacement

related match

GO:0046677 response to antibiotic

ARO:0001003 antibiotic target protection

related match

GO:0046677 response to antibiotic

ARO:0001004 antibiotic inactivation

related match

GO:0046677 response to antibiotic

Mechanism axis (ARO 'antibiotic inactivation') relates to the GO biological process 'response to antibiotic'; relatedMatch (not exact) because the two terms sit on different axes. This row is the mechanism->BP QC prior: an inactivation-mechanism determinant should carry GO:0046677.

ARO:0010000 antibiotic efflux

related match

GO:0046677 response to antibiotic

Efflux determinants additionally have a transmembrane-transporter MF, but GO lacks a specific 'antibiotic/efflux transmembrane transporter activity' term, so only the BP prior is asserted here.

ARO:3000001 beta-lactamase

enables

GO:0008800 beta-lactamase activity

448

ARO:3000114 aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH)

enables

GO:0034071 aminoglycoside phosphotransferase activity

ARO:3000121 aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC)

enables

GO:0034069 aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase activity

ARO:3000122 chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)

enables

GO:0008811 chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity

ARO:3000149 FosA

related match

GO:0004364 glutathione transferase activity

Re-anchored from the heterogeneous parent ARO:3000133 'fosfomycin thiol transferase' to the glutathione-specific FosA: FosA adds glutathione to fosfomycin's epoxide and genuinely has GST activity. The parent node also contains FosB (bacillithiol/L-cysteine thiol transferase, NOT glutathione) and FosX (an epoxide hydrolase), for which GO:0004364 would be wrong. relatedMatch because GO:0004364 is the general GST activity (no fosfomycin-specific term; GO:0034797/0034798 are obsolete). The other FosA-type GSTs (FosA2/FosA3/fosA5) are ARO siblings (not descendants) and are mapped separately below; FosB/FosX are deliberately excluded.

ARO:3000218 aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (ANT)

enables

GO:0034068 aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity

ARO:3000244 reduced permeability to antibiotic

related match

GO:0046677 response to antibiotic

ARO:3000316 mphA

enables

GO:0050073 macrolide 2'-kinase activity

mph(A) / macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase I enables the GO macrolide 2'-kinase activity (the determinant is not a GO term, so this is an enables relation, not a term equivalence).

ARO:3000318 mphB

enables

GO:0050073 macrolide 2'-kinase activity

mph(B) / macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase II enables the same GO MF; substrate-scope differences (16-membered macrolides) are finer than the GO term and recorded separately as ChEBI substrates.

ARO:3000333 macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH)

enables

GO:0050073 macrolide 2'-kinase activity

Family-level mapping: every member of the ARO macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) family is a macrolide 2'-kinase. Useful for propagating a candidate GO MF to other MPH members (mphC/E/G).

ARO:3000560 Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase

enables

GO:0008988 rRNA (adenine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity

Family-safe term: all Erm methylate the N6 of 23S rRNA adenine A2058, so every member enables GO:0008988 (rRNA adenine-N6-methyltransferase). The N6,N6-DImethyltransferase term GO:0052910 (a descendant of GO:0008988) is correct only for the di-methylating majority and would over-annotate mono-methylating Erm variants, so it is applied at the allele level, not the family node.

ARO:3001218 trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr

enables

GO:0004146 dihydrofolate reductase activity

Target-replacement resistance: a drug-insensitive Dfr variant that retains dihydrofolate reductase activity (the resistance is to trimethoprim, not loss of the GO MF).

ARO:3002804 FosA2

related match

GO:0004364 glutathione transferase activity

FosA-type Mn2+/K+-dependent glutathione S-transferase (chromosomal FosA of Enterobacter cloacae); same fosfomycin-GSH conjugation activity as FosA. relatedMatch to the general GST term.

ARO:3002872 FosA3

related match

GO:0004364 glutathione transferase activity

FosA-type glutathione S-transferase; the most widespread plasmid-borne FosA in ESBL-producing Enterobacterales. relatedMatch to the general GST term.

ARO:3003209 fosA5

related match

GO:0004364 glutathione transferase activity

FosA-type glutathione S-transferase (K. pneumoniae origin); same fosfomycin-GSH conjugation activity. relatedMatch to the general GST term.

ARO:3003415 sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP

enables

GO:0004156 dihydropteroate synthase activity

Target-replacement resistance: a sulfonamide-insensitive Sul/FolP variant that retains dihydropteroate synthase activity.

ARO:3004112 phosphoethanolamine transferase conferring colistin resistance

enables

GO:0043838 phosphatidylethanolamine:Kdo2-lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase activity

Colistin resistance (last-resort): MCR/EptA-type enzymes transfer phosphoethanolamine onto lipid A, reducing the net negative charge that polymyxins bind. This ARO family node covers the mobile MCR alleles plus pmr and intrinsic chromosomal phosphoethanolamine transferases (>110 descendant ARO terms), all of which enable this exact GO MF.

ARO:3004271 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405)

related match

GO:0070043 rRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity

High-level aminoglycoside resistance: ArmA/RmtA-H-type 16S rRNA methyltransferases methylate N7 of G1405 in the aminoglycoside binding site. relatedMatch (not enables) because GO:0070043 is the general rRNA guanine-N7-methyltransferase activity (which also covers housekeeping enzymes such as RsmG); the G1405-specific resistance methyltransferase is narrower than this term, so the GO MF still propagates.

Recorded GO gaps (new-term-request candidates)

ARO families with no suitable GO molecular-function term, recorded in the mapping file via sssom:NoTermFound.

ARO term	why no mapping
`ARO:3000036` tetracycline inactivation enzyme	GO has no Tet(X)/tetracycline-destructase (flavin-dependent tetracycline monooxygenase) MF term. GO term request candidate.
`ARO:3000202` Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase	GO:0070040 is the C2 (RlmN housekeeping) 23S rRNA methyltransferase; Cfr methylates C8 of A2503. No C8-specific GO term. GO term request candidate.
`ARO:3000221` lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU)	GO has no lincosamide (O-)nucleotidyltransferase MF term (Lnu adenylylates lincosamides). GO term request candidate.
`ARO:3000320` macrolide esterase	GO has no macrolide/erythromycin esterase MF term (Ere). GO term request candidate.
`ARO:3000376` streptogramin vgb lyase	GO has no streptogramin B (virginiamycin B) lyase MF term (Vgb). GO term request candidate.
`ARO:3000390` rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr)	GO's nearest term GO:0003950 is NAD+ poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase; Arr is a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase acting on rifampin. No suitable mono term. GO term request candidate.
`ARO:3000445` rifampin monooxygenase	GO has no rifampin/rifamycin monooxygenase MF term (only the general GO:0004497 monooxygenase activity). GO term request candidate.
`ARO:3000453` streptogramin vat acetyltransferase	GO has no streptogramin A O-acetyltransferase MF term (Vat). GO term request candidate.
`ARO:3002978` D-Ala-D-Lac ligase	VanA/B-type ligase makes D-Ala-D-Lactate; GO:0008716 is D-Ala-D-Ala ligase (wrong product). No D-alanine-D-lactate ligase GO term. GO term request candidate.

ARO term

why no mapping

ARO:3000036 tetracycline inactivation enzyme

GO has no Tet(X)/tetracycline-destructase (flavin-dependent tetracycline monooxygenase) MF term. GO term request candidate.

ARO:3000202 Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase

GO:0070040 is the C2 (RlmN housekeeping) 23S rRNA methyltransferase; Cfr methylates C8 of A2503. No C8-specific GO term. GO term request candidate.

ARO:3000221 lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU)

GO has no lincosamide (O-)nucleotidyltransferase MF term (Lnu adenylylates lincosamides). GO term request candidate.

ARO:3000320 macrolide esterase

GO has no macrolide/erythromycin esterase MF term (Ere). GO term request candidate.

ARO:3000376 streptogramin vgb lyase

GO has no streptogramin B (virginiamycin B) lyase MF term (Vgb). GO term request candidate.

ARO:3000390 rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr)

GO's nearest term GO:0003950 is NAD+ poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase; Arr is a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase acting on rifampin. No suitable mono term. GO term request candidate.

ARO:3000445 rifampin monooxygenase

GO has no rifampin/rifamycin monooxygenase MF term (only the general GO:0004497 monooxygenase activity). GO term request candidate.

ARO:3000453 streptogramin vat acetyltransferase

GO has no streptogramin A O-acetyltransferase MF term (Vat). GO term request candidate.

ARO:3002978 D-Ala-D-Lac ligase

VanA/B-type ligase makes D-Ala-D-Lactate; GO:0008716 is D-Ala-D-Ala ligase (wrong product). No D-alanine-D-lactate ligase GO term. GO term request candidate.